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Xuan Y, Wang L, Zhang L, Lv M, Li F, Gong Q. Structural basis of pri-let-7 recognition by human pseudouridine synthase TruB1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 721:150122. [PMID: 38776834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Let-7 was one of the first microRNAs (miRNAs) to be discovered and its expression promotes differentiation during development and function as tumor suppressors in various cancers. The maturation process of let-7 miRNA is tightly regulated by multiple RNA-binding proteins. For example, LIN28 binds to the terminal loops of the precursors of let-7 family and block their processing into mature miRNAs. Trim25 promotes the uridylation-mediated degradation of pre-let-7 modified by LIN28/TUT4. Recently, human pseudouridine synthase TruB1 has been reported to facilitate let-7 maturation by directly binding to pri-let-7 and recruiting Drosha-DGCR8 microprocessor. Through biochemical assay and structural investigation, we show that human TruB1 binds specifically the terminal loop of pri-let-7a1 at nucleotides 31-41, which folds as a small stem-loop architecture. Although TruB1 recognizes the terminal loop of pri-let-7a1 in a way similar to how E. coli TruB interacts with tRNA, a conserved KRKK motif in human and other higher eukaryotes adds an extra binding interface and strengthens the recognition of TruB1 for pri-let-7a1 through electrostatic interactions. These findings reveal the structural basis of TruB1-pri-let-7 interaction which may assists the elucidation of precise role of TruB1 in biogenesis of let-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Xuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, PR China
| | - Mengqi Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, PR China
| | - Fudong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, PR China
| | - Qingguo Gong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Hefei, PR China.
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2
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Lin TY, Kleemann L, Jeżowski J, Dobosz D, Rawski M, Indyka P, Ważny G, Mehta R, Chramiec-Głąbik A, Koziej Ł, Ranff T, Fufezan C, Wawro M, Kochan J, Bereta J, Leidel SA, Glatt S. The molecular basis of tRNA selectivity by human pseudouridine synthase 3. Mol Cell 2024; 84:2472-2489.e8. [PMID: 38996458 PMCID: PMC11258540 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Pseudouridine (Ψ), the isomer of uridine, is ubiquitously found in RNA, including tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA. Human pseudouridine synthase 3 (PUS3) catalyzes pseudouridylation of position 38/39 in tRNAs. However, the molecular mechanisms by which it recognizes its RNA targets and achieves site specificity remain elusive. Here, we determine single-particle cryo-EM structures of PUS3 in its apo form and bound to three tRNAs, showing how the symmetric PUS3 homodimer recognizes tRNAs and positions the target uridine next to its active site. Structure-guided and patient-derived mutations validate our structural findings in complementary biochemical assays. Furthermore, we deleted PUS1 and PUS3 in HEK293 cells and mapped transcriptome-wide Ψ sites by Pseudo-seq. Although PUS1-dependent sites were detectable in tRNA and mRNA, we found no evidence that human PUS3 modifies mRNAs. Our work provides the molecular basis for PUS3-mediated tRNA modification in humans and explains how its tRNA modification activity is linked to intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Lin
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Leon Kleemann
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Jeżowski
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dominika Dobosz
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Rawski
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Indyka
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Ważny
- SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre, Jagiellonian University, 30-392 Kraków, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Rahul Mehta
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Koziej
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tristan Ranff
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Fufezan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Kochan
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Bereta
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sebastian A Leidel
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Sebastian Glatt
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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3
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Grünberg S, Doyle LA, Wolf EJ, Dai N, Corrêa IR, Yigit E, Stoddard BL. The structural basis of mRNA recognition and binding by yeast pseudouridine synthase PUS1. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291267. [PMID: 37939088 PMCID: PMC10631681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical modification of RNA bases represents a ubiquitous activity that spans all domains of life. Pseudouridylation is the most common RNA modification and is observed within tRNA, rRNA, ncRNA and mRNAs. Pseudouridine synthase or 'PUS' enzymes include those that rely on guide RNA molecules and others that function as 'stand-alone' enzymes. Among the latter, several have been shown to modify mRNA transcripts. Although recent studies have defined the structural requirements for RNA to act as a PUS target, the mechanisms by which PUS1 recognizes these target sequences in mRNA are not well understood. Here we describe the crystal structure of yeast PUS1 bound to an RNA target that we identified as being a hot spot for PUS1-interaction within a model mRNA at 2.4 Å resolution. The enzyme recognizes and binds both strands in a helical RNA duplex, and thus guides the RNA containing the target uridine to the active site for subsequent modification of the transcript. The study also allows us to show the divergence of related PUS1 enzymes and their corresponding RNA target specificities, and to speculate on the basis by which PUS1 binds and modifies mRNA or tRNA substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsey A. Doyle
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Wolf
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nan Dai
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ivan R. Corrêa
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erbay Yigit
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barry L. Stoddard
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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4
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Schultz SK, Kothe U. Fluorescent labeling of tRNA for rapid kinetic interaction studies with tRNA-binding proteins. Methods Enzymol 2023; 692:103-126. [PMID: 37925176 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) plays a critical role during translation and interacts with numerous proteins during its biogenesis, functional cycle and degradation. In particular, tRNA is extensively post-transcriptionally modified by various tRNA modifying enzymes which each target a specific nucleotide at different positions within tRNAs to introduce different chemical modifications. Fluorescent assays can be used to study the interaction between a protein and tRNA. Moreover, rapid mixing fluorescence stopped-flow assays provide insights into the kinetics of the tRNA-protein interaction in order to elucidate the tRNA binding mechanism for the given protein. A prerequisite for these studies is a fluorescently labeled molecule, such as fluorescent tRNA, wherein a change in fluorescence occurs upon protein binding. In this chapter, we discuss the utilization of tRNA modifications in order to introduce fluorophores at particular positions within tRNAs. Particularly, we focus on in vitro thiolation of a uridine at position 8 within tRNAs using the tRNA modification enzyme ThiI, followed by labeling of the thiol group with fluorescein. As such, this fluorescently labeled tRNA is primarily unmodified, with the exception of the thiolation modification to which the fluorophore is attached, and can be used as a substrate to study the binding of different tRNA-interacting factors. Herein, we discuss the example of studying the tRNA binding mechanism of the tRNA modifying enzymes TrmB and DusA using internally fluorescein-labeled tRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Schultz
- Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute (ARRTI), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ute Kothe
- Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute (ARRTI), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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5
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Walsh CT. Covalent Catalytic Strategies for Enzymes That Modify RNA Molecules on their Tripartite Building Blocks. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2686-2703. [PMID: 36103129 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The tripartite structures of the four 5'-nucleotide monophosphate (NMP) building blocks in all RNAs enable enzyme-catalyzed chemical modifications to three types of sites: the heterocyclic bases via N- and C-methylations and other alkylations, conversion of the N-glycoside linkages of the uridine moiety to the C-C glycoside link in pseudouridines, and the phosphodiester-mediated processes of 5'-capping, splicing, and 3'-tailing of premRNAs. We examine known cases for enzymatic covalent catalytic strategies that entail transient formation and breakdown of covalent enzyme-RNA adducts in each catalytic cycle. One case involves generation of the required carbon nucleophile during C5 methylation of cytosine residues in RNAs. A second examines the mechanism proposed for pseudouridine synthases and for replacement of a guanine residue in tRNAs by queuosine. The third category involves phosphoric anhydride and phosphodiester chemistry by which viral RNAs encode enzymes for making their own mRNA 5'-caps. This strategy includes the recent finding that the SARS-CoV2 proteins assemble a canonical 5',5'-GTP cap on their 28 900 nucleotide genomic RNA to enable its translation as an mRNA by host translational machinery by way of a covalent RNA-viral enzyme intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Walsh
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
