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Siebers F, Bebon R, Jayaram A, Speck T. Collective Hall current in chiral active fluids: Coupling of phase and mass transport through traveling bands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320256121. [PMID: 38941276 PMCID: PMC11228510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320256121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Active fluids composed of constituents that are constantly driven away from thermal equilibrium can support spontaneous currents and can be engineered to have unconventional transport properties. Here, we report the emergence of (meta)stable traveling bands in computer simulations of aligning circle swimmers. These bands are different from polar flocks and, through coupling phase with mass transport, induce a bulk particle current with a component perpendicular to the propagation direction, thus giving rise to a collective Hall (or Magnus) effect. Traveling bands require sufficiently small orbits and undergo a discontinuous transition into a synchronized state with transient polar clusters for large orbital radii. Within a minimal hydrodynamic theory, we show that the bands can be understood as nondispersive soliton solutions fully accounting for the numerically observed properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Siebers
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robin Bebon
- Institute for Theoretical Physics IV, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ashreya Jayaram
- Institute for Theoretical Physics IV, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Institute for Theoretical Physics IV, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Adorjáni B, Libál A, Reichhardt C, Reichhardt CJO. Phase separation, edge currents, and Hall effect for active matter with Magnus dynamics. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2024; 47:40. [PMID: 38844720 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-024-00431-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
We examine run-and-tumble disks in two-dimensional systems where the particles also have a Magnus component to their dynamics. For increased activity, we find that the system forms a motility-induced phase-separated (MIPS) state with chiral edge flow around the clusters, where the direction of the current is correlated with the sign of the Magnus term. The stability of the MIPS state is non-monotonic as a function of increasing Magnus term amplitude, with the MIPS region first extending down to lower activities followed by a break up of MIPS at large Magnus amplitudes into a gel-like state. We examine the dynamics in the presence of quenched disorder and a uniform drive and find that the bulk flow exhibits a drive-dependent Hall angle. This is a result of the side jump effect produced by scattering from the pinning sites and is similar to the behavior found for skyrmions in chiral magnets with quenched disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Adorjáni
- Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084, Cluj, Romania
| | - A Libál
- Mathematics and Computer Science Department, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084, Cluj, Romania
| | - C Reichhardt
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - C J O Reichhardt
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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Everts JC, Cichocki B. Dissipative Effects in Odd Viscous Stokes Flow around a Single Sphere. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:218303. [PMID: 38856261 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.218303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Odd viscosity (OV) is a transport coefficient in, for example, fluids of self-spinning (active) particles or electrons in an external magnetic field. The key feature of OV is that it does not contribute to dissipation in two spatial dimensions. In contrast, we explicitly show that in the three-dimensional case, OV can contribute indirectly to dissipation by modifying the fluid flow. We quantify the dissipation rate of a single spherical particle moving through a fluid with OV via an exact analytical solution of the generalized stationary creeping flow equations. Our results provide a novel way to quantify the effects of OV by measuring the solid-body motion of a single spherical particle. Moreover, we explicitly demonstrate how complex fluids can be designed in terms of their rheological properties by mixing passive particles with self-spinning active particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Everts
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bogdan Cichocki
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Markovich T, Lubensky TC. Nonreciprocity and odd viscosity in chiral active fluids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2219385121. [PMID: 38701120 PMCID: PMC11087745 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219385121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Odd viscosity couples stress to strain rate in a dissipationless way. It has been studied in plasmas under magnetic fields, superfluid [Formula: see text], quantum-Hall fluids, and recently in the context of chiral active matter. In most of these studies, odd terms in the viscosity obey Onsager reciprocal relations. Although this is expected in equilibrium systems, it is not obvious that Onsager relations hold in active materials. By directly coarse-graining the kinetic energy and independently using both the Poisson-bracket formalism and a kinetic theory derivation, we find that the appearance of a nonvanishing angular momentum density, which is a hallmark of chiral active materials, necessarily breaks Onsager reciprocal relations. This leads to a non-Hermitian dynamical matrix for the total hydrodynamic momentum and to the appearance of odd viscosity and other nondissipative contributions to the viscosity. Furthermore, by accounting for both the angular momentum density and interactions that lead to odd viscosity, we find regions in the parameter space in which 3D odd mechanical waves propagate and regions in which they are mechanically unstable. The lines separating these regions are continuous lines of exceptional points, suggesting a possible nonreciprocal phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Markovich
