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Gündoğdu S, Bour A, Köşker AR, Walther BA, Napierska D, Mihai FC, Syberg K, Hansen SF, Walker TR. Review of microplastics and chemical risk posed by plastic packaging on the marine environment to inform the Global Plastics Treaty. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174000. [PMID: 38901589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Plastic overproduction and the resulting increase in consumption has made plastic pollution ubiquitous in all ecosystems. Recognizing this, the United Nations (UN) has started negotiations to establish a global treaty to end plastic pollution, especially in the marine environment. The basis of the treaty has been formulated in terms of turning off the tap, signaling the will to prevent plastic pollution at its source. Based on the distribution of plastic production by sector, the plastic packaging sector consumes the most plastic. The volume and variety of chemicals used in plastic packaging, most of which is single-use, is a major concern. Single-use plastics including packaging is one of the most dominant sources of plastic pollution. Plastic waste causes pollution in water, air and soil by releasing harmful chemicals into the environment and can also lead to exposure through contamination of food with micro- and nano-plastic particles and chemicals through packaging. Marine life and humans alike face risks from plastic uptake through bioaccumulation and biomagnification. While the contribution of plastics ingested to chemical pollution is relatively minor in comparison to other pathways of exposure, the effect of plastic waste on marine life and human consumption of seafood is beyond question. To reduce the long-term impact of plastic, it is crucial to establish a global legally binding instrument to ensure the implementation of upstream rather than downstream solutions. This will help to mitigate the impact of both chemicals and microplastics, including from packaging, on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Gündoğdu
- Cukurova University Faculty of Fisheries Department of Basic Science, 01330 Adana, Türkiye.
| | - Agathe Bour
- Dept. of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ali Rıza Köşker
- Cukurova University Faculty of Fisheries Department of Seafood Processing, 01330 Adana, Türkiye
| | - Bruno Andreas Walther
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Florin-Constantin Mihai
- CERNESIM Center, Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University, Carol I Blvd 11, 700506 Iași, Romania
| | - Kristian Syberg
- Dept. of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Steffen Foss Hansen
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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2
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Cassidy SS, Page K, Reyes CIIIDL, Allan E, Parkin IP, Carmalt CJ. Modification of Commercial Polymer Coatings for Superhydrophobic Applications. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7154-7162. [PMID: 38371809 PMCID: PMC10870754 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces have been studied extensively over the past 25 years. However, many industries interested in the application of hydrophobic properties are yet to find a suitable solution to their needs. This paper looks at the rapid functionalization of nanoparticles and the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces with contact angles > 170°. This was achieved by simply mixing commercial products and applying the new formulation with scalable techniques. First, inexpensive and nontoxic superhydrophobic nanoparticles were made by functionalizing nanoparticles with fatty acids in under an hour. A similar methodology was then used to functionalize a commercial polymer coating to express superhydrophobic properties on it by lowering the coating's surface energy. The coating was then applied to a surface by the spray technique to allow for the formation of hierarchical surface structures. By combining the low surface energy with the necessary roughness, the surface was able to express superhydrophobic properties. Both the particles and the surfaces then underwent characterization and functional testing, which, among other things, allowed for clear differentiation between the functionalization properties of the zinc oxide (ZnO) and the silica (SiO2) nanoparticles. This paper shows that suitable superhydrophobic solutions may be found by simple additions to already optimized commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam S. Cassidy
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Kristopher Page
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Cesar III De Leon Reyes
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Elaine Allan
- Department
of Microbial Diseases, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Ivan P. Parkin
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Claire J. Carmalt
- Materials
Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
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3