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Jia Z, Meng F, Chen H, Zhu G, Li X, He Y, Zhang L, He X, Zhan H, Chen M, Ji Y, Wang M, Guan MX. Human TRUB1 is a highly conserved pseudouridine synthase responsible for the formation of Ψ55 in mitochondrial tRNAAsn, tRNAGln, tRNAGlu and tRNAPro. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:9368-9381. [PMID: 36018806 PMCID: PMC9458420 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudouridine (Ψ) at position 55 in tRNAs plays an important role in their structure and function. This modification is catalyzed by TruB/Pus4/Cbf5 family of pseudouridine synthases in bacteria and yeast. However, the mechanism of TRUB family underlying the formation of Ψ55 in the mammalian tRNAs is largely unknown. In this report, the CMC/reverse transcription assays demonstrated the presence of Ψ55 in the human mitochondrial tRNAAsn, tRNAGln, tRNAGlu, tRNAPro, tRNAMet, tRNALeu(UUR) and tRNASer(UCN). TRUB1 knockout (KO) cell lines generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology exhibited the loss of Ψ55 modification in mitochondrial tRNAAsn, tRNAGln, tRNAGlu and tRNAPro but did not affect other 18 mitochondrial tRNAs. An in vitro assay revealed that recombinant TRUB1 protein can catalyze the efficient formation of Ψ55 in tRNAAsn and tRNAGln, but not in tRNAMet and tRNAArg. Notably, the overexpression of TRUB1 cDNA reversed the deficient Ψ55 modifications in these tRNAs in TRUB1KO HeLa cells. TRUB1 deficiency affected the base-pairing (18A/G-Ψ55), conformation and stability but not aminoacylation capacity of these tRNAs. Furthermore, TRUB1 deficiency impacted mitochondrial translation and biogenesis of oxidative phosphorylation system. Our findings demonstrated that human TRUB1 is a highly conserved mitochondrial pseudouridine synthase responsible for the Ψ55 modification in the mitochondrial tRNAAsn, tRNAGln, tRNAGlu and tRNAPro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gao Zhu
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xincheng Li
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfan He
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liyao Zhang
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao He
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huisen Zhan
- Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengquan Chen
- Department of Lab Medicine, Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanchun Ji
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics and Genomics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min-Xin Guan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +571 88206916; Fax: +571 88982377;
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Role of main RNA modifications in cancer: N 6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, and pseudouridine. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:142. [PMID: 35484099 PMCID: PMC9051163 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major diseases threatening human life and health worldwide. Epigenetic modification refers to heritable changes in the genetic material without any changes in the nucleic acid sequence and results in heritable phenotypic changes. Epigenetic modifications regulate many biological processes, such as growth, aging, and various diseases, including cancer. With the advancement of next-generation sequencing technology, the role of RNA modifications in cancer progression has become increasingly prominent and is a hot spot in scientific research. This review studied several common RNA modifications, such as N6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytosine, and pseudouridine. The deposition and roles of these modifications in coding and noncoding RNAs are summarized in detail. Based on the RNA modification background, this review summarized the expression, function, and underlying molecular mechanism of these modifications and their regulators in cancer and further discussed the role of some existing small-molecule inhibitors. More in-depth studies on RNA modification and cancer are needed to broaden the understanding of epigenetics and cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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Kiss DJ, Oláh J, Tóth G, Varga M, Stirling A, Menyhárd DK, Ferenczy GG. The Structure-Derived Mechanism of Box H/ACA Pseudouridine Synthase Offers a Plausible Paradigm for Programmable RNA Editing. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Judit Kiss
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Oláh
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Tóth
- Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/a, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Varga
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Stirling
- Theoretical Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra K. Menyhárd
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/a, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György G. Ferenczy
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
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Bommasamudram J, Kumar P, Kapur S, Sharma D, Devappa S. Development of Thermotolerant Lactobacilli Cultures with Improved Probiotic Properties Using Adaptive Laboratory Evolution Method. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022:10.1007/s12602-021-09892-3. [PMID: 35060080 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics play a significant role in functional foods. Heat stress and dehydration are the two principal mechanisms leading to inactivation and loss of probiotics viability in its production. There is a need to develop an industrial organism to withstand higher temperatures during its processing and storage. This current study aims to develop thermotolerant strains of Lacticaseibacillus casei N (N) and Lactobacillus helveticus NRRL B-4526 (H) by acclimatizing the wild-type strains to the higher temperature of 45 °C by adaptive laboratory evolution. A two-fold increase in biomass was observed in both acclimatized strains up to the 200th generation, which subsequently remained stable after 500 generations. The morphological change of these acclimatized strains was observed under scanning electron microscopy. Also, there was an increase in probiotic attributes of these acclimatized strains compared to their wild-types. Among two acclimatized strains, L. casei N-45 had shown higher tolerance in the acidic pH 3.0 (89.31%), the bile of 0.3% (84.45%), simulated gastric juice (79.12%), and simulated intestinal juice (73.86%). There was also an increase in salt tolerance (NaCl), radical scavenging activity, autoaggregation, coaggregation, and hydrophobicity of these adapted strains. The total protein profiling using 2D gel electrophoresis reveals the differences in protein expressions between wild-type and acclimatized strains. Specific protein spots from acclimatized strains of H-45 and N-45 were further subjected to MALDI-TOF MS/MS. Some of the identified proteins were recognized to play a role in RNA chaperones and protein synthesis during stress conditions.
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Porat J, Kothe U, Bayfield MA. Revisiting tRNA chaperones: New players in an ancient game. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:rna.078428.120. [PMID: 33593999 PMCID: PMC8051267 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078428.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
tRNAs undergo an extensive maturation process including post-transcriptional modifications that influence secondary and tertiary interactions. Precursor and mature tRNAs lacking key modifications are often recognized as aberrant and subsequently targeted for decay, illustrating the importance of modifications in promoting structural integrity. tRNAs also rely on tRNA chaperones to promote the folding of misfolded substrates into functional conformations. The best characterized tRNA chaperone is the La protein, which interacts with nascent RNA polymerase III transcripts to promote folding and offers protection from exonucleases. More recently, certain tRNA modification enzymes have also been demonstrated to possess tRNA folding activity distinct from their catalytic activity, suggesting that they may act as tRNA chaperones. In this review, we will discuss pioneering studies relating post-transcriptional modification to tRNA stability and decay pathways, present recent advances into the mechanism by which the RNA chaperone La assists pre-tRNA maturation, and summarize emerging research directions aimed at characterizing modification enzymes as tRNA chaperones. Together, these findings shed light on the importance of tRNA folding and how tRNA chaperones, in particular, increase the fraction of nascent pre-tRNAs that adopt a folded, functional conformation.
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Post-Transcriptional Modifications of Conserved Nucleotides in the T-Loop of tRNA: A Tale of Functional Convergent Evolution. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020140. [PMID: 33499018 PMCID: PMC7912444 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The high conservation of nucleotides of the T-loop, including their chemical identity, are hallmarks of tRNAs from organisms belonging to the three Domains of Life. These structural characteristics allow the T-loop to adopt a peculiar intraloop conformation able to interact specifically with other conserved residues of the D-loop, which ultimately folds the mature tRNA in a unique functional canonical L-shaped architecture. Paradoxically, despite the high conservation of modified nucleotides in the T-loop, enzymes catalyzing their formation depend mostly on the considered organism, attesting for an independent but convergent evolution of the post-transcriptional modification processes. The driving force behind this is the preservation of a native conformation of the tRNA elbow that underlies the various interactions of tRNA molecules with different cellular components.
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12
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Defining the Environmental Adaptations of Genus Devosia: Insights into its Expansive Short Peptide Transport System and Positively Selected Genes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1151. [PMID: 31980727 PMCID: PMC6981132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Devosia are well known for their dominance in soil habitats contaminated with various toxins and are best characterized for their bioremediation potential. In this study, we compared the genomes of 27 strains of Devosia with aim to understand their metabolic abilities. The analysis revealed their adaptive gene repertoire which was bared from 52% unique pan-gene content. A striking feature of all genomes was the abundance of oligo- and di-peptide permeases (oppABCDF and dppABCDF) with each genome harboring an average of 60.7 ± 19.1 and 36.5 ± 10.6 operon associated genes respectively. Apart from their primary role in nutrition, these permeases may help Devosia to sense environmental signals and in chemotaxis at stressed habitats. Through sequence similarity network analyses, we identified 29 Opp and 19 Dpp sequences that shared very little homology with any other sequence suggesting an expansive short peptidic transport system within Devosia. The substrate determining components of these permeases viz. OppA and DppA further displayed a large diversity that separated into 12 and 9 homologous clusters respectively in addition to large number of isolated nodes. We also dissected the genome scale positive evolution and found genes associated with growth (exopolyphosphatase, HesB_IscA_SufA family protein), detoxification (moeB, nifU-like domain protein, alpha/beta hydrolase), chemotaxis (cheB, luxR) and stress response (phoQ, uspA, luxR, sufE) were positively selected. The study highlights the genomic plasticity of the Devosia spp. for conferring adaptation, bioremediation and the potential to utilize a wide range of substrates. The widespread toxin-antitoxin loci and ‘open’ state of the pangenome provided evidence of plastic genomes and a much larger genetic repertoire of the genus which is yet uncovered.
