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Shi S, Yuan H, Zhang L, Gao L, Zhao L, Zeng X, Qiao S, Chu G, Cai C. UCHL1 promotes the proliferation of porcine granulosa cells by stabilizing CCNB1. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:85. [PMID: 38858680 PMCID: PMC11165742 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proliferation of porcine ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) is essential to follicular development and the ubiquitin-proteasome system is necessary for maintaining cell cycle homeostasis. Previous studies found that the deubiquitinase ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL1) regulates female reproduction, especially in ovarian development. However, the mechanism by which UCHL1 regulates porcine GC proliferation remains unclear. RESULTS UCHL1 overexpression promoted GC proliferation, and knockdown had the opposite effect. UCHL1 is directly bound to cyclin B1 (CCNB1), prolonging the half-life of CCNB1 and inhibiting its degradation, thereby promoting GC proliferation. What's more, a flavonoid compound-isovitexin improved the enzyme activity of UCHL1 and promoted the proliferation of porcine GCs. CONCLUSIONS UCHL1 promoted the proliferation of porcine GCs by stabilizing CCNB1, and isovitexin enhanced the enzyme activity of UCHL1. These findings reveal the role of UCHL1 and the potential of isovitexin in regulating proliferation and provide insights into identifying molecular markers and nutrients that affect follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lutong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guiyan Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chuanjiang Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Torne AS, Robertson ES. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Latent Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:991. [PMID: 38473352 PMCID: PMC10931536 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA-based human tumor virus that was first isolated in 1964 from lymphoma biopsies. Since its initial discovery, EBV has been identified as a major contributor to numerous cancers and chronic autoimmune disorders. The virus is particularly efficient at infecting B-cells but can also infect epithelial cells, utilizing an array of epigenetic strategies to establish long-term latent infection. The association with histone modifications, alteration of DNA methylation patterns in host and viral genomes, and microRNA targeting of host cell factors are core epigenetic strategies that drive interactions between host and virus, which are necessary for viral persistence and progression of EBV-associated diseases. Therefore, understanding epigenetic regulation and its role in post-entry viral dynamics is an elusive area of EBV research. Here, we present current outlooks of EBV epigenetic regulation as it pertains to viral interactions with its host during latent infection and its propensity to induce tumorigenesis. We review the important epigenetic regulators of EBV latency and explore how the strategies involved during latent infection drive differential epigenetic profiles and host-virus interactions in EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erle S. Robertson
- Tumor Virology Program, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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3
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Xu M, Feng R, Liu Z, Zhou X, Chen Y, Cao Y, Valeri L, Li Z, Liu Z, Cao SM, Liu Q, Xie SH, Chang ET, Jia WH, Shen J, Yao Y, Cai YL, Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Huang G, Ernberg I, Tang M, Ye W, Adami HO, Zeng YX, Lin X. Host genetic variants, Epstein-Barr virus subtypes, and the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Assessment of interaction and mediation. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100474. [PMID: 38359790 PMCID: PMC10879020 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms are well-known risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the combined effects between HLA and EBV on the risk of NPC are unknown. We applied a causal inference framework to disentangle interaction and mediation effects between two host HLA SNPs, rs2860580 and rs2894207, and EBV variant 163364 with a population-based case-control study in NPC-endemic southern China. We discovered the strong interaction effects between the high-risk EBV subtype and both HLA SNPs on NPC risk (rs2860580, relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI] = 4.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.03-6.14; rs2894207, RERI = 3.37, 95% CI = 1.59-5.15), accounting for the majority of genetic risk effects. These results indicate that HLA genes and the high-risk EBV have joint effects on NPC risk. Prevention strategies targeting the high-risk EBV subtype would largely reduce NPC risk associated with EBV and host genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruimei Feng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linda Valeri
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zilin Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Su-Mei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang-Hang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ellen T Chang
- Center for Health Sciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei-Hua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jincheng Shen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Youyuan Yao
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Lin Cai
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, China
| | - Yuming Zheng