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Akintola J, Chen Y, Digby ZA, Schlenoff JB. Antifouling Coatings from Glassy Polyelectrolyte Complex Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50058-50068. [PMID: 37871187 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Coatings that prevent or decrease fouling are sought for many applications, including those that inhibit the attachment of organisms in aquatic environments. To date, antifouling coatings have mostly followed design criteria assembled over decades: surfaces should be well/strongly hydrated, possess low net charge, and maintain a hydrophilic character when exposed to the location of use. Thus, polymers based on ethylene glycol or zwitterionic repeat units have been shown to be highly effective. Unfortunately, hydrated materials can be quite soft, limiting their use in some environments. In a major paradigm shift, this work describes glassy antifouling films made from certain complexes of positive and negative polyelectrolytes. The dense network of electrostatic interactions yields tough materials below the glass transition temperature, Tg, in normal use, while the highly ionic character of these polyelectrolyte complexes ensures strong hydration. The proximity of equal numbers of opposite charges within these complexes mimics zwitterionic structures. Films, assembled layer-by-layer from aqueous solutions, contained sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone), SPEEK, a rigid polyelectrolyte that binds strongly to a selection of quaternary ammonium polycations. Layer-by-layer buildup of SPEEK and polycations was linear, indicating strong complexes between polyelectrolytes. Calorimetry also showed that complex formation was exothermic. Surfaces coated with these films in the 100 nm thickness range completely resisted adhesion of the common flagellate green algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which were removed from surfaces at a minimum applied flow rate of 0.8 cm s-1. The total surface charge density of adsorbed cations, determined with a sensitive radioisotopic label, was very low, around 10% of a monolayer, which minimized adsorption driven by counterion release from the surface. The viscoelastic properties of the complexes, which were stable even in concentrated salt solutions, were explored using rheology of bulk samples. When fully hydrated, their Tg values were observed to be above 75 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Akintola
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32308-4390 , United States
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32308-4390 , United States
| | - Zachary A Digby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32308-4390 , United States
| | - Joseph B Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32308-4390 , United States
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Jiao E, Larsson P, Wang Q, Zhu Z, Yin D, Kärrman A, van Hees P, Karlsson P, Qiu Y, Yeung LWY. Further Insight into Extractable (Organo)fluorine Mass Balance Analysis of Tap Water from Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:14330-14339. [PMID: 37710968 PMCID: PMC10537424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and the detection of unexplained extractable organofluorine (EOF) in drinking water have raised growing concerns. A recent study reported the detection of inorganic fluorinated anions in German river systems, and therefore, in some samples, EOF may include some inorganic fluorinated anions. Thus, it might be more appropriate to use the term "extractable fluorine (EF) analysis" instead of the term EOF analysis. In this study, tap water samples (n = 39) from Shanghai were collected to assess the levels of EF/EOF, 35 target PFAS, two inorganic fluorinated anions (tetrafluoroborate (BF4-) and hexafluorophosphate (PF6-)), and novel PFAS through suspect screening and potential oxidizable precursors through oxidative conversion. The results showed that ultra-short PFAS were the largest contributors to target PFAS, accounting for up to 97% of ΣPFAS. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time that bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NTf2) was reported in drinking water from China, and p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzenesulfonate (OBS) was also identified through suspect screening. Small amounts of precursors that can be oxidatively converted to PFCAs were noted after oxidative conversion. EF mass balance analysis revealed that target PFAS could only explain less than 36% of EF. However, the amounts of unexplained extractable fluorine were greatly reduced when BF4- and PF6- were included. These compounds further explained more than 44% of the EF, indicating the role of inorganic fluorinated anions in the mass balance analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enmiao Jiao
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Pontus Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Qi Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Anna Kärrman
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Patrick van Hees
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
- Eurofins
Food and Feed Testing Sweden AB, Sjöhagsgatan 3, SE-531 40 Lidköping, Sweden
| | - Patrik Karlsson
- Eurofins
Food and Feed Testing Sweden AB, Sjöhagsgatan 3, SE-531 40 Lidköping, Sweden
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, College of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Leo W. Y. Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment
Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