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13
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Nithin C, Mukherjee S, Bahadur RP. A structure-based model for the prediction of protein-RNA binding affinity. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 25:1628-1645. [PMID: 31395671 PMCID: PMC6859855 DOI: 10.1261/rna.071779.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein-RNA recognition is highly affinity-driven and regulates a wide array of cellular functions. In this study, we have curated a binding affinity data set of 40 protein-RNA complexes, for which at least one unbound partner is available in the docking benchmark. The data set covers a wide affinity range of eight orders of magnitude as well as four different structural classes. On average, we find the complexes with single-stranded RNA have the highest affinity, whereas the complexes with the duplex RNA have the lowest. Nevertheless, free energy gain upon binding is the highest for the complexes with ribosomal proteins and the lowest for the complexes with tRNA with an average of -5.7 cal/mol/Å2 in the entire data set. We train regression models to predict the binding affinity from the structural and physicochemical parameters of protein-RNA interfaces. The best fit model with the lowest maximum error is provided with three interface parameters: relative hydrophobicity, conformational change upon binding and relative hydration pattern. This model has been used for predicting the binding affinity on a test data set, generated using mutated structures of yeast aspartyl-tRNA synthetase, for which experimentally determined ΔG values of 40 mutations are available. The predicted ΔGempirical values highly correlate with the experimental observations. The data set provided in this study should be useful for further development of the binding affinity prediction methods. Moreover, the model developed in this study enhances our understanding on the structural basis of protein-RNA binding affinity and provides a platform to engineer protein-RNA interfaces with desired affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandran Nithin
- Computational Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sunandan Mukherjee
- Computational Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Ranjit Prasad Bahadur
- Computational Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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14
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Dégut C, Roovers M, Barraud P, Brachet F, Feller A, Larue V, Al Refaii A, Caillet J, Droogmans L, Tisné C. Structural characterization of B. subtilis m1A22 tRNA methyltransferase TrmK: insights into tRNA recognition. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:4736-4750. [PMID: 30931478 PMCID: PMC6511850 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Methyladenosine (m1A) is a modified nucleoside found at positions 9, 14, 22 and 58 of tRNAs, which arises from the transfer of a methyl group onto the N1-atom of adenosine. The yqfN gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes the methyltransferase TrmK (BsTrmK) responsible for the formation of m1A22 in tRNA. Here, we show that BsTrmK displays a broad substrate specificity, and methylates seven out of eight tRNA isoacceptor families of B. subtilis bearing an A22. In addition to a non-Watson–Crick base-pair between the target A22 and a purine at position 13, the formation of m1A22 by BsTrmK requires a full-length tRNA with intact tRNA elbow and anticodon stem. We solved the crystal structure of BsTrmK showing an N-terminal catalytic domain harbouring the typical Rossmann-like fold of Class-I methyltransferases and a C-terminal coiled-coil domain. We used NMR chemical shift mapping to drive the docking of BstRNASer to BsTrmK in complex with its methyl-donor cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). In this model, validated by methyltransferase activity assays on BsTrmK mutants, both domains of BsTrmK participate in tRNA binding. BsTrmK recognises tRNA with very few structural changes in both partner, the non-Watson–Crick R13–A22 base-pair positioning the A22 N1-atom close to the SAM methyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Dégut
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN biologiques, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Barraud
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN biologiques, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Expression génétique microbienne, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, IBPC, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Franck Brachet
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN biologiques, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - André Feller
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valéry Larue
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN biologiques, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Abdalla Al Refaii
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Joël Caillet
- Laboratoire d'Expression génétique microbienne, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, IBPC, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Louis Droogmans
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Carine Tisné
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN biologiques, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Expression génétique microbienne, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, IBPC, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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15
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Schaffer AE, Pinkard O, Coller JM. tRNA Metabolism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2019; 20:359-387. [PMID: 31082281 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083118-015334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
tRNAs are short noncoding RNAs required for protein translation. The human genome includes more than 600 putative tRNA genes, many of which are considered redundant. tRNA transcripts are subject to tightly controlled, multistep maturation processes that lead to the removal of flanking sequences and the addition of nontemplated nucleotides. Furthermore, tRNAs are highly structured and posttranscriptionally modified. Together, these unique features have impeded the adoption of modern genomics and transcriptomics technologies for tRNA studies. Nevertheless, it has become apparent from human neurogenetic research that many tRNA biogenesis proteins cause brain abnormalities and other neurological disorders when mutated. The cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and peripheral nervous system show defects, impairment, and degeneration upon tRNA misregulation, suggesting that they are particularly sensitive to changes in tRNA expression or function. An integrated approach to identify tRNA species and contextually characterize tRNA function will be imperative to drive future tool development and novel therapeutic design for tRNA-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh E Schaffer
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA;
| | - Otis Pinkard
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA;
| | - Jeffery M Coller
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences and Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA;
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16
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Hori H. Regulatory Factors for tRNA Modifications in Extreme- Thermophilic Bacterium Thermus thermophilus. Front Genet 2019; 10:204. [PMID: 30906314 PMCID: PMC6418473 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermus thermophilus is an extreme-thermophilic bacterium that can grow at a wide range of temperatures (50-83°C). To enable T. thermophilus to grow at high temperatures, several biomolecules including tRNA and tRNA modification enzymes show extreme heat-resistance. Therefore, the modified nucleosides in tRNA from T. thermophilus have been studied mainly from the view point of tRNA stabilization at high temperatures. Such studies have shown that several modifications stabilize the structure of tRNA and are essential for survival of the organism at high temperatures. Together with tRNA modification enzymes, the modified nucleosides form a network that regulates the extent of different tRNA modifications at various temperatures. In this review, I describe this network, as well as the tRNA recognition mechanism of individual tRNA modification enzymes. Furthermore, I summarize the roles of other tRNA stabilization factors such as polyamines and metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hori
- Department of Materials Sciences and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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17
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Hori H, Kawamura T, Awai T, Ochi A, Yamagami R, Tomikawa C, Hirata A. Transfer RNA Modification Enzymes from Thermophiles and Their Modified Nucleosides in tRNA. Microorganisms 2018; 6:E110. [PMID: 30347855 PMCID: PMC6313347 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, numerous modified nucleosides in tRNA as well as tRNA modification enzymes have been identified not only in thermophiles but also in mesophiles. Because most modified nucleosides in tRNA from thermophiles are common to those in tRNA from mesophiles, they are considered to work essentially in steps of protein synthesis at high temperatures. At high temperatures, the structure of unmodified tRNA will be disrupted. Therefore, thermophiles must possess strategies to stabilize tRNA structures. To this end, several thermophile-specific modified nucleosides in tRNA have been identified. Other factors such as RNA-binding proteins and polyamines contribute to the stability of tRNA at high temperatures. Thermus thermophilus, which is an extreme-thermophilic eubacterium, can adapt its protein synthesis system in response to temperature changes via the network of modified nucleosides in tRNA and tRNA modification enzymes. Notably, tRNA modification enzymes from thermophiles are very stable. Therefore, they have been utilized for biochemical and structural studies. In the future, thermostable tRNA modification enzymes may be useful as biotechnology tools and may be utilized for medical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hori
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kawamura
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Takako Awai
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Anna Ochi
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Ryota Yamagami
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Chie Tomikawa
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Akira Hirata
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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18
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Evolution of Eukaryal and Archaeal Pseudouridine Synthase Pus10. J Mol Evol 2018; 86:77-89. [PMID: 29349599 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-018-9827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In archaea, pseudouridine (Ψ) synthase Pus10 modifies uridine (U) to Ψ at positions 54 and 55 of tRNA. In contrast, Pus10 is not found in bacteria, where modifications at those two positions are carried out by TrmA (U54 to m5U54) and TruB (U55 to Ψ55). Many eukaryotes have an apparent redundancy; their genomes contain orthologs of archaeal Pus10 and bacterial TrmA and TruB. Although eukaryal Pus10 genes share a conserved catalytic domain with archaeal Pus10 genes, their biological roles are not clear for the two reasons. First, experimental evidence suggests that human Pus10 participates in apoptosis induced by the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Whether the function of human Pus10 is in place or in addition to of Ψ synthesis in tRNA is unknown. Second, Pus10 is found in earlier evolutionary branches of fungi (such as chytrid Batrachochytrium) but is absent in all dikaryon fungi surveyed (Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes). We did a comprehensive analysis of sequenced genomes and found that orthologs of Pus10, TrmA, and TruB were present in all the animals, plants, and protozoa surveyed. This indicates that the common eukaryotic ancestor possesses all the three genes. Next, we examined 116 archaeal and eukaryotic Pus10 protein sequences to find that Pus10 existed as a single copy gene in all the surveyed genomes despite ancestral whole genome duplications had occurred. This indicates a possible deleterious gene dosage effect. Our results suggest that functional redundancy result in gene loss or neofunctionalization in different evolutionary lineages.