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
- Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv69978, Israel
| | - Tom C. Lubensky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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Hosaka Y, Golestanian R, Vilfan A. Lorentz Reciprocal Theorem in Fluids with Odd Viscosity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:178303. [PMID: 37955478 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.178303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The Lorentz reciprocal theorem-that is used to study various transport phenomena in hydrodynamics-is violated in chiral active fluids that feature odd viscosity with broken time-reversal and parity symmetries. Here, we show that the theorem can be generalized to fluids with odd viscosity by choosing an auxiliary problem with the opposite sign of the odd viscosity. We demonstrate the application of the theorem to two categories of microswimmers. Swimmers with prescribed surface velocity are not affected by odd viscosity, while those with prescribed active forces are. In particular, a torque dipole can lead to directed motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Hosaka
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPI-DS), Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPI-DS), Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrej Vilfan
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPI-DS), Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Caprini L, Löwen H, Marini Bettolo Marconi U. Chiral active matter in external potentials. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6234-6246. [PMID: 37555622 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00793f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the interplay between chirality and confinement induced by the presence of an external potential. For potentials having radial symmetry, the circular character of the trajectories induced by the chiral motion reduces the spatial fluctuations of the particle, thus providing an extra effective confining mechanism, that can be interpreted as a lowering of the effective temperature. In the case of non-radial potentials, for instance, with an elliptic shape, chirality displays a richer scenario. Indeed, the chirality can break the parity symmetry of the potential that is always fulfilled in the non-chiral system. The probability distribution displays a strong non-Maxwell-Boltzmann shape that emerges in cross-correlations between the two Cartesian components of the position, that vanishes in the absence of chirality or when radial symmetry of the potential is restored. These results are obtained by considering two popular models in active matter, i.e. chiral Active Brownian particles and chiral active Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caprini
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Theoretische Physik II - Weiche Materie, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Löwen
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Theoretische Physik II - Weiche Materie, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Umberto Marini Bettolo Marconi
- Scuola di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università di Camerino - via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032, Camerino, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
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Xu L, Liu J, Xu G, Huang J, Qiu CW. Giant, magnet-free, and room-temperature Hall-like heat transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305755120. [PMID: 37364103 PMCID: PMC10319033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305755120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal chirality, generically referring to the handedness of heat flux, provides a significant possibility for modern heat control. It may be realized with the thermal Hall effect yet at the high cost of strong magnetic fields and extremely low temperatures. Here, we reveal magnet-free and room-temperature Hall-like heat transfer in an active thermal lattice composed of a stationary solid matrix and rotating solid particles. Rotation breaks the Onsager reciprocity relation and generates giant thermal chirality about two orders of magnitude larger than ever reported at the optimal rotation velocity. We further achieve anisotropic thermal chirality by breaking the rotation invariance of the active lattice, bringing effective thermal conductivity to a region unreachable by the thermal Hall effect. These results could enlighten topological and non-Hermitian heat transfer and efficient heat utilization in ways distinct from phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujun Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics, Beijing100193, China
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
| | - Jiping Huang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore117583, Singapore
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Poggioli AR, Limmer DT. Odd Mobility of a Passive Tracer in a Chiral Active Fluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:158201. [PMID: 37115888 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.158201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chiral active fluids break both time-reversal and parity symmetry, leading to exotic transport phenomena unobservable in ordinary passive fluids. We develop a generalized Green-Kubo relation for the anomalous lift experienced by a passive tracer suspended in a two-dimensional chiral active fluid subjected to an applied force. This anomalous lift is characterized by a transport coefficient termed the odd mobility. We validate our generalized response theory using molecular dynamics simulations, and we show that the asymmetric tracer mobility may be understood mechanically in terms of asymmetric deformations of the tracer-fluid density distribution function. We show that the even and odd components of the mobility decay at different rates with tracer size, suggesting the possibility of size-based particle separation using a chiral active working fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Poggioli
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David T Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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