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Andersson AG, Lundgren A, Xu Y, Nielsen C, Lindh CH, Pineda D, Cederlund J, Pataridou E, Søgaard Tøttenborg S, Ugelvig Petersen K, Fletcher T, Lagging M, Bemark M, Jakobsson K, Li Y. High Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine-an Observational Study in Adults from Ronneby, Sweden. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:87007. [PMID: 37578904 PMCID: PMC10424820 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used, environmentally ubiquitous, and stable chemicals that have been associated with lower vaccine-induced antibody responses in children; however, data on adults are limited. The drinking water from one of the two waterworks in Ronneby, Sweden, was heavily contaminated for decades with PFAS from firefighting foams, primarily perfluorohexane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 offered a unique opportunity to investigate antibody responses to primary vaccination in adults who had been exposed to PFAS. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to evaluate associations between PFAS, across a wide range of exposure levels, and antibody responses in adults 5 wk and 6 months after a two-dose vaccination regime against SARS-CoV-2. METHODS Adults age 20-60 y from Ronneby (n = 309 , median PFOS serum level 47 ng / mL , fifth to 95th percentile 4 - 213 ng / mL ) and a group with background exposure (n = 47 , median PFOS serum level 4 ng / mL ) received two doses of the Spikevax (Moderna) mRNA vaccine. The levels of seven PFAS were measured in serum before vaccination. Serum immunoglobulin G antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen (S-Abs) were measured before vaccination and at 5 wk (n = 350 ) and 6 months (n = 329 ) after the second vaccine dose. Linear regression analyses were fitted against current, historical, and prenatal exposure to PFAS, adjusting for sex, age, and smoking, excluding individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2-infection. RESULTS PFAS exposure, regardless of how it was estimated, was not negatively associated with antibody levels 5 wk [current PFOS: - 0.5 % S-Abs/PFOS interquartile range (IQR); 95% confidence interval (CI): - 8 , 7] or 6 months (current PFOS: 3% S-Abs/PFOS IQR; 95% CI: - 6 , 12) after COVID-19 vaccination. DISCUSSION Following a strict study protocol, rigorous study design, and few dropouts, we found no indication that PFAS exposure negatively affected antibody responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccination for up to 6 months after vaccination. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11847.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel G Andersson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Lundgren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Xu
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christel Nielsen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniela Pineda
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital -Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kajsa Ugelvig Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital -Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tony Fletcher
- Department of Public Health, Environments & Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Martin Lagging
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Bemark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Jakobsson
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ying Li
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sonne C, Desforges JP, Gustavson K, Bossi R, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Long M, Rigét FF, Dietz R. Assessment of exposure to perfluorinated industrial substances and risk of immune suppression in Greenland and its global context: a mixed-methods study. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e570-e579. [PMID: 37437998 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are ubiquitous global contaminants that do not readily biodegrade and are therefore routinely found worldwide in wildlife, humans, and the environment. There is a paucity of global assessments to understand regional and continental differences in exposure to PFASs and the associated health risks, including those for Indigenous Arctic communities who consume high trophic marine diets. We aimed to estimate the long-term exposure of dietary PFASs from consumption of polar bear and ringed seal meat and establish its association with blood serum concentrations of PFASs in Inuit in Ittoqoortoormiit (Scoresby Sound), East Greenland. We also aimed to assess the risk of immune suppression on the basis of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) thresholds for weekly intake and blood serum concentrations of PFASs. Last, we conducted a worldwide risk assessment based on blood concentrations of PFASs emphasising Arctic exposure in a global context. METHODS In this mixed-methods study, we conducted interviews to compare dietary exposure of PFASs in anonymous, non-pregnant, Inuit adults (aged ≥18 years) from full-time or part-time hunter families in Ittoqoortoormiit, East Greenland with ESFA toxic threshold values for tolerable weekly intake of the four most immunotoxic PFASs (∑4PFAS; perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, and perfluorooctane sulfonate). Independent hospital staff from the local hospital randomly selected participants using simple randomisation using a telephone directory. Blood serum concentrations were then compared with EFSA risk categories: low (0·7-9·5 ng/mL), moderate (>9·5-17·5 ng/mL), high (>17·5-31·9 ng/mL), and severe (>31·9 ng/mL). We also reviewed the available scientific literature of ∑4PFAS concentrations in human blood to place the Inuit dataset in a broader global context. FINDINGS Between Sept 21, and Oct 2, 2015, 22 participants were enrolled in the study, of which 12 were male and ten were female. Sex data were obtained from personal social security numbers and options were male or female. As a result