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19
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Crystal structure of an ASCH protein from Zymomonas mobilis and its ribonuclease activity specific for single-stranded RNA. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12303. [PMID: 28951575 PMCID: PMC5615036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12186-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating signal cointegrator-1 homology (ASCH) domains were initially reported in human as a part of the ASC-1 transcriptional regulator, a component of a putative RNA-interacting protein complex; their presence has now been confirmed in a wide range of organisms. Here, we have determined the trigonal and monoclinic crystal structures of an ASCH domain-containing protein from Zymomonas mobilis (ZmASCH), and analyzed the structural determinants of its nucleic acid processing activity. The protein has a central β-barrel structure with several nearby α-helices. Positively charged surface patches form a cleft that runs through the pocket formed between the β-barrel and the surrounding α-helices. We further demonstrate by means of in vitro assays that ZmASCH binds nucleic acids, and degrades single-stranded RNAs in a magnesium ion-dependent manner with a cleavage preference for the phosphodiester bond between the pyrimidine and adenine nucleotides. ZmASCH also removes a nucleotide at the 5′-end. Mutagenesis studies, guided by molecular dynamics simulations, confirmed that three residues (Tyr47, Lys53, and Ser128) situated in the cleft contribute to nucleic acid-binding and RNA cleavage activities. These structural and biochemical studies imply that prokaryotic ASCH may function to control the cellular RNA amount.
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20
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Pinker F, Schelcher C, Fernandez-Millan P, Gobert A, Birck C, Thureau A, Roblin P, Giegé P, Sauter C. Biophysical analysis of Arabidopsis protein-only RNase P alone and in complex with tRNA provides a refined model of tRNA binding. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13904-13913. [PMID: 28696260 PMCID: PMC5572917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.782078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RNase P is a universal enzyme that removes 5' leader sequences from tRNA precursors. The enzyme is therefore essential for maturation of functional tRNAs and mRNA translation. RNase P represents a unique example of an enzyme that can occur either as ribonucleoprotein or as protein alone. The latter form of the enzyme, called protein-only RNase P (PRORP), is widespread in eukaryotes in which it can provide organellar or nuclear RNase P activities. Here, we have focused on Arabidopsis nuclear PRORP2 and its interaction with tRNA substrates. Affinity measurements helped assess the respective importance of individual pentatricopeptide repeat motifs in PRORP2 for RNA binding. We characterized the PRORP2 structure by X-ray crystallography and by small-angle X-ray scattering in solution as well as that of its complex with a tRNA precursor by small-angle X-ray scattering. Of note, our study reports the first structural data of a PRORP-tRNA complex. Combined with complementary biochemical and biophysical analyses, our structural data suggest that PRORP2 undergoes conformational changes to accommodate its substrate. In particular, the catalytic domain and the RNA-binding domain can move around a central hinge. Altogether, this work provides a refined model of the PRORP-tRNA complex that illustrates how protein-only RNase P enzymes specifically bind tRNA and highlights the contribution of protein dynamics to achieve this specific interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Pinker
- From the Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Cédric Schelcher
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pablo Fernandez-Millan
- From the Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anthony Gobert
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Birck
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7104, F-67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Aurélien Thureau
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, F-91410 Saint Aubin, France
| | - Pierre Roblin
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l'Orme des Merisiers, F-91410 Saint Aubin, France; Unité de Recherche Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages (URBIA-Nantes), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Centre de Nantes, 60 rue de la Géraudière, UR 1268, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Giegé
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR 2357, F-67084 Strasbourg, France,.
| | - Claude Sauter
- From the Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, UPR 9002, F-67000 Strasbourg, France,.
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21
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Abstract
All types of nucleic acids in cells undergo naturally occurring chemical modifications, including DNA, rRNA, mRNA, snRNA, and most prominently tRNA. Over 100 different modifications have been described and every position in the purine and pyrimidine bases can be modified; often the sugar is also modified [1]. In tRNA, the function of modifications varies; some modulate global and/or local RNA structure, and others directly impact decoding and may be essential for viability. Whichever the case, the overall importance of modifications is highlighted by both their evolutionary conservation and the fact that organisms use a substantial portion of their genomes to encode modification enzymes, far exceeding what is needed for the de novo synthesis of the canonical nucleotides themselves [2]. Although some modifications occur at exactly the same nucleotide position in tRNAs from the three domains of life, many can be found at various positions in a particular tRNA and their location may vary between and within different tRNAs. With this wild array of chemical diversity and substrate specificities, one of the big challenges in the tRNA modification field has been to better understand at a molecular level the modes of substrate recognition by the different modification enzymes; in this realm RNA binding rests at the heart of the problem. This chapter will focus on several examples of modification enzymes where their mode of RNA binding is well understood; from these, we will try to draw general conclusions and highlight growing themes that may be applicable to the RNA modification field at large.
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22
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Abstract
Cellular RNAs are chemically modified by many RNA modification enzymes; however, often the functions of modifications remain unclear, such as for pseudouridine formation in the tRNA TΨC arm by the bacterial tRNA pseudouridine synthase TruB. Here we test the hypothesis that RNA modification enzymes also act as RNA chaperones. Using TruB as a model, we demonstrate that TruB folds tRNA independent of its catalytic activity, thus increasing the fraction of tRNA that can be aminoacylated. By rapid kinetic stopped-flow analysis, we identified the molecular mechanism of TruB's RNA chaperone activity: TruB binds and unfolds both misfolded and folded tRNAs thereby providing misfolded tRNAs a second chance at folding. Previously, it has been shown that a catalytically inactive TruB variant has no phenotype when expressed in an Escherichia coli truB KO strain [Gutgsell N, et al. (2000) RNA 6(12):1870-1881]. However, here we uncover that E. coli strains expressing a TruB variant impaired in tRNA binding and in in vitro tRNA folding cannot compete with WT E. coli. Consequently, the tRNA chaperone activity of TruB is critical for bacterial fitness. In conclusion, we prove the tRNA chaperone activity of the pseudouridine synthase TruB, reveal its molecular mechanism, and demonstrate its importance for cellular fitness. We discuss the likelihood that other RNA modification enzymes are also RNA chaperones.
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23
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Basu S, Bahadur RP. A structural perspective of RNA recognition by intrinsically disordered proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4075-84. [PMID: 27229125 PMCID: PMC7079799 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein-RNA recognition is essential for gene expression and its regulation, which is indispensable for the survival of the living organism at one hand, on the other hand, misregulation of this recognition may lead to their extinction. Polymorphic conformation of both the interacting partners is a characteristic feature of such molecular recognition that promotes the assembly. Many RNA binding proteins (RBP) or regions in them are found to be intrinsically disordered, and this property helps them to play a central role in the regulatory processes. Sequence composition and the length of the flexible linkers between RNA binding domains in RBPs are crucial in making significant contacts with its partner RNA. Polymorphic conformations of RBPs can provide thermodynamic advantage to its binding partner while acting as a chaperone. Prolonged extensions of the disordered regions in RBPs also contribute to the stability of the large cellular machines including ribosome and viral assemblies. The involvement of these disordered regions in most of the significant cellular processes makes RBPs highly associated with various human diseases that arise due to their misregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Basu
- Computational Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Ranjit Prasad Bahadur
- Computational Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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24
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Long T, Li J, Li H, Zhou M, Zhou XL, Liu RJ, Wang ED. Sequence-specific and Shape-selective RNA Recognition by the Human RNA 5-Methylcytosine Methyltransferase NSun6. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24293-24303. [PMID: 27703015 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.742569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NSun6 is an RNA methyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) to C72 of tRNAThr and tRNACys In the current study, we used mass spectrometry to demonstrate that human NSun6 indeed introduces 5-methylcytosine (m5C) into tRNA, as expected. To further reveal the tRNA recognition mechanism of human NSun6, we measured the methylation activity of human NSun6 and its kinetic parameters for different tRNA substrates and their mutants. We showed that human NSun6 requires a well folded, full-length tRNA as its substrate. In the acceptor region, the CCA terminus, the target site C72, the discriminator base U73, and the second and third base pairs (2:71 and 3:70) of the acceptor stem are all important RNA recognition elements for human NSun6. In addition, two specific base pairs (11:24 and 12:23) in the D-stem of the tRNA substrate are involved in interacting with human NSun6. Together, our findings suggest that human NSun6 relies on a delicate network for RNA recognition, which involves both the primary sequence and tertiary structure of tRNA substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Long
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China, and
| | - Jing Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China, and
| | - Hao Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China, and
| | - Mi Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China, and
| | - Xiao-Long Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ru-Juan Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China,
| | - En-Duo Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China, .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China, and.,the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 319 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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25
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Basu S, Bahadur RP. A structural perspective of RNA recognition by intrinsically disordered proteins. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES : CMLS 2016. [PMID: 27229125 DOI: 10.1007/s00018‐016‐2283‐1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein-RNA recognition is essential for gene expression and its regulation, which is indispensable for the survival of the living organism at one hand, on the other hand, misregulation of this recognition may lead to their extinction. Polymorphic conformation of both the interacting partners is a characteristic feature of such molecular recognition that promotes the assembly. Many RNA binding proteins (RBP) or regions in them are found to be intrinsically disordered, and this property helps them to play a central role in the regulatory processes. Sequence composition and the length of the flexible linkers between RNA binding domains in RBPs are crucial in making significant contacts with its partner RNA. Polymorphic conformations of RBPs can provide thermodynamic advantage to its binding partner while acting as a chaperone. Prolonged extensions of the disordered regions in RBPs also contribute to the stability of the large cellular machines including ribosome and viral assemblies. The involvement of these disordered regions in most of the significant cellular processes makes RBPs highly associated with various human diseases that arise due to their misregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Basu
- Computational Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Ranjit Prasad Bahadur
- Computational Structural Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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26
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Abstract
The modified nucleosides of RNA are chemically altered versions of the standard A, G, U, and C nucleosides. This review reviews the nature and location of the modified nucleosides of Escherichia coli rRNA, the enzymes that form them, and their known and/or putative functional role. There are seven Ψ (pseudouridines) synthases to make the 11 pseudouridines in rRNA. There is disparity in numbers because RluC and RluD each make 3 pseudouridines. Crystal structures have shown that the Ψ synthase domain is a conserved fold found only in all five families of Ψ synthases. The conversion of uridine to Ψ has no precedent in known metabolic reactions. Other enzymes are known to cleave the glycosyl bond but none carry out rotation of the base and rejoining to the ribose while still enzyme bound. Ten methyltransferases (MTs) are needed to make all the methylated nucleosides in 16S RNA, and 14 are needed for 23S RNA. Biochemical studies indicate that the modes of substrate recognition are idiosyncratic for each Ψ synthase since no common mode of recognition has been detected in studies of the seven synthases. Eight of the 24 expected MTs have been identified, and six crystal structures have been determined. Seven of the MTs and five of the structures are class I MTs with the appropriate protein fold plus unique appendages for the Ψ synthases. The remaining MT, RlmB, has the class IV trefoil knot fold.