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guangwu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minzhong Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics & Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Effectiveness Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Varshney N, Murmu S, Baral B, Kashyap D, Singh S, Kandpal M, Bhandari V, Chaurasia A, Kumar S, Jha HC. Unraveling the Aurora kinase A and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 axis in Epstein Barr virus associated gastric cancer. Virology 2023; 588:109901. [PMID: 37839162 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Aurora kinase A (AURKA) is one of the crucial cell cycle regulators associated with gastric cancer. Here, we explored Epstein Barr Virus-induced gastric cancer progression through EBV protein EBNA1 with AURKA. We found that EBV infection enhanced cell proliferation and migration of AGS cells and upregulation of AURKA levels. AURKA knockdown markedly reduced the proliferation and migration of the AGS cells even with EBV infection. Moreover, MD-simulation data deciphered the probable connection between EBNA1 and AURKA. The in-vitro analysis through the transcript and protein expression showed that AURKA knockdown reduces the expression of EBNA1. Moreover, EBNA1 alone can enhance AURKA protein expression in AGS cells. Co-immunoprecipitation and NMR analysis between AURKA and EBNA1 depicts the interaction between two proteins. In addition, AURKA knockdown promotes apoptosis in EBV-infected AGS cells through cleavage of Caspase-3, -9, and PARP1. This study demonstrates that EBV oncogenic modulators EBNA1 possibly modulate AURKA in EBV-mediated gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Varshney
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Sneha Murmu
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics (DABin), ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI), India
| | - Budhadev Baral
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Dharmendra Kashyap
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Siddharth Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Meenakshi Kandpal
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Vasundhra Bhandari
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sunil Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics (DABin), ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI), India.
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India.
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5
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Neugebauer E, Bastidas-Quintero AM, Weidl D, Full F. Pioneer factors in viral infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1286617. [PMID: 37876935 PMCID: PMC10591220 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pioneer factors are transcription factors sharing the fascinating ability to bind to compact chromatin and thereby alter its transcriptional fate. Most pioneer factors are known for their importance during embryonic development, for instance, in inducing zygotic genome activation or cell fate decision. Some pioneer factors are actively induced or downregulated by viral infection. With this, viruses are capable to modulate different signaling pathways resulting for example in MHC-receptor up/downregulation which contributes to viral immune evasion. In this article, we review the current state of research on how different viruses (Herpesviruses, Papillomaviruses and Hepatitis B virus) use pioneer factors for their viral replication and persistence in the host, as well as for the development of viral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Neugebauer
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Consulting Laboratory for Herpes-Simplex Virus (HSV) and Varizellla-Zoster Virus (VZV), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aura M. Bastidas-Quintero
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Consulting Laboratory for Herpes-Simplex Virus (HSV) and Varizellla-Zoster Virus (VZV), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Weidl
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Full
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Consulting Laboratory for Herpes-Simplex Virus (HSV) and Varizellla-Zoster Virus (VZV), Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Oliveira FMD, Souza VGD, Carvalho ADL, Lizarte Neto FS, Miranda CSS. Amplifications of AURKA and AURKB in a Burkitt lymphoma immunodeficiency-associated type: a case report. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2023; 21:eRC0378. [PMID: 37436268 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2023rc0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In equatorial Brazil, the association of Burkitt lymphoma and Epstein-Barr virus manifests at high rates. Here, we report, for the first time, amplifications of aurora kinase genes (AURKA/B) in a patient with a history of periodontal abscess and the presence of a remaining nodule, diagnosed with Burkitt lymphoma and Epstein-Barr virus, and /HIV positive. The patient was a 38-year-old man who presented with a 2-week-old severe jaw pain and a 3-day-old severe bilateral headache. He had a history of human papilloma virus. Interphase FISH analysis showed AURKA and AURKB amplification. The patient's condition worsened, progressing to death a month after the initial care. Changes in the MYCC and AURKA pathways are directly associated with genomic instability. Thus, MYCC rearrangements and higher expression of AURKA/B may be associated with therapy resistance, highlighting the importance of AURKA/B evaluation in Burkitt lymphoma.