of a subsistence diet high in marine mammal muscle, 322 (92%) of 350 people in the Ittoqoortoormiit cohort exceeded the established immunotoxic thresholds of ∑4PFASs set by EFSA's tolerable weekly intake of 4·4 ng/kg, and 301 (86%) were in the most severe risk category (>31·9 ng/mL) based on blood serum concentrations. This Inuit cohort had the highest non-occupational long-term exposure to PFASs worldwide despite their remote location relative to industrial sources. Using country-wide average values across global studies, we found that blood serum concentrations of PFASs in populations from European countries, North America, the Arctic, and Australia were generally higher than those in South America, Africa, and mainland Asia, with the highest concentrations found in people from USA, Canada, Greenland, Faroe Islands, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the UK, Spain, Poland, and Australia. These high exposure countries all fall within the EFSA moderate-risk and high-risk categories. INTERPRETATION PFAS contamination of the environment and human populations occurs worldwide. This pollution not only poses substantial risks for immune system adverse events but also cardiovascular, cancerous, and reproductive endpoints. Data on such PFAS exposure is scarce in numerous countries. Therefore, it is important to also map out the exposure in these countries to enable a thorough global assessment of exposure and risks. FUNDING Danish Cooperation for Environment in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark; Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jean-Pierre Desforges
- Department of Environmental Studies and Science, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kim Gustavson
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eva C Bonefeld-Jørgensen
- Department of Public Health, Centre for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Greenland Centre for Health Research, Institute of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Manhai Long
- Department of Public Health, Centre for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
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Lopez-Antia A, Piña B, Lacorte S, Bervoets L, Eens M. Transcriptomic effects of Perfluoralkyl acids on the adipose tissue of a songbird species at environmentally relevant concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121478. [PMID: 36972811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoralkyl acids (PFAS) have been regarded as global pollutants for at least twenty years, with potentially negative physiological effects on multiple vertebrate species including humans. Here we analyze the effects of the administration of environmentally-relevant levels of PFAS on caged canaries (Serinus canaria) by using a combination of physiological, immunological, and transcriptomic analyses. This constitutes a completely new approach to understand the toxicity pathway of PFAS in birds. While we observed no effects on physiological and immunological parameters (e.g, body weight, fat index, cell-mediated immunity), the transcriptome of the pectoral fatty tissue showed changes compatible with the known effects of PFAS as obesogens in other vertebrates, particularly in mammals. First, transcripts related to the immunological response were affected (mainly enriched), including several key signaling pathways. Second, we found a repression of genes related to the peroxisome response and fatty acid metabolism. We interpret these results as indicative of the potential hazard of environmental concentrations of PFAS on the fat metabolism and the immunological system of birds, while exemplifying the ability of transcriptomic analyses of detecting early physiological responses to toxicants. As the potentially affected functions are essential for the survival of the animals during, for example, migration, our results underline the need for tight control of the exposure of natural populations of birds to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopez-Antia
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group (BECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group (BECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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8
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Mondal S, Stevanovic B, Butler E, Wang JW, Meanwell MW. Electrochemical C-F bond activation of trifluoromethylarenes using silylium ions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6694-6697. [PMID: 37183480 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01850d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a mild, electrochemical trihydrodefluorination (e-THDF) for breaking highly stable C-F bonds in trifluoromethyl arenes to form the corresponding methyl arene products. Uniquely, this "green" approach relies on the in situ generation of Lewis acidic silyl cations that mediate fluoride abstraction. Overall, e-THDF has significantly improved functional group tolerance over current methods and should inspire the continued development of defluorinative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Boris Stevanovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Eric Butler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Jason W Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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9