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Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) from all organisms on this planet contains modified nucleosides, which are derivatives of the four major nucleosides. tRNA from Escherichia coli/Salmonella enterica contains 31 different modified nucleosides, which are all, except for one (Queuosine[Q]), synthesized on an oligonucleotide precursor, which through specific enzymes later matures into tRNA. The corresponding structural genes for these enzymes are found in mono- and polycistronic operons, the latter of which have a complex transcription and translation pattern. The syntheses of some of them (e.g.,several methylated derivatives) are catalyzed by one enzyme, which is position and base specific, but synthesis of some have a very complex biosynthetic pathway involving several enzymes (e.g., 2-thiouridines, N6-threonyladenosine [t6A],and Q). Several of the modified nucleosides are essential for viability (e.g.,lysidin, t6A, 1-methylguanosine), whereas deficiency in others induces severe growth defects. However, some have no or only a small effect on growth at laboratory conditions. Modified nucleosides that are present in the anticodon loop or stem have a fundamental influence on the efficiency of charging the tRNA, reading cognate codons, and preventing missense and frameshift errors. Those, which are present in the body of the tRNA, have a primarily stabilizing effect on the tRNA. Thus, the ubiquitouspresence of these modified nucleosides plays a pivotal role in the function of the tRNA by their influence on the stability and activity of the tRNA.
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Tillault AS, Fourmann JB, Loegler C, Wieden HJ, Kothe U, Charpentier B. Contribution of two conserved histidines to the dual activity of archaeal RNA guide-dependent and -independent pseudouridine synthase Cbf5. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 21:1233-1239. [PMID: 25990001 PMCID: PMC4478342 DOI: 10.1261/rna.051425.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In all organisms, several distinct stand-alone pseudouridine synthase (PUS) family enzymes are expressed to isomerize uridine into pseudouridine (Ψ) by specific recognition of RNAs. In addition, Ψs are generated in Archaea and Eukaryotes by PUS enzymes which are organized as ribonucleoprotein particles (RNP)--the box H/ACA s/snoRNPs. For this modification system, a unique TruB-like catalytic PUS subunit is associated with various RNA guides which specifically target and secure substrate RNAs by base-pairing. The archaeal Cbf5 PUS displays the special feature of exhibiting both RNA guide-dependent and -independent activities. Structures of substrate-bound TruB and H/ACA sRNP revealed the importance of histidines in positioning the target uridine in the active site. To analyze the respective role of H60 and H77, we have generated variants carrying alanine substitutions at these positions. The impact of the mutations was analyzed for unguided modifications U(55) in tRNA and U2603 in 23S rRNA, and for activity of the box H/ACA Pab91 sRNP enzyme. H77 (H43 in TruB), but not H60, appeared to be crucial for the RNA guide-independent activity. In contrast to earlier suggestions, H60 was found to be noncritical for the activity of the H/ACA sRNP, but contributes together with H77 to the full activity of H/ACA sRNPs. The data suggest that a similar catalytic process was conserved in the two divergent pseudouridylation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Tillault
- Laboratoire Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie Santé, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Fourmann
- Laboratoire Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie Santé, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christine Loegler
- Laboratoire Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie Santé, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Hans-Joachim Wieden
- Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Ute Kothe
- Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Bruno Charpentier
- Laboratoire Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Biopôle de l'Université de Lorraine, Campus Biologie Santé, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Byrne RT, Jenkins HT, Peters DT, Whelan F, Stowell J, Aziz N, Kasatsky P, Rodnina MV, Koonin EV, Konevega AL, Antson AA. Major reorientation of tRNA substrates defines specificity of dihydrouridine synthases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:6033-7. [PMID: 25902496 PMCID: PMC4434734 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500161112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduction of specific uridines to dihydrouridine is one of the most common modifications in tRNA. Increased levels of the dihydrouridine modification are associated with cancer. Dihydrouridine synthases (Dus) from different subfamilies selectively reduce distinct uridines, located at spatially unique positions of folded tRNA, into dihydrouridine. Because the catalytic center of all Dus enzymes is conserved, it is unclear how the same protein fold can be reprogrammed to ensure that nucleotides exposed at spatially distinct faces of tRNA can be accommodated in the same active site. We show that the Escherichia coli DusC is specific toward U16 of tRNA. Unexpectedly, crystal structures of DusC complexes with tRNA(Phe) and tRNA(Trp) show that Dus subfamilies that selectively modify U16 or U20 in tRNA adopt identical folds but bind their respective tRNA substrates in an almost reverse orientation that differs by a 160° rotation. The tRNA docking orientation appears to be guided by subfamily-specific clusters of amino acids ("binding signatures") together with differences in the shape of the positively charged tRNA-binding surfaces. tRNA orientations are further constrained by positional differences between the C-terminal "recognition" domains. The exquisite substrate specificity of Dus enzymes is therefore controlled by a relatively simple mechanism involving major reorientation of the whole tRNA molecule. Such reprogramming of the enzymatic specificity appears to be a unique evolutionary solution for altering tRNA recognition by the same protein fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Byrne
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and
| | - Huw T Jenkins
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and
| | - Daniel T Peters
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and
| | - Fiona Whelan
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and
| | - James Stowell
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Aziz
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Genome Canada, Ottawa, ON K2P 1P1, Canada
| | - Pavel Kasatsky
- Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Department, B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute," 188300 Gatchina, Russia; St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina V Rodnina
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894
| | - Andrey L Konevega
- Molecular and Radiation Biophysics Department, B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute," 188300 Gatchina, Russia; St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Alfred A Antson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, and
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RNA size is a critical factor for U-containing substrate selectivity and permanent pseudouridylated product release during the RNA:Ψ-synthase reaction catalyzed by box H/ACA sRNP enzyme at high temperature. Biochimie 2015; 113:134-42. [PMID: 25896443 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The box H/ACA small ribonucleoprotein particles (H/ACA sRNPs) are RNP enzymes that isomerize uridines (U) into pseudouridines (Ψ) in archaeal RNAs. The RNA component acts as a guide by forming base-pair interactions with the substrate RNA to specify the target nucleotide of the modification to the catalytic subunit Cbf5. Here, we have analyzed association of an H/ACA sRNP enzyme from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi with synthetic substrate RNAs of different length and with target nucleotide variants, and estimated their turnover at high temperature. In these conditions, we found that a short substrate, which length is restricted to the interaction with RNA guide sequence, has higher turnover rate. However, the longer substrate with additional 5' and 3' sequences non-complementary to the guide RNA is better discriminated by the U to Ψ conversion allowing the RNP enzyme to distinguish the modified product from the substrate. In addition, we identified that the conserved residue Y179 in the catalytic center of Cbf5 is crucial for substrate selectivity.
