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Cao Q, Li Z, Cai L, Liu S, Bu Z, Yang T, Meng X, Xie R, Wang X, Li Q, Yan S. Voltage Control of Multiple Electrochemical Processes during Lithium Ion Migration in NiFe 2O 4 Ferrite. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15261-15269. [PMID: 38820131 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Li-ion-based electric field control has been attracting significant attention, since it is able to penetrate deep into materials to exhibit diverse and controllable electrochemical processes, which offer more degrees of freedom to design multifunctional devices with low power consumption. As opposed to previous studies that mainly focused on single lithiation/delithiation mechanisms, we reveal three Li-ion modulation mechanisms in the same NiFe2O4 spinel ferrite by in situ magnetometry, i.e., intercalation, conversion, and space charge, which are respectively demonstrated in high, medium, and low voltage range. During the intercalation stage, the spinel structure is preserved, and a reversible modulation of magnetization arises from the charge transfer-induced variation of Fe valence states (Fe2+/Fe3+). Conversion-driven change in magnetization is the largest up to 89 emu g-1, due to the structural and magnetic phase transitions. Although both intercalation and conversion exhibit sluggish kinetics and long response times, the space charge manifests a faster switching speed and superior durability due to its interface electrostatic effect. These results not only provide a clear and comprehensive understanding on Li-based modulation mechanisms but also facilitate multifunctional and multiscenario applications, such as multistate memory, micromagnetic actuation, artificial synapse, and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cao
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- College of Physics, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li Cai
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Senmiao Liu
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zeyuan Bu
- College of Physics, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tianxiang Yang
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xianyi Meng
- College of Physics, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ronghuan Xie
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Physics, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shishen Yan
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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Li Z, Liu H, Zhao Z, Zhang Q, Fu X, Li X, Gu F, Zhong H, Pan Y, Chen G, Li Q, Li H, Chen Y, Gu L, Jin K, Yan S, Miao GX, Ge C, Li Q. Space-Charge Control of Magnetism in Ferromagnetic Metals: Coupling Giant Magnitude and Robust Endurance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207353. [PMID: 36479745 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ferromagnetic metals show great prospects in ultralow-power-consumption spintronic devices, due to their high Curie temperature and robust magnetization. However, there is still a lack of reliable solutions for giant and reversible voltage control of magnetism in ferromagnetic metal films. Here, a novel space-charge approach is proposed which allows for achieving a modulation of 30.3 emu/g under 1.3 V in Co/TiO2 multilayer granular films. The robust endurance with more than 5000 cycles is demonstrated. Similar phenomena exist in Ni/TiO2 and Fe/TiO2 multilayer granular films, which shows its universality. The magnetic change of 107% in Ni/TiO2 underlines its potential in a voltage-driven ON-OFF magnetism. Such giant and reversible voltage control of magnetism can be ascribed to space-charge effect at the ferromagnetic metals/TiO2 interfaces, in which spin-polarized electrons are injected into the ferromagnetic metal layer with the adsorption of lithium-ions on the TiO2 surface. These results open the door for a promising method to modulate the magnetization in ferromagnetic metals, paving the way toward the development of ionic-magnetic-electric coupled applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Li
- University-Industry Joint Center for Ocean Observation and Broadband Communication, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, College of Materials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hengjun Liu
- University-Industry Joint Center for Ocean Observation and Broadband Communication, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, College of Materials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- University-Industry Joint Center for Ocean Observation and Broadband Communication, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, College of Materials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xingke Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiangkun Li
- University-Industry Joint Center for Ocean Observation and Broadband Communication, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, College of Materials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fangchao Gu
- University-Industry Joint Center for Ocean Observation and Broadband Communication, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, College of Materials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hai Zhong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pan
- University-Industry Joint Center for Ocean Observation and Broadband Communication, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, College of Materials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guihuan Chen
- University-Industry Joint Center for Ocean Observation and Broadband Communication, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, College of Materials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qinghao Li
- University-Industry Joint Center for Ocean Observation and Broadband Communication, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, College of Materials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hongsen Li
- University-Industry Joint Center for Ocean Observation and Broadband Communication, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, College of Materials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yanxue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Kuijuan Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shishen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Guo-Xing Miao
- University-Industry Joint Center for Ocean Observation and Broadband Communication, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, College of Materials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Chen Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qiang Li
- University-Industry Joint Center for Ocean Observation and Broadband Communication, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Weihai Innovation Research Institute, College of Materials, College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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