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Tang L, Qiu W, Zhang S, Wang J, Yang X, Xu B, Magnuson JT, Xu EG, Wu M, Zheng C. Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances Induce Immunotoxicity via the TLR Pathway in Zebrafish: Links to Carbon Chain Length. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6139-6149. [PMID: 37017313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported the immunotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), but it remains a significant challenge to assess over 10,000 distinct PFASs registered in the distributed structure-searchable toxicity (DSSTox) database. We aim to reveal the mechanisms of immunotoxicity of different PFASs and hypothesize that PFAS immunotoxicity is dependent on the carbon chain length. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) representing different carbon chain lengths (4-9) at environmentally relevant levels strongly reduced the host's antibacterial ability during the zebrafish's early-life stage. Innate and adaptive immunities were both suppressed after PFAS exposures, exhibiting a significant induction of macrophages and neutrophils and expression of immune-related genes and indicators. Interestingly, the PFAS-induced immunotoxic responses were positively correlated to the carbon chain length. Moreover, PFASs activated downstream genes of the toll-like receptor (TLR), uncovering a seminal role of TLR in PFAS immunomodulatory effects. Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) morpholino knock-down experiments and MyD88 inhibitors alleviated the immunotoxicity of PFASs. Overall, the comparative results demonstrate differences in the immunotoxic responses of PFASs due to carbon chain length in zebrafish, providing new insights into the prediction and classification of PFASs mode of toxic action based on carbon chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiazhen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bentuo Xu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ecological Treatment Technology for Urban Water Pollution, School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Chashan University Town, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Måltidets Hus - Richard Johnsens gate 4, Stavanger 4021, Norway
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Minghong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
- EIT Institute for Advanced Study, 568 Tongxin Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo 315410, China
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10
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Chen Z, Lu YL, Wang L, Xu J, Zhang J, Xu X, Cheng P, Yang S, Shi W. Efficient Recognition and Removal of Persistent Organic Pollutants by a Bifunctional Molecular Material. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:260-267. [PMID: 36538618 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) exist widely in the environment and place significant impact on human health by bioaccumulation. Efficient recognition of POPs and their removal are highly challenging tasks because their specific structures interact often very weakly with the capture materials. Herein, a molecular nanocage (1) is studied as an efficient sensing and sorbent material for POPs, which is demonstrated by a representative and stable perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) substrate containing a hydrophilic sulfonic group and a hydrophobic fluoroalkyl chain. A highly sensitive and unusual turn-on fluorescence response within 10 s and a 97% total removal of PFOS from water in 20 min have been achieved owing to the strong host-guest interactions between 1 and PFOS. The binding constant of 1 to PFOS is 2 orders of magnitude higher than state-of-the-art adsorbents for PFOS and thus represents a new benchmark material for the recognition and removal of PFOS. The host-guest interaction has been elucidated by solid-state NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which provide key insights at a molecular level for the design of new advanced sensing/sorbent materials for POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi-Lin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering & National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Tianjin Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xiufang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Sihai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (MOE), Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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11
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Pozo K, Moreira LB, Karaskova P, Přibylová P, Klánová J, de Carvalho MU, Maranho LA, de Souza Abessa DM. Using large amounts of firefighting foams releases per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) into estuarine environments: A baseline study in Latin America. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:113938. [PMID: 35905702 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) used to extinguish a major fire in a petrochemical terminal from the Port of Santos (Brazil). Eight AFFFs from seven known commercial brands and one unknown sample (AFFF-1 to AFFF-8) were evaluated. 17 PFAS were identified and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (LC/MS). The concentrations of Σ17 PFAS in the AFFFs ranged from 500 to 9000 ng/g, with prevalence of short chain PFAS (~85 %), followed by long chain PFAS. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), included in the global treaty of the Stockholm Convention, were also detected. We estimated that at least 635.96 g of PFAS were introduced in the estuary, representing a massive input of these substances. This investigation reports the PFAS composition of AFFFs used in firefighting in the GRULAC Region (Group of Latin American and Caribbean countries).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Pozo