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31
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Spenkuch F, Hinze G, Kellner S, Kreutz C, Micura R, Basché T, Helm M. Dye label interference with RNA modification reveals 5-fluorouridine as non-covalent inhibitor. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:12735-45. [PMID: 25300485 PMCID: PMC4227767 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in RNA modification enzymes surges due to their involvement in epigenetic phenomena. Here we present a particularly informative approach to investigate the interaction of dye-labeled RNA with modification enzymes. We investigated pseudouridine (Ψ) synthase TruB interacting with an alleged suicide substrate RNA containing 5-fluorouridine (5FU). A longstanding dogma, stipulating formation of a stable covalent complex was challenged by discrepancies between the time scale of complex formation and enzymatic turnover. Instead of classic mutagenesis, we used differentially positioned fluorescent labels to modulate substrate properties in a range of enzymatic conversion between 6% and 99%. Despite this variegation, formation of SDS-stable complexes occurred instantaneously for all 5FU-substrates. Protein binding was investigated by advanced fluorescence spectroscopy allowing unprecedented simultaneous detection of change in fluorescence lifetime, anisotropy decay, as well as emission and excitation maxima. Determination of Kd values showed that introduction of 5FU into the RNA substrate increased protein affinity by 14× at most. Finally, competition experiments demonstrated reversibility of complex formation for 5FU-RNA. Our results lead us to conclude that the hitherto postulated long-term covalent interaction of TruB with 5FU tRNA is based on the interpretation of artifacts. This is likely true for the entire class of pseudouridine synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Spenkuch
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerald Hinze
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kellner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52A, A-60230 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Micura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine - CCB, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-60230 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Basché
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Kellner S, Ochel A, Thüring K, Spenkuch F, Neumann J, Sharma S, Entian KD, Schneider D, Helm M. Absolute and relative quantification of RNA modifications via biosynthetic isotopomers. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:e142. [PMID: 25129236 PMCID: PMC4191383 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the resurging field of RNA modifications, quantification is a bottleneck blocking many exciting avenues. With currently over 150 known nucleoside alterations, detection and quantification methods must encompass multiple modifications for a comprehensive profile. LC-MS/MS approaches offer a perspective for comprehensive parallel quantification of all the various modifications found in total RNA of a given organism. By feeding (13)C-glucose as sole carbon source, we have generated a stable isotope-labeled internal standard (SIL-IS) for bacterial RNA, which facilitates relative comparison of all modifications. While conventional SIL-IS approaches require the chemical synthesis of single modifications in weighable quantities, this SIL-IS consists of a nucleoside mixture covering all detectable RNA modifications of Escherichia coli, yet in small and initially unknown quantities. For absolute in addition to relative quantification, those quantities were determined by a combination of external calibration and sample spiking of the biosynthetic SIL-IS. For each nucleoside, we thus obtained a very robust relative response factor, which permits direct conversion of the MS signal to absolute amounts of substance. The application of the validated SIL-IS allowed highly precise quantification with standard deviations<2% during a 12-week period, and a linear dynamic range that was extended by two orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kellner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonia Ochel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathrin Thüring
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Spenkuch
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sunny Sharma
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl-Dieter Entian
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Björk GR, Hagervall TG. Transfer RNA Modification: Presence, Synthesis, and Function. EcoSal Plus 2014; 6. [PMID: 26442937 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0007-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) from all organisms on this planet contains modified nucleosides, which are derivatives of the four major nucleosides. tRNA from Escherichia coli/Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium contains 33 different modified nucleosides, which are all, except one (Queuosine [Q]), synthesized on an oligonucleotide precursor, which by specific enzymes later matures into tRNA. The structural genes for these enzymes are found in mono- and polycistronic operons, the latter of which have a complex transcription and translation pattern. The synthesis of the tRNA-modifying enzymes is not regulated similarly, and it is not coordinated to that of their substrate, the tRNA. The synthesis of some of them (e.g., several methylated derivatives) is catalyzed by one enzyme, which is position and base specific, whereas synthesis of some has a very complex biosynthetic pathway involving several enzymes (e.g., 2-thiouridines, N 6-cyclicthreonyladenosine [ct6A], and Q). Several of the modified nucleosides are essential for viability (e.g., lysidin, ct6A, 1-methylguanosine), whereas the deficiency of others induces severe growth defects. However, some have no or only a small effect on growth at laboratory conditions. Modified nucleosides that are present in the anticodon loop or stem have a fundamental influence on the efficiency of charging the tRNA, reading cognate codons, and preventing missense and frameshift errors. Those that are present in the body of the tRNA primarily have a stabilizing effect on the tRNA. Thus, the ubiquitous presence of these modified nucleosides plays a pivotal role in the function of the tRNA by their influence on the stability and activity of the tRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn R Björk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tord G Hagervall
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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Huet T, Miannay FA, Patton JR, Thore S. Steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA) modification by the human pseudouridine synthase 1 (hPus1p): RNA binding, activity, and atomic model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94610. [PMID: 24722331 PMCID: PMC3983220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The most abundant of the modified nucleosides, and once considered as the “fifth” nucleotide in RNA, is pseudouridine, which results from the action of pseudouridine synthases. Recently, the mammalian pseudouridine synthase 1 (hPus1p) has been reported to modulate class I and class II nuclear receptor responses through its ability to modify the Steroid receptor RNA Activator (SRA). These findings highlight a new level of regulation in nuclear receptor (NR)-mediated transcriptional responses. We have characterised the RNA association and activity of the human Pus1p enzyme with its unusual SRA substrate. We validate that the minimal RNA fragment within SRA, named H7, is necessary for both the association and modification by hPus1p. Furthermore, we have determined the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of hPus1p at 2.0 Å resolution, alone and in a complex with several molecules present during crystallisation. This model shows an extended C-terminal helix specifically found in the eukaryotic protein, which may prevent the enzyme from forming a homodimer, both in the crystal lattice and in solution. Our biochemical and structural data help to understand the hPus1p active site architecture, and detail its particular requirements with regard to one of its nuclear substrates, the non-coding RNA SRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Huet
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Jeffrey R. Patton
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stéphane Thore
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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35
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Friedt J, Leavens FMV, Mercier E, Wieden HJ, Kothe U. An arginine-aspartate network in the active site of bacterial TruB is critical for catalyzing pseudouridine formation. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:3857-70. [PMID: 24371284 PMCID: PMC3973310 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudouridine synthases introduce the most common RNA modification and likely use the same catalytic mechanism. Besides a catalytic aspartate residue, the contributions of other residues for catalysis of pseudouridine formation are poorly understood. Here, we have tested the role of a conserved basic residue in the active site for catalysis using the bacterial pseudouridine synthase TruB targeting U55 in tRNAs. Substitution of arginine 181 with lysine results in a 2500-fold reduction of TruB's catalytic rate without affecting tRNA binding. Furthermore, we analyzed the function of a second-shell aspartate residue (D90) that is conserved in all TruB enzymes and interacts with C56 of tRNA. Site-directed mutagenesis, biochemical and kinetic studies reveal that this residue is not critical for substrate binding but influences catalysis significantly as replacement of D90 with glutamate or asparagine reduces the catalytic rate 30- and 50-fold, respectively. In agreement with molecular dynamics simulations of TruB wild type and TruB D90N, we propose an electrostatic network composed of the catalytic aspartate (D48), R181 and D90 that is important for catalysis by fine-tuning the D48-R181 interaction. Conserved, negatively charged residues similar to D90 are found in a number of pseudouridine synthases, suggesting that this might be a general mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Friedt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Fern M. V. Leavens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Evan Mercier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Hans-Joachim Wieden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Ute Kothe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Alberta RNA Research and Training Institute, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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Shao Z, Yan W, Peng J, Zuo X, Zou Y, Li F, Gong D, Ma R, Wu J, Shi Y, Zhang Z, Teng M, Li X, Gong Q. Crystal structure of tRNA m1G9 methyltransferase Trm10: insight into the catalytic mechanism and recognition of tRNA substrate. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:509-25. [PMID: 24081582 PMCID: PMC3874184 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNA (tRNA) methylation is necessary for the proper biological function of tRNA. The N(1) methylation of guanine at Position 9 (m(1)G9) of tRNA, which is widely identified in eukaryotes and archaea, was found to be catalyzed by the Trm10 family of methyltransferases (MTases). Here, we report the first crystal structures of the tRNA MTase spTrm10 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe in the presence and absence of its methyl donor product S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH) and its ortholog scTrm10 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in complex with SAH. Our crystal structures indicated that the MTase domain (the catalytic domain) of the Trm10 family displays a typical SpoU-TrmD (SPOUT) fold. Furthermore, small angle X-ray scattering analysis reveals that Trm10 behaves as a monomer in solution, whereas other members of the SPOUT superfamily all function as homodimers. We also performed tRNA MTase assays and isothermal titration calorimetry experiments to investigate the catalytic mechanism of Trm10 in vitro. In combination with mutational analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, our results provide insights into the substrate tRNA recognition mechanism of Trm10 family MTases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Shao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Junhui Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Yang Zou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Fudong Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Deshun Gong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Rongsheng Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Jihui Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Yunyu Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Maikun Teng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Xu Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
| | - Qingguo Gong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, People’s Republic of China and X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60349, USA
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Spenkuch F, Motorin Y, Helm M. Pseudouridine: still mysterious, but never a fake (uridine)! RNA Biol 2014; 11:1540-54. [PMID: 25616362 PMCID: PMC4615568 DOI: 10.4161/15476286.2014.992278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudouridine (Ψ) is the most abundant of >150 nucleoside modifications in RNA. Although Ψ was discovered as the first modified nucleoside more than half a century ago, neither the enzymatic mechanism of its formation, nor the function of this modification are fully elucidated. We present the consistent picture of Ψ synthases, their substrates and their substrate positions in model organisms of all domains of life as it has emerged to date and point out the challenges that remain concerning higher eukaryotes and the elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism.
