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Lee W, Sung S, Ha J, Kim E, An ES, Kim SH, Kim SH, Kim HY. Molecular and Genomic Analysis of the Virulence Factors and Potential Transmission of Hybrid Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (EPEC/ETEC) Strains Isolated in South Korea. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12729. [PMID: 37628911 PMCID: PMC10454139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid strains Escherichia coli acquires genetic characteristics from multiple pathotypes and is speculated to be more virulent; however, understanding their pathogenicity is elusive. Here, we performed genome-based characterization of the hybrid of enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), the strains that cause diarrhea and mortality in children. The virulence genes in the strains isolated from different sources in the South Korea were identified, and their phylogenetic positions were analyzed. The EPEC/ETEC hybrid strains harbored eae and est encoding E. coli attaching and effacing lesions and heat-stable enterotoxins of EPEC and ETEC, respectively. Genome-wide phylogeny revealed that all hybrids (n = 6) were closely related to EPEC strains, implying the potential acquisition of ETEC virulence genes during ETEC/EPEC hybrid emergence. The hybrids represented diverse serotypes (O153:H19 (n = 3), O49:H10 (n = 2), and O71:H19 (n = 1)) and sequence types (ST546, n = 4; ST785, n = 2). Furthermore, heat-stable toxin-encoding plasmids possessing estA and various other virulence genes and transporters, including nleH2, hlyA, hlyB, hlyC, hlyD, espC, espP, phage endopeptidase Rz, and phage holin, were identified. These findings provide insights into understanding the pathogenicity of EPEC/ETEC hybrid strains and may aid in comparative studies, virulence characterization, and understanding evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojung Lee
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea; (W.L.); (S.S.); (J.H.); (E.S.A.); (S.H.K.)
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea;
| | - Soohyun Sung
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea; (W.L.); (S.S.); (J.H.); (E.S.A.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Jina Ha
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea; (W.L.); (S.S.); (J.H.); (E.S.A.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Eiseul Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun Sook An
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea; (W.L.); (S.S.); (J.H.); (E.S.A.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Seung Hwan Kim
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea; (W.L.); (S.S.); (J.H.); (E.S.A.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Soon Han Kim
- Division of Food Microbiology, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea; (W.L.); (S.S.); (J.H.); (E.S.A.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea;
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Jin J, Yuan Y, Xian W, Tang Z, Fu J, Liu X. The ever-increasing necessity of mass spectrometry in dissecting protein post-translational modifications catalyzed by bacterial effectors. Mol Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 37127430 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as ADP-ribosylation and phosphorylation, regulate multiple fundamental biological processes in cells. During bacterial infection, effector proteins are delivered into host cells through dedicated bacterial secretion systems and can modulate important cellular pathways by covalently modifying their host targets. These strategies enable intruding bacteria to subvert various host processes, thereby promoting their own survival and proliferation. Despite rapid expansion of our understanding of effector-mediated PTMs in host cells, analytical measurements of these molecular events still pose significant challenges in the study of host-pathogen interactions. Nevertheless, with major technical breakthroughs in the last two decades, mass spectrometry (MS) has evolved to be a valuable tool for detecting protein PTMs and mapping modification sites. Additionally, large-scale PTM profiling, facilitated by different enrichment strategies prior to MS analysis, allows high-throughput screening of host enzymatic substrates of bacterial effectors. In this review, we summarize the advances in the studies of two representative PTMs (i.e., ADP-ribosylation and phosphorylation) catalyzed by bacterial effectors during infection. Importantly, we will discuss the ever-increasing role of MS in understanding these molecular events and how the latest MS-based tools can aid in future studies of this booming area of pathogenic bacteria-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xian
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiheng Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology Center, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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St. Louis BM, Quagliato SM, Lee PC. Bacterial effector kinases and strategies to identify their target host substrates. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113021. [PMID: 36846793 PMCID: PMC9950578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are critical in regulating protein function by altering chemical characteristics of proteins. Phosphorylation is an integral PTM, catalyzed by kinases and reversibly removed by phosphatases, that modulates many cellular processes in response to stimuli in all living organisms. Consequently, bacterial pathogens have evolved to secrete effectors capable of manipulating host phosphorylation pathways as a common infection strategy. Given the importance of protein phosphorylation in infection, recent advances in sequence and structural homology search have significantly expanded the discovery of a multitude of bacterial effectors with kinase activity in pathogenic bacteria. Although challenges exist due to complexity of phosphorylation networks in host cells and transient interactions between kinases and substrates, approaches are continuously being developed and applied to identify bacterial effector kinases and their host substrates. In this review, we illustrate the importance of exploiting phosphorylation in host cells by bacterial pathogens via the action of effector kinases and how these effector kinases contribute to virulence through the manipulation of diverse host signaling pathways. We also highlight recent developments in the identification of bacterial effector kinases and a variety of techniques to characterize kinase-substrate interactions in host cells. Identification of host substrates provides new insights for regulation of host signaling during microbial infection and may serve as foundation for developing interventions to treat infection by blocking the activity of secreted effector kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendyn M. St. Louis
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sydney M. Quagliato
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Krysińska M, Baranowski B, Deszcz B, Pawłowski K, Gradowski M. Pan-kinome of Legionella expanded by a bioinformatics survey. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21782. [PMID: 36526881 PMCID: PMC9758233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic Legionella bacteria are notorious for delivering numerous effector proteins into the host cell with the aim of disturbing and hijacking cellular processes for their benefit. Despite intensive studies, many effectors remain uncharacterized. Motivated by the richness of Legionella effector repertoires and their oftentimes atypical biochemistry, also by several known atypical Legionella effector kinases and pseudokinases discovered recently, we undertook an in silico survey and exploration of the pan-kinome of the Legionella genus, i.e., the union of the kinomes of individual species. In this study, we discovered 13 novel (pseudo)kinase families (all are potential effectors) with the use of non-standard bioinformatic approaches. Together with 16 known families, we present a catalog of effector and non-effector protein kinase-like families within Legionella, available at http://bioinfo.sggw.edu.pl/kintaro/ . We analyze and discuss the likely functional roles of the novel predicted kinases. Notably, some of the kinase families are also present in other bacterial taxa, including other