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7
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Henry BA, Marchand V, Schlegel BT, Helm M, Motorin Y, Lee N. Pseudouridylation of Epstein-Barr virus noncoding RNA EBER2 facilitates lytic replication. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:1542-1552. [PMID: 36100352 PMCID: PMC9745832 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079219.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) expresses two highly abundant noncoding RNAs called EBV-encoded RNA 1 (EBER1) and EBER2, which are preserved in all clinical isolates of EBV, thus underscoring their essential function in the viral life cycle. Recent epitranscriptomics studies have uncovered a vast array of distinct RNA modifications within cellular as well as viral noncoding RNAs that are instrumental in executing their function. Here we show that EBER2 is marked by pseudouridylation, and by using HydraPsiSeq the modification site was mapped to a single nucleotide within the 3' region of EBER2. The writer enzyme was identified to be the snoRNA-dependent pseudouridine synthase Dyskerin, which is the catalytic subunit of H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complexes, and is guided to EBER2 by SNORA22. Similar to other noncoding RNAs for which pseudouridylation has a positive effect on RNA stability, loss of EBER2 pseudouridylation results in a decrease in RNA levels. Furthermore, pseudouridylation of EBER2 is required for the prolific accumulation of progeny viral genomes, suggesting that this single modification in EBER2 is important for efficient viral lytic replication. Taken together, our findings add to the list of RNA modifications that are essential for noncoding RNAs to implement their physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belle A Henry
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Virginie Marchand
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INSERM, UAR2008/US40 IBSLor, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Brent T Schlegel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
| | - Mark Helm
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuri Motorin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, INSERM, UAR2008/US40 IBSLor, F-54000 Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7365 IMoPA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Nara Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, USA
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8
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Damania B, Kenney SC, Raab-Traub N. Epstein-Barr virus: Biology and clinical disease. Cell 2022; 185:3652-3670. [PMID: 36113467 PMCID: PMC9529843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous, oncogenic virus that is associated with a number of different human malignancies as well as autoimmune disorders. The expression of EBV viral proteins and non-coding RNAs contribute to EBV-mediated disease pathologies. The virus establishes life-long latency in the human host and is adept at evading host innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we discuss the life cycle of EBV, the various functions of EBV-encoded proteins and RNAs, the ability of the virus to activate and evade immune responses, as well as the neoplastic and autoimmune diseases that are associated with EBV infection in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Shannon C Kenney
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nancy Raab-Traub
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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9
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Wang Y, Ungerleider N, Hoffman BA, Kara M, Farrell PJ, Flemington EK, Lee N, Tibbetts SA. A Polymorphism in the Epstein-Barr Virus EBER2 Noncoding RNA Drives In Vivo Expansion of Latently Infected B Cells. mBio 2022; 13:e0083622. [PMID: 35642944 PMCID: PMC9239156 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00836-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic gammaherpesviruses, including human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68, γHV68, MuHV-4), are associated with numerous malignancies, including B cell lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. These viruses employ numerous molecular strategies to colonize the host, including the expression of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). As the first viral ncRNAs identified, EBV-encoded RNA 1 and 2 (EBER1 and EBER2, respectively) have been investigated extensively for decades; however, their specific in vivo functions remain largely unknown. In work here, we used chimeric MHV68 viruses in an in vivo complementation system to test whether EBV EBER2 contributes to acute and/or chronic phases of infection. Expression of EBER2 derived from EBV strain B95-8 resulted in a significant expansion of latently infected B cells in vivo, which was accompanied by a decrease in virus-infected plasma cells. EBV strains typically carry one of two variants of EBER2, which differ primarily by a 5-nucleotide core polymorphism identified initially in the EBV strain M81. Strikingly, mutation of the 5 nucleotides that define this core polymorphism resulted in the loss of the infected B cell expansion and restored plasma cell infection. This work reveals that the B95-8 variant of EBER2 promotes the expansion of the latently infected B cell pool in vivo and may do so in part through inhibition of terminal differentiation. These findings provide new insight into mechanisms by which viral ncRNAs promote in vivo colonization and further and provide further evidence of