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Wang B, Liu Y, Chen X, Liu XT, Liu Z, Lu C. Aggregation-induced emission-active supramolecular polymers: from controlled preparation to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39229831 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are typical self-assemblies, in which repeating monomer units are bonded together with dynamic and reversible noncovalent interactions. Supramolecular polymers can combine the advantages of polymer science and supramolecular chemistry. Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) means that a molecule remains faintly emissive in the dispersed state but intensively luminescent in a highly aggregated state. AIE has brought new opportunities and further development potential to the field of polymeric chemistry. The integration of AIE luminogens with supramolecular interactions can provide new vitality for supramolecular polymers. Therefore, it is essential for scientists to understand the preparation and applications of AIE-active supramolecular polymers. This review focuses on the recent advanced progress in the preparation of AIE-active supramolecular polymers. In addition, we summarize the newly developed supramolecular polymers with an AIE nature and their applications in chemical sensing, and in vitro and in vivo imaging, as well as the visualization of their structure and properties. Finally, the development trends and challenges of AIE-active supramolecular polymers are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wang
- Pingyuan Laboratory, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Pingyuan Laboratory, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xueqian Chen
- Pingyuan Laboratory, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiao-Ting Liu
- Pingyuan Laboratory, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhongyi Liu
- Pingyuan Laboratory, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Chao Lu
- Pingyuan Laboratory, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Chen Y, Kuvayskaya A, Pink M, Sellinger A, Flood AH. A library of vinyl phosphonate anions dimerize with cyanostars, form supramolecular polymers and undergo statistical sorting. Chem Sci 2023; 15:389-398. [PMID: 38131081 PMCID: PMC10732014 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03685e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular dimers are elementary units allowing the build-up of multi-molecule architectures. New among these are cyanostar-stabilized dimers of phosphate and phosphonate anions. While the anion dimerization at the heart of these assemblies is reliable, the covalent synthesis leading to this class of designer anions serves as a bottleneck in the pathway to supramolecular assemblies. Herein, we demonstrate the reliable synthesis of 14 diverse anionic monomers by Heck coupling between vinyl phosphonic acid and aryl bromide compounds. When this synthesis is combined with reliable anion dimerization, we show formation of supramolecular dimers and polymers by co-assembly with cyanostar macrocycles. The removal of the covalent bottleneck opened up a seamless synthetic route to iterate through three monomers affording the solubility needed to characterize the mechanism of supramolecular polymerization. We also test the idea that the small size of these vinyl phosphonates provide identical dimer stabilities across the library by showing how mixtures of anions undergo statistical (social) self-sorting. We exploit this property by preparing soluble copolymers from the mixing of different monomers. This multi-anion assembly shows the utility of a library for programming properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Anastasia Kuvayskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines 1012 14th Street Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Alan Sellinger
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines 1012 14th Street Golden Colorado 80401 USA
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 15013 Denver West Parkway Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
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Day EC, Chittari SS, Bogen MP, Knight AS. Navigating the Expansive Landscapes of Soft Materials: A User Guide for High-Throughput Workflows. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:406-427. [PMID: 38107416 PMCID: PMC10722570 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are highly customizable with tailored structures and functionality, yet this versatility generates challenges in the design of advanced materials due to the size and complexity of the design space. Thus, exploration and optimization of polymer properties using combinatorial libraries has become increasingly common, which requires careful selection of synthetic strategies, characterization techniques, and rapid processing workflows to obtain fundamental principles from these large data sets. Herein, we provide guidelines for strategic design of macromolecule libraries and workflows to efficiently navigate these high-dimensional design spaces. We describe synthetic methods for multiple library sizes and structures as well as characterization methods to rapidly generate data sets, including tools that can be adapted from biological workflows. We further highlight relevant insights from statistics and machine learning to aid in data featurization, representation, and analysis. This Perspective acts as a "user guide" for researchers interested in leveraging high-throughput screening toward the design of multifunctional polymers and predictive modeling of structure-property relationships in soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew P. Bogen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Abigail S. Knight
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Wu X, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence-readout as a powerful macromolecular characterisation tool. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12815-12849. [PMID: 38023522 PMCID: PMC10664555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant progress in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which can provide access to diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities, topology and functionalities, bringing us closer to the aim of controlling soft matter material properties with molecular precision. To reach this goal, the development of advanced analytical techniques, allowing for micro-, molecular level and real-time investigation, is essential. Due to their appealing features, including high sensitivity, large contrast, fast and real-time response, as well as non-invasive characteristics, fluorescence-based techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for macromolecular characterisation to provide detailed information and give new and deep insights beyond those offered by commonly applied analytical methods. Herein, we critically examine how fluorescence phenomena, principles and techniques can be effectively exploited to characterise macromolecules and soft matter materials and to further unravel their constitution, by highlighting representative examples of recent advances across major areas of polymer and materials science, ranging from polymer molecular weight and conversion, architecture, conformation to polymer self-assembly to surfaces, gels and 3D printing. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for fluorescence-readout to further advance the development of macromolecules, leading to the design of polymers and soft matter materials with pre-determined and adaptable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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Liu C, Si J, Cao M, Zhao P, Dai Y, Xu H. Visualizing Chain Growth of Polytelluoxane via Polymerization Induced Emission. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304518. [PMID: 37715281 PMCID: PMC10625080 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing polymer chain growth is always a hot topic for tailoring structure-function properties in polymer chemistry. However, current characterization methods are limited in their ability to differentiate the degree of polymerization in real-time without isolating the samples from the reaction vessel, let alone to detect insoluble polymers. Herein, a reliable relationship is established between polymer chain growth and fluorescence properties through polymerization induced emission. (TPE-C2)2 -Te is used to realize in situ oxidative polymerization, leading to the aggregation of fluorophores. The relationship between polymerization degree of growing polytelluoxane (PTeO) and fluorescence intensity is constructed, enabling real-time monitoring of the polymerization reaction. More importantly, this novel method can be further applied to the observation of the polymerization process for growing insoluble polymer via surface polymerization. Therefore, the development of visualization technology will open a new avenue for visualizing polymer chain growth in real-time, regardless of polymer solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Liu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
