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Andrianov AV, Anashkina EA. Bidirectional Raman soliton-like combs with unidirectional pump in a spherical microresonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2301-2304. [PMID: 38691704 DOI: 10.1364/ol.516842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate bidirectional Raman soliton-like combs in a whispering gallery mode microresonator with a unidirectional pump for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. We develop a relatively simple theoretical model and find an analytical solution for forward- and backward-propagating Raman sech2-shaped solitons in an anomalous dispersion region under unidirectional pumping in a normal dispersion region. Raman solitons exist, thanks to the balance between losses and Raman gain from a CW wave (which is equal in both directions) as well as between dispersion and Kerr nonlinearity.
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Guan J, Lin J, Gao R, Li C, Zhao G, Li M, Wang M, Qiao L, Cheng Y. Low-Threshold Anti-Stokes Raman Microlaser on Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Chip. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1042. [PMID: 38473514 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Raman microlasers form on-chip versatile light sources by optical pumping, enabling numerical applications ranging from telecommunications to biological detection. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) lasing has been demonstrated in optical microresonators, leveraging high Q factors and small mode volume to generate downconverted photons based on the interaction of light with the Stokes vibrational mode. Unlike redshifted SRS, stimulated anti-Stokes Raman scattering (SARS) further involves the interplay between the pump photon and the SRS photon to generate an upconverted photon, depending on a highly efficient SRS signal as an essential prerequisite. Therefore, achieving SARS in microresonators is challenging due to the low lasing efficiencies of integrated Raman lasers caused by intrinsically low Raman gain. In this work, high-Q whispering gallery microresonators were fabricated by femtosecond laser photolithography assisted chemo-mechanical etching on thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN), which is a strong Raman-gain photonic platform. The high Q factor reached 4.42 × 106, which dramatically increased the circulating light intensity within a small volume. And a strong Stokes vibrational frequency of 264 cm-1 of lithium niobate was selectively excited, leading to a highly efficient SRS lasing signal with a conversion efficiency of 40.6%. And the threshold for SRS was only 0.33 mW, which is about half the best record previously reported on a TFLN platform. The combination of high Q factors, a small cavity size of 120 μm, and the excitation of a strong Raman mode allowed the formation of SARS lasing with only a 0.46 mW pump threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory (XXL), School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jintian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renhong Gao
- The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory (XXL), School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Chuntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory (XXL), School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Minghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Wang
- The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory (XXL), School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lingling Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Ya Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory (XXL), School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics and CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-Intense Laser Science, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201800, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Light Manipulations and Applications, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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Anashkina EA, Marisova MP, Dorofeev VV, Andrianov AV. Raman Lasing in a Tellurite Microsphere with Thermo-Optical on/off Switching by an Auxiliary Laser Diode. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1796. [PMID: 37763960 PMCID: PMC10536856 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The generation of coherent light based on inelastic stimulated Raman scattering in photonic microresonators has been attracting great interest in recent years. Tellurite glasses are promising materials for such microdevices since they have large Raman gain and large Raman frequency shift. We experimentally obtained Raman lasing at a wavelength of 1.8 µm with a frequency shift of 27.5 THz from a 1.54 µm narrow-line pump in a 60 µm tellurite glass microsphere with a Q-factor of 2.5 × 107. We demonstrated experimentally a robust, simple, and cheap way of thermo-optically controlled on/off switching of Raman lasing in a tellurite glass microsphere by an auxiliary laser diode. With a permanently operating narrow-line pump laser, on/off switching of the auxiliary 405 nm laser diode led to off/on switching of Raman generation. We also performed theoretical studies supporting the experimental results. The temperature distribution and thermal frequency shifts in eigenmodes in the microspheres heated by the thermalized power of an auxiliary diode and the partially thermalized power of a pump laser were numerically simulated. We analyzed the optical characteristics of Raman generation in microspheres of different diameters. The numerical results were in good agreement with the experimental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Anashkina
- A.V. Gaponov-Grekhov Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Street, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- Advanced School of General and Applied Physics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - Maria P. Marisova
- A.V. Gaponov-Grekhov Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Street, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Vitaly V. Dorofeev
- A.V. Gaponov-Grekhov Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Street, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
- G.G. Devyatykh Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinin Street, Nizhny Novgorod 603951, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Andrianov
- A.V. Gaponov-Grekhov Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov Street, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
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Chen C, Xue M, Liu Y, Zhao L, Yang Y, Hu X, Fu Y. Switchable supermode emission in a doubly-coupled-ring system for multifunctional integrated photonic devices. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:3705-3708. [PMID: 37450730 DOI: 10.1364/ol.497294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective integration of optical modes within chip-scale devices is critical to realize functional light emission, as it offers abundant physics and a versatile ability to control the mode evolution. Here, we present an efficient approach to achieve switchable emission by flexibly controlling supermode states in a doubly-coupled-ring system with four guided modes. The lasing conditions, which rely on the system's Hamiltonian, are revealed to yield multiple supermode states, including an exceptional-point state, a (quasi-)dark state, and a bright state. By freely engineering the coupling rate via phase-change material, the proposed system allows the generation of any desired states, enabling switchable and multifunctional emissions in fixed on-chip structures. Beyond the manipulation of various supermode emission states, our work presents a promising path toward the development of multifunctional integrated photonic devices, which may have applications in light storage, optical isolation, sensing, and so on.