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Lucas Buruaem Moreira
- Research Group on Pollution and Aquatic Ecotoxicology, NEPEA, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Pavlina Karaskova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibylová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maysa Ueda de Carvalho
- Research Group on Pollution and Aquatic Ecotoxicology, NEPEA, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Alves Maranho
- Research Group on Pollution and Aquatic Ecotoxicology, NEPEA, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa
- Research Group on Pollution and Aquatic Ecotoxicology, NEPEA, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Marques Dos Santos M, Tan Pei Fei M, Li C, Jia S, Snyder SA. Cell-line and culture model specific responses to organic contaminants in house dust: Cell bioenergetics, oxidative stress, and inflammation endpoints. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107403. [PMID: 35863240 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to organic contaminants in house dust is linked to the development or exacerbation of many allergic and immune disorders. In this work, we evaluate the effects of organic contaminants on different cell bioenergetics endpoints using five different cell lines (16HBE14o-, NuLi-1, A549, THP-1 and HepG2), and examine its effects on lung epithelial cells using conventional 2D and 3D (air-liquid interface/ALI) models. Proposed rapid bioenergetic assays relies on a quick, 40 min, exposure protocol that provides equivalent dose-response curves for ATP production, spare respiratory capacity, and cell respiration. Although cell-line differences play an important role in assay performance, established EC50 concentrations for immortalized lung epithelial cells ranged from 0.11 to 0.15 mg/mL (∼2 µg of dust in a 96-well microplate format). Bioenergetic response of distinct cell types (i.e., monocytes and hepatocytes) was significantly different from epithelial cells; with HepG2 showing metabolic activity that might adversely affect results in 24 h exposure experiments. Like in cell bioenergetics, cell barrier function assay in ALI showed a dose dependent response. Although this is a physiologically relevant model, measurements are not as sensitivity as cytokine profiling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays. Observed effects are not solely explained by exposure to individual contaminants, this suggests that many causal agents responsible for adverse effects are still unknown. While 16HBE14o- cells show batter barrier formation characteristics, NuLi-1 cells are more sensitivity to oxidative stress induction even at low house dust extract concentrations, (NuLi-1 2.11-fold-change vs. 16HBE14o- 1.36-fold change) at 0.06 µg/mL. Results show that immortalized cell lines can be a suitable alternative to primary cells or other testing models, especially in the development of high-throughput assays. Observed cell line specific responses with different biomarker also highlights the importance of careful in-vitro model selection and potential drawbacks in risk assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricius Marques Dos Santos
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore; Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E James E Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Megan Tan Pei Fei
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Caixia Li
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore
| | - Shenglan Jia
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore
| | - Shane Allen Snyder
- Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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13
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Bouchaut B, Hollmann F, Asveld L. Differences in barriers for controlled learning about safety between biotechnology and chemistry. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4103. [PMID: 35835765 PMCID: PMC9283460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to chemical industry, biotechnology is still not competitive for the production of chemicals, materials, and biofuels. Here, the authors discuss the underlying reasons and propose to address the problem through regulatory changes and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britte Bouchaut
- Section of Biotechnology and Society, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Section of Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Asveld
- Section of Biotechnology and Society, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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14