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MESH Headings
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Humans
- Intramolecular Transferases/genetics
- Intramolecular Transferases/metabolism
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Pseudouridine/metabolism
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Mitochondrial
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/metabolism
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/genetics
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/metabolism
- Ribosomes/chemistry
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Uridine/metabolism
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Spenkuch
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuri Motorin
- Laboratoire IMoPA; Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire; BioPôle de l'Université de Lorraine; Campus Biologie-Santé; Faculté de Médecine; Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz; Mainz, Germany
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38
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Czudnochowski N, Ashley GW, Santi DV, Alian A, Finer-Moore J, Stroud RM. The mechanism of pseudouridine synthases from a covalent complex with RNA, and alternate specificity for U2605 versus U2604 between close homologs. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:2037-48. [PMID: 24214967 PMCID: PMC3919597 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RluB catalyses the modification of U2605 to pseudouridine (Ψ) in a stem-loop at the peptidyl transferase center of Escherichia coli 23S rRNA. The homolog RluF is specific to the adjacent nucleotide in the stem, U2604. The 1.3 Å resolution crystal structure of the complex between the catalytic domain of RluB and the isolated substrate stem-loop, in which the target uridine is substituted by 5-fluorouridine (5-FU), reveals a covalent bond between the isomerized target base and tyrosine 140. The structure is compared with the catalytic domain alone determined at 2.5 Å resolution. The RluB-bound stem-loop has essentially the same secondary structure as in the ribosome, with a bulge at A2602, but with 5-FU2605 flipped into the active site. We showed earlier that RluF induced a frame-shift of the RNA, moving A2602 into the stem and translating its target, U2604, into the active site. A hydrogen-bonding network stabilizes the bulge in the RluB–RNA but is not conserved in RluF and so RluF cannot stabilize the bulge. On the basis of the covalent bond between enzyme and isomerized 5-FU we propose a Michael addition mechanism for pseudouridine formation that is consistent with all experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Czudnochowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA, ProLynx, 455 Mission Bay Blvd., Suite 145, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA and Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 320003, Israel
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39
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Du J, Bleylevens IWM, Bitorina AV, Wichapong K, Nicolaes GAF. Optimization of Compound Ranking for Structure-Based Virtual Ligand Screening Using an Established FRED-Surflex Consensus Approach. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 83:37-51. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Du
- Department of Biochemistry; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Ivo W. M. Bleylevens
- Department of Population Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Albert V. Bitorina
- Department of Biochemistry; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Kanin Wichapong
- Department of Biochemistry; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Gerry A. F. Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht; Maastricht University; P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht The Netherlands
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40
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Joardar A, Jana S, Fitzek E, Gurha P, Majumder M, Chatterjee K, Geisler M, Gupta R. Role of forefinger and thumb loops in production of Ψ54 and Ψ55 in tRNAs by archaeal Pus10. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 19:1279-94. [PMID: 23898217 PMCID: PMC3753934 DOI: 10.1261/rna.039230.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pseudouridines (Ψ) are found in structurally and functionally important regions of RNAs. Six families of Ψ synthases, TruA, TruB, TruD, RsuA, RluA, and Pus10 have been identified. Pus10 is present in Archaea and Eukarya. While most archaeal Pus10 produce both tRNA Ψ54 and Ψ55, some produce only Ψ55. Interestingly, human PUS10 has been implicated in apoptosis and Crohn's and Celiac diseases. Homology models of archaeal Pus10 proteins based on the crystal structure of human PUS10 reveal that there are subtle structural differences in all of these Pus10 proteins. These observations suggest that structural changes in homologous proteins may lead to loss, gain, or change of their functions, warranting the need to study the structure-function relationship of these proteins. Using comparison of structural models and a series of mutations, we identified forefinger loop (reminiscent of that of RluA) and an Arg and a Tyr residue of archaeal Pus10 as critical determinants for its Ψ54, but not for its Ψ55 activity. We also found that a Leu residue, in addition to the catalytic Asp, is essential for both activities. Since forefinger loop is needed for both rRNA and tRNA Ψ synthase activities of RluA, but only for tRNA Ψ54 activity of Pus10, archaeal Pus10 proteins must use a different mechanism of recognition for Ψ55 activity. We propose that archaeal Pus10 uses two distinct mechanisms for substrate uridine recognition and binding. However, since we did not observe any mutation that affected only Ψ55 activity, both mechanisms for archaeal Pus10 activities must share some common features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archi Joardar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4413, USA
| | - Sujata Jana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4413, USA
| | - Elisabeth Fitzek
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6509, USA
| | - Priyatansh Gurha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4413, USA
| | - Mrinmoyee Majumder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4413, USA
| | - Kunal Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4413, USA
| | - Matt Geisler
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-6509, USA
| | - Ramesh Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901-4413, USA
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41
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Yang W, Zhao S, Jin L, Guo Z, Zhang S, Zhang H, Wang D. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic study of the tRNA pseudouridine synthase TruB from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:759-61. [PMID: 23832202 PMCID: PMC3702319 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113012487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The RNA pseudouridine synthase TruB catalyses the isomerization of uridine to pseudouridine (Ψ) at residue 55 of elongator tRNAs. In order to better elucidate the functions of TruB in the formation of pseudouridine, the three-dimensional structure of full-length TruB was determined by X-ray crystallography. Here, the expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of TruB from Streptococcus pneumoniae are reported. The crystal belonged to space group P2, with unit-cell parameters a = 37.65, b = 78.09, c = 56.33 Å, β = 102.05°, and diffracted to a resolution of 1.7 Å. The crystal is most likely to contain one molecule in the asymmetric unit, with a VM value of 2.40 Å(3) Da(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shasha Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, YiXueYuanlu-1, Chongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, YiXueYuanlu-1, Chongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaocheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Disease, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, YiXueYuanlu-1, Chongqing 400016, People’s Republic of China
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42
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Kamalampeta R, Keffer-Wilkes LC, Kothe U. tRNA binding, positioning, and modification by the pseudouridine synthase Pus10. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:3863-74. [PMID: 23743107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pus10 is the most recently identified pseudouridine synthase found in archaea and higher eukaryotes. It modifies uridine 55 in the TΨC arm of tRNAs. Here, we report the first quantitative biochemical analysis of tRNA binding and pseudouridine formation by Pyrococcus furiosus Pus10. The affinity of Pus10 for both substrate and product tRNA is high (Kd of 30nM), and product formation occurs with a Km of 400nM and a kcat of 0.9s(-1). Site-directed mutagenesis was used to demonstrate that the thumb loop in the catalytic domain is important for efficient catalysis; we propose that the thumb loop positions the tRNA within the active site. Furthermore, a new catalytic arginine residue was identified (arginine 208), which is likely responsible for triggering flipping of the target uridine into the active site of Pus10. Lastly, our data support the proposal that the THUMP-containing domain, found in the N-terminus of Pus10, contributes to binding of tRNA. Together, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that tRNA binding by Pus10 occurs through an induced-fit mechanism, which is a prerequisite for efficient pseudouridine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashekhar Kamalampeta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
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43
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Czudnochowski N, Wang AL, Finer-Moore J, Stroud RM. In human pseudouridine synthase 1 (hPus1), a C-terminal helical insert blocks tRNA from binding in the same orientation as in the Pus1 bacterial homologue TruA, consistent with their different target selectivities. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:3875-87. [PMID: 23707380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human pseudouridine (Ψ) synthase Pus1 (hPus1) modifies specific uridine residues in several non-coding RNAs: tRNA, U2 spliceosomal RNA, and steroid receptor activator RNA. We report three structures of the catalytic core domain of hPus1 from two crystal forms, at 1.8Å resolution. The structures are the first of a mammalian Ψ synthase from the set of five Ψ synthase families common to all kingdoms of life. hPus1 adopts a fold similar to bacterial Ψ synthases, with a central antiparallel β-sheet flanked by helices and loops. A flexible hinge at the base of the sheet allows the enzyme to open and close around an electropositive active-site cleft. In one crystal form, a molecule of Mes [2-(N-morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid] mimics the target uridine of an RNA substrate. A positively charged electrostatic surface extends from the active site towards the N-terminus of the catalytic domain, suggesting an extensive binding site specific for target RNAs. Two α-helices C-terminal to the core domain, but unique to hPus1, extend along the back and top of the central β-sheet and form the walls of the RNA binding surface. Docking of tRNA to hPus1 in a productive orientation requires only minor conformational changes to enzyme and tRNA. The docked tRNA is bound by the electropositive surface of the protein employing a completely different binding mode than that seen for the tRNA complex of the Escherichia coli homologue TruA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Czudnochowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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44