the inherent tumorigenic risks associated with gammaherpesvirus manipulation of B cell differentiation. IMPORTANCE The oncogenic gammaherpesviruses, including human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and murine gammaherpesvirus 68, employ numerous strategies to colonize the host, including expression of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). As the first viral ncRNAs ever identified, EBV-encoded RNA 1 and 2 (EBER1 and EBER2) have been investigated extensively for decades; however, their specific in vivo functions remain largely unknown. Work here reveals that an EBV EBER2 variant highly associated with B cell lymphoma promoted a significantly increased expansion of the infected B cell pool in vivo, which coincided with altered B cell differentiation. Mutation of the 5 nucleotides that define this EBER2 variant resulted in the loss of B cell expansion and normal B cell differentiation. These findings provide new insight into the mechanisms by which EBV manipulates B cells in vivo to retain infected cells in the high-risk B cell differentiation pathway where they are poised for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nathan Ungerleider
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Brett A. Hoffman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mehmet Kara
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Paul J. Farrell
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erik K. Flemington
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nara Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott A. Tibbetts
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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10
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Epigenetic control of the Epstein-Barr lifecycle. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:78-88. [PMID: 34891084 PMCID: PMC9112224 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects 95% of adults worldwide, causes infectious mononucleosis, is etiologically linked to multiple sclerosis and is associated with 200 000 cases of cancer each year. EBV manipulates host epigenetic pathways to switch between a series of latency programs and to reactivate from latency in order to colonize the memory B-cell compartment for lifelong infection and to ultimately spread to new hosts. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of epigenetic mechanisms that control EBV latency and lytic gene expression in EBV-transformed B and epithelial cells. We highlight newly appreciated roles of DNA methylation epigenetic machinery, host histone chaperones, the Hippo pathway, m6A RNA modification and nonsense mediated decay in control of the EBV lifecycle.
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11
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The Central Role of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in EBV-Mediated Oncogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030611. [PMID: 35158879 PMCID: PMC8833352 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the first discovered human tumor virus, which contributes to the oncogenesis of many human cancers. The ubiquitin–proteasome system is a key player during EBV-mediated oncogenesis and has been developed as a crucial therapeutic target for treatment. In this review, we briefly describe how EBV antigens can modulate the ubiquitin–proteasome system for targeted protein degradation and how they are regulated in the EBV life cycle to mediate oncogenesis. Additionally, the developed proteasome inhibitors are discussed for the treatment of EBV-associated cancers. Abstract Deregulation of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) plays a critical role in the development of numerous human cancers. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), the first known human tumor virus, has evolved distinct molecular mechanisms to manipulate the ubiquitin–proteasome system, facilitate its successful infection, and drive opportunistic cancers. The interactions of EBV antigens with the ubiquitin–proteasome system can lead to oncogenesis through the targeting of cellular factors involved in proliferation. Recent studies highlight the central role of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in EBV infection. This review will summarize the versatile strategies in EBV-mediated oncogenesis that contribute to the development of specific therapeutic approaches to treat EBV-associated malignancies.
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12
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Do Epstein–Barr Virus Mutations and Natural Genome Sequence Variations Contribute to Disease? Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010017. [PMID: 35053165 PMCID: PMC8774192 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the world’s population is infected by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), but the incidence of the diseases associated with EBV infection differs greatly in different parts of the world. Many factors may determine those differences, but variation in the virus genome is likely to be a contributing factor for some of the diseases. Here, we describe the main forms of EBV genome sequence variation, and the mechanisms by which variations in the virus genome are likely to contribute to disease. EBV genome deletions or polymorphisms can also provide useful markers for monitoring disease. If some EBV strains prove to be more pathogenic than others, this suggests the possible value of immunising people against infection by those pathogenic strains.
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