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Cazacu M, Dascalu M, Stiubianu GT, Bele A, Tugui C, Racles C. From passive to emerging smart silicones. REV CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2021-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Amassing remarkable properties, silicones are practically indispensable in our everyday life. In most classic applications, they play a passive role in that they cover, seal, insulate, lubricate, water-proof, weather-proof etc. However, silicone science and engineering are highly innovative, seeking to develop new compounds and materials that meet market demands. Thus, the unusual properties of silicones, coupled with chemical group functionalization, has allowed silicones to gradually evolve from passive materials to active ones, meeting the concept of “smart materials”, which are able to respond to external stimuli. In such cases, the intrinsic properties of polysiloxanes are augmented by various chemical modifications aiming to attach reactive or functional groups, and/or by engineering through proper cross-linking pattern or loading with suitable fillers (ceramic, magnetic, highly dielectric or electrically conductive materials, biologically active, etc.), to add new capabilities and develop high value materials. The literature and own data reflecting the state-of-the art in the field of smart silicones, such as thermoplasticity, self-healing ability, surface activity, electromechanical activity and magnetostriction, thermo-, photo-, and piezoresponsivity are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cazacu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Mihaela Dascalu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - George-Theodor Stiubianu
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Adrian Bele
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Codrin Tugui
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
| | - Carmen Racles
- Department of Inorganic Polymers , “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry , Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41A , 700487 Iasi , Romania
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15
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Zhang C, Yan K, Fu C, Peng H, Hawker CJ, Whittaker AK. Biological Utility of Fluorinated Compounds: from Materials Design to Molecular Imaging, Therapeutics and Environmental Remediation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:167-208. [PMID: 34609131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The applications of fluorinated molecules in bioengineering and nanotechnology are expanding rapidly with the controlled introduction of fluorine being broadly studied due to the unique properties of C-F bonds. This review will focus on the design and utility of C-F containing materials in imaging, therapeutics, and environmental applications with a central theme being the importance of controlling fluorine-fluorine interactions and understanding how such interactions impact biological behavior. Low natural abundance of fluorine is shown to provide sensitivity and background advantages for imaging and detection of a variety of diseases with 19F magnetic resonance imaging, 18F positron emission tomography and ultrasound discussed as illustrative examples. The presence of C-F bonds can also be used to tailor membrane permeability and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs and delivery agents for enhanced cell uptake and therapeutics. A key message of this review is that while the promise of C-F containing materials is significant, a subset of highly fluorinated compounds such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), have been identified as posing a potential risk to human health. The unique properties of the C-F bond and the significant potential for fluorine-fluorine interactions in PFAS structures necessitate the development of new strategies for facile and efficient environmental removal and remediation. Recent progress in the development of fluorine-containing compounds as molecular imaging and therapeutic agents will be reviewed and their design features contrasted with environmental and health risks for PFAS systems. Finally, present challenges and future directions in the exploitation of the biological aspects of fluorinated systems will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kai Yan
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Green Chemicals and Functional Materials, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Changkui Fu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hui Peng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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16
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17
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Panieri E, Buha-Đorđevic A, Saso L. Endocrine disruption by PFAS: A major concern associated with legacy and replacement substances. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm71-34197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perand poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) have been used for decades in a great variety of processes and products by virtue of their exceptional properties, versatility and chemical stability. Nevertheless, it is increasingly recognized that these substances can represent a serious hazard to human health and living organisms due to their persistence, long-range transport potential and tendency to accumulate in biota. For this reason, some efforts have been made across the EU to identify alternative molecules, with a shorter carbon chain and theoretically safer profile, that might replace the previous generation of legacy PFAS. Unfortunately, this strategy has not been entirely successful and serious concerns are still posed by PFAS in different human populations. Among others, an emerging aspect is represented by the adverse effects that both legacy and alternative PFAS can exert on the human endocrine system, with respect to vulnerable target subpopulations. In this review we will briefly summarize PFAS properties, uses and environmental fate, focusing on their effects on human reproductive capacity and fertility, body weight control and obesity as well as thyroid function.
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