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Barik A, C N, P M, Bahadur RP. A protein-RNA docking benchmark (I): nonredundant cases. Proteins 2012; 80:1866-71. [PMID: 22488669 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a nonredundant protein-RNA docking benchmark dataset, which is derived from the available bound and unbound structures in the Protein Data Bank involving polypeptide and nucleic acid chains. It consists of nine unbound-unbound cases where both the protein and the RNA are available in the free form. The other 36 cases are of unbound-bound type where only the protein is available in the free form. The conformational change upon complex formation is calculated by a distance matrix alignment method, and based on that, complexes are classified into rigid, semi-flexible, and full flexible. Although in the rigid body category, no significant conformational change accompanies complex formation, the fully flexible test cases show large domain movements, RNA base flips, etc. The benchmark covers four major groups of RNA, namely, t-RNA, ribosomal RNA, duplex RNA, and single-stranded RNA. We find that RNA is generally more flexible than the protein in the complexes, and the interface region is as flexible as the molecule as a whole. The structural diversity of the complexes in the benchmark set should provide a common ground for the development and comparison of the protein-RNA docking methods. The benchmark can be freely downloaded from the internet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Barik
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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45
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Wright JR, Keffer-Wilkes LC, Dobing SR, Kothe U. Pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of the three Escherichia coli pseudouridine synthases TruB, TruA, and RluA reveals uniformly slow catalysis. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 17:2074-84. [PMID: 21998096 PMCID: PMC3222121 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2905811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pseudouridine synthases catalyze formation of the most abundant modification of functional RNAs by site-specifically isomerizing uridines to pseudouridines. While the structure and substrate specificity of these enzymes have been studied in detail, the kinetic and the catalytic mechanism of pseudouridine synthases remain unknown. Here, the first pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of three Escherichia coli pseudouridine synthases is presented. A novel stopped-flow absorbance assay revealed that substrate tRNA binding by TruB takes place in two steps with an overall rate of 6 sec(-1). In order to observe catalysis of pseudouridine formation directly, the traditional tritium release assay was adapted for the quench-flow technique, allowing, for the first time, observation of a single round of pseudouridine formation. Thereby, the single-round rate constant of pseudouridylation (k(Ψ)) by TruB was determined to be 0.5 sec(-1). This rate constant is similar to the k(cat) obtained under multiple-turnover conditions in steady-state experiments, indicating that catalysis is the rate-limiting step for TruB. In order to investigate if pseudouridine synthases are characterized by slow catalysis in general, the rapid kinetic quench-flow analysis was also performed with two other E. coli enzymes, RluA and TruA, which displayed rate constants of pseudouridine formation of 0.7 and 0.35 sec(-1), respectively. Hence, uniformly slow catalysis might be a general feature of pseudouridine synthases that share a conserved catalytic domain and supposedly use the same catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaden R. Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Laura C. Keffer-Wilkes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Selina R. Dobing
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Ute Kothe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4
- Corresponding author.E-mail .
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46
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Sibert BS, Patton JR. Pseudouridine synthase 1: a site-specific synthase without strict sequence recognition requirements. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:2107-18. [PMID: 22102571 PMCID: PMC3299991 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudouridine synthase 1 (Pus1p) is an unusual site-specific modification enzyme in that it can modify a number of positions in tRNAs and can recognize several other types of RNA. No consensus recognition sequence or structure has been identified for Pus1p. Human Pus1p was used to determine which structural or sequence elements of human tRNASer are necessary for pseudouridine (Ψ) formation at position 28 in the anticodon stem-loop (ASL). Some point mutations in the ASL stem of tRNASer had significant effects on the levels of modification and compensatory mutation, to reform the base pair, restored a wild-type level of Ψ formation. Deletion analysis showed that the tRNASer TΨC stem-loop was a determinant for modification in the ASL. A mini-substrate composed of the ASL and TΨC stem-loop exhibited significant Ψ formation at position 28 and a number of mutants were tested. Substantial base pairing in the ASL stem (3 out of 5 bp) is required, but the sequence of the TΨC loop is not required for modification. When all nucleotides in the ASL stem other than U28 were changed in a single mutant, but base pairing was retained, a near wild-type level of modification was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S Sibert
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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47
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Hamdane D, Argentini M, Cornu D, Myllykallio H, Skouloubris S, Hui-Bon-Hoa G, Golinelli-Pimpaneau B. Insights into folate/FAD-dependent tRNA methyltransferase mechanism: role of two highly conserved cysteines in catalysis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36268-80. [PMID: 21846722 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.256966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavoprotein TrmFO methylates specifically the C5 carbon of the highly conserved uridine 54 in tRNAs. Contrary to most methyltransferases, the 1-carbon unit transferred by TrmFO derives from 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and not from S-adenosyl-L-methionine. The enzyme also employs the FAD hydroquinone as a reducing agent of the C5 methylene U54-tRNA intermediate in vitro. By analogy with the catalytic mechanism of thymidylate synthase ThyA, a conserved cysteine located near the FAD isoalloxazine ring was proposed to act as a nucleophile during catalysis. Here, we mutated this residue (Cys-53 in Bacillus subtilis TrmFO) to alanine and investigated its functional role. Biophysical characterization of this variant demonstrated the major structural role of Cys-53 in maintaining both the integrity and plasticity of the flavin binding site. Unexpectedly, gel mobility shift assays showed that, like the wild-type enzyme, the inactive C53A variant was capable of forming a covalent complex with a 5-fluorouridine-containing mini-RNA. This result confirms the existence of a covalent intermediate during catalysis but rules out a nucleophilic role for Cys-53. To identify the actual nucleophile, two other strictly conserved cysteines (Cys-192 and Cys-226) that are relatively far from the active site were replaced with alanine, and a double mutant C53A/C226A was generated. Interestingly, only mutations that target Cys-226 impeded TrmFO from forming a covalent complex and methylating tRNA. Altogether, we propose a revised mechanism for the m(5)U54 modification catalyzed by TrmFO, where Cys-226 attacks the C6 atom of the uridine, and Cys-53 plays the role of the general base abstracting the C5 proton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djemel Hamdane
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, Centre de Recherche de Gif, CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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48
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Kellner S, Seidu-Larry S, Burhenne J, Motorin Y, Helm M. A multifunctional bioconjugate module for versatile photoaffinity labeling and click chemistry of RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:7348-60. [PMID: 21646334 PMCID: PMC3167637 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A multifunctional reagent based on a coumarin scaffold was developed for derivatization of naive RNA. The alkylating agent N3BC [7-azido-4-(bromomethyl)coumarin], obtained by Pechmann condensation, is selective for uridine. N3BC and its RNA conjugates are pre-fluorophores which permits controlled modular and stepwise RNA derivatization. The success of RNA alkylation by N3BC can be monitored by photolysis of the azido moiety, which generates a coumarin fluorophore that can be excited with UV light of 320 nm. The azidocoumarin-modified RNA can be flexibly employed in structure-function studies. Versatile applications include direct use in photo-crosslinking studies to cognate proteins, as demonstrated with tRNA and RNA fragments from the MS2 phage and the HIV genome. Alternatively, the azide function can be used for further derivatization by click-chemistry. This allows e.g. the introduction of an additional fluorophore for excitation with visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kellner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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49
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Guelorget A, Golinelli-Pimpaneau B. Mechanism-Based Strategies for Trapping and Crystallizing Complexes of RNA-Modifying Enzymes. Structure 2011; 19:282-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Park SY, Park JH, Kim JS. Cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of an ASCH domain-containing protein from Zymomonas mobilis ZM4. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:310-2. [PMID: 21393833 PMCID: PMC3053153 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110053467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The human activating signal cointegrator 1 (ASC-1) homology (ASCH) domain is frequently observed in many organisms, although its function has not yet been clearly defined. In Zymomonas mobilis ZM4, the ZMO0922 gene encodes a polypeptide that includes an ASCH domain (zmASCH). To provide a better structural background for the probable role of ASCH domain-containing proteins, the ZMO0922 gene was cloned and expressed. The purified protein was crystallized from 30%(w/v) polyethylene glycol 400, 0.1 M cacodylic acid pH 6.5 and 0.2 M lithium sulfate. Diffraction data were collected to 2.1 Å resolution using synchrotron radiation. The crystal belonged to the primitive trigonal space group P3(1)21 or P3(2)21, with unit-cell parameters a=b=51.67, c=207.30 Å, α=β=90, γ=120°. Assuming the presence of one molecule in the asymmetric unit gave a Matthews coefficient of 4.69 Å(3) Da(-1), corresponding to a solvent content of 73.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Youl Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoh Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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