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Guo Y, Li Z, An N, Guo Y, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Zhang H, Tan T, Wu C, Peng B, Soavi G, Rao Y, Yao B. A Monolithic Graphene-Functionalized Microlaser for Multispecies Gas Detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2207777. [PMID: 36210725 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical-microcavity-enhanced light-matter interaction offers a powerful tool to develop fast and precise sensing techniques, spurring applications in the detection of biochemical targets ranging from cells, nanoparticles, and large molecules. However, the intrinsic inertness of such pristine microresonators limits their spread in new fields such as gas detection. Here, a functionalized microlaser sensor is realized by depositing graphene in an erbium-doped over-modal microsphere. By using a 980 nm pump, multiple laser lines excited in different mode families of the microresonator are co-generated in a single device. The interference between these splitting mode lasers produce beat notes in the electrical domain (0.2-1.1 MHz) with sub-kHz accuracy, thanks to the graphene-induced intracavity backward scattering. This allows for lab-free multispecies gas identification from a mixture, and ultrasensitive gas detection down to individual molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Zhaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Ning An
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yongzheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yusen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Teng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Caihao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Yunjiang Rao
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Research Centre for Optical Fiber Sensing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Baicheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fibre Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
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Yang K, Chen YL, Wang T, Liu JC, Fan YR, Yang YD, Xiao JL, Huang YZ. Single-mode lasing in an AlGaInAs/InP dual-port square microresonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3672-3675. [PMID: 35913286 DOI: 10.1364/ol.461304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mode selection is crucial to achieving stable single-mode lasing in microlasers. Here, we demonstrate experimentally a dual-port square microresonator for single-mode lasing with a side-mode-suppression ratio (SMSR) exceeding 40 dB. By connecting waveguides at two opposite vertices, the quality factor for the antisymmetric mode (ASM) is much higher than that of the symmetric mode (SM), enabling single-mode lasing. Furthermore, far-field interference patterns similar to Young's two-slit interference are observed. This microlaser is capable of providing two optical sources simultaneously for optical signal processing in high-density integrated photonic circuits.
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Zhang Y, Zhong K, Zhou X, Tsang HK. Broadband high-Q multimode silicon concentric racetrack resonators for widely tunable Raman lasers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3534. [PMID: 35725566 PMCID: PMC9209424 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimode silicon resonators with ultralow propagation losses for ultrahigh quality (Q) factors have been attracting attention recently. However, conventional multimode silicon resonators only have high Q factors at certain wavelengths because the Q factors are reduced at wavelengths where fundamental modes and higher-order modes are both near resonances. Here, by implementing a broadband pulley directional coupler and concentric racetracks, we present a broadband high-Q multimode silicon resonator with average loaded Q factors of 1.4 × 106 over a wavelength range of 440 nm (1240–1680 nm). The mutual coupling between the two multimode racetracks can lead to two supermodes that mitigate the reduction in Q factors caused by the mode coupling of the higher-order modes. Based on the broadband high-Q multimode resonator, we experimentally demonstrated a broadly tunable Raman silicon laser with over 516 nm wavelength tuning range (1325–1841 nm), a threshold power of (0.4 ± 0.1) mW and a slope efficiency of (8.5 ± 1.5) % at 25 V reverse bias. The authors demonstrate a new approach for multimode resonators to maintain high-quality-factor resonances across a broad wavelength range using the detuning between the symmetric and anti-symmetric supermodes in concentric racetrack resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojing Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Keyi Zhong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Xuetong Zhou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Hon Ki Tsang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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Duan R, Zhang Z, Xiao L, Zhao X, Thung YT, Ding L, Liu Z, Yang J, Ta VD, Sun H. Ultralow-Threshold and High-Quality Whispering-Gallery-Mode Lasing from Colloidal Core/Hybrid-Shell Quantum Wells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108884. [PMID: 34997633 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The realization of efficient on-chip microlasers with scalable fabrication, ultralow threshold, and stable single-frequency operation is always desired for a wide range of miniaturized photonic systems. Herein, an effective way to fabricate nanostructures- whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) lasers by drop-casting CdSe/CdS@Cd1- x Znx S core/buffer-shell@graded-shell nanoplatelets (NPLs) dispersion onto silica microspheres is presented. Benefiting from the excellent gain properties from the interface engineered core/hybrid shell NPLs and high-quality factor WGM resonator from excellent optical field confinement, the proposed room-temperature NPLs-WGM microlasers show a record-low lasing threshold of 3.26 µJ cm-2 under nanosecond laser pumping among all colloidal NPLs-based lasing demonstrations. The presence of sharp discrete transverse electric- and magnetic-mode spikes, the inversely proportional dependence of the free spectra range on microsphere sizes and the polarization anisotropy of laser output represent the first direct experimental evidence for NPLs-WGM lasing nature, which is verified theoretically by the computed electric-field distribution inside the microcavity. Remarkably, a stable single-mode lasing output with an ultralow lasing threshold of 3.84 µJ cm-2 is achieved by the Vernier effect through evanescent field coupling. The results highlight the significance of interface engineering on the optimization of gain properties of heterostructured nanomaterials and shed light on developing future miniaturized tunable coherent light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Duan
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zitong Zhang
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Lian Xiao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xiaoxu Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yi Tian Thung
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Lu Ding
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Jun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Information Photonics Technology, College of Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Van Duong Ta
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Department of Optical Devices, Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Handong Sun
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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