- Tsinghua‐Peking Joint Center for Life SciencesBeijing100084China
| | - Jinyan Si
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Muqing Cao
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Yiheng Dai
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Huaping Xu
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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Garcia A, Blum SA. Polymer Molecular Weight Determination via Fluorescence Lifetime. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22416-22420. [PMID: 36459633 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Control of polymer molecular weight is critical for tailoring structure-function properties; however, traditional molecular weight characterization techniques have limited ability to determine the molecular weight of polymers in real time without sample removal from the reaction mixture, with spatial resolution, and of insoluble polymers. In this work, a fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) method was developed that overcomes these limitations. The method is demonstrated with polynorbornene and polydicyclopentadiene, polymers derived from ruthenium-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The polymer Mw, ranging from 35 to 570 kg/mol as determined by gel-permeation chromatography, was quantitatively correlated with the fluorescence lifetime. The revealed correlation then enabled time-resolved measurement of Mw during an ongoing ROMP reaction, requiring only 1 s per measurement (of a 45 μm × 45 μm polymer sample area), and provided spatial resolution, resulting in simultaneous characterization of polymer morphology. To provide the fluorescence signal, the initial reaction solutions contained a very low doping of a reactive norbornene monomer labeled with fluorescent boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY), such that 1 in every 107 monomers contained a fluorophore. The resulting FLIM visualization method enables the rapid determination of the molecular weights of growing polymers without removal from the reaction mixture and regardless of polymer solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Suzanne A Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Fang L, Zhao Q, Guo C, Guo D, Li Z, Xu J, Guo C, Sang T, Wang Y, Chen J, Chen C, Chen R, Wu J, Wang X. Removing the sporoderm from the sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum improves the anticancer and immune-regulatory activity of the water-soluble polysaccharide. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1006127. [PMID: 36185644 PMCID: PMC9524850 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1006127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived polysaccharides have demonstrated promising anti-cancer effects via immune-regulatory activity. The aim of the current study was to compare the chemical property and the anticancer effects of polysaccharides extracted from the sporoderm-removed spores of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (RSGLP), which removed the sporoderm completely, with polysaccharides extracted from the sporoderm-broken spores of G. lucidum (BSGLP). We found that RSGLP has a higher extraction yield than BSGLP. HPGPC and GC-MS results revealed that both RSGLP and BSGLP are heteropolysaccharides, but RSGLP had a higher molecular weight and a different ratio of monosaccharide composition than BSGLP. MTT and flow cytometry results demonstrated that RSGLP exhibited much higher dose-efficacy in inhibiting cell viability and inducing apoptosis than BSGLP in 8 cancer cell lines representing colon (HCT116 and HT29), liver (HepG2 and Huh-7), breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), and lung cancers (NCI-H460 and A549). Furthermore, RSGLP is more effective in inhibiting HCT116 and NCI-H460 xenograft tumor growth and inhibiting tumor-induced splenomegaly than BSGLP in nude mice, suggesting a better effect on regulating immunity of RSGLP. Next, we found that RSGLP is more potent in inhibiting the level of serum inflammatory cytokines in nude mice, and in inhibiting the activation of macrophage RAW264.7 and the expression of the inflammatory mediators IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2 in vitro. This is the first study to compare the chemical properties, anti-cancer, and immune-regulatory effects of RSGLP and BSGLP using multiple cancer cell lines. Our results revealed that the sporoderm-removed spores of G. lucidum (RSGL) and RSGLP may serve as new anticancer agents for their promising immune-regulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuiling Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhao Li
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Rare Medicinal Plants, Wuyi, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Rare Medicinal Plants, Wuyi, China
| | - Chengjie Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Sang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaojie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Jianjun Wu
| | - Xingya Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xingya Wang
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Lou K, Li Q, Zhang R, Sun H, Ji X. Metal-ligand Interactions and Oligo(p-Phenylene Vinylene) Derivatives Based Supramolecular Polymer Possessing Variable Fluorescence Colors. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200242. [PMID: 35411978 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent supramolecular polymers combine the benefits of supramolecular polymers in terms of dynamic nature with the optoelectronic features of incorporated fluorophores. However, the majority of fluorescent supramolecular polymers can only exhibit a single fluorescent state, restricting their applications. Incorporating J-type dyes into supramolecular monomers is expected to impart supramolecular polymers with variable fluorescence colors, because the aggregation mode of J-type dyes is closely related to the formation of supramolecular polymers. Herein, we report a supramolecular polymer [M1·Zn(OTf)2 ]n , in which the monomer M1 contains a J-type dye, oligo(p-phenylene vinylene) (OPV) derivative, and two terpyridine ends. The M1 + Zn(OTf)2 solutions exhibit fluorescence color changes varying from cyan to yellow-green in the monomer concentration ranging from 0.04 to 1.00 mM. Moreover, based on the outputs from laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), the fluorescence color transition during the formation of supramolecular polymers is intuitively proven. Additionally, considering the close relationship between the supramolecular polymer structure and the fluorescence color, the fluorescence color can be regulated by introducing tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) that can bind with Zn2+ competitively to break up the structure of the supramolecular polymer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qingyun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Haibo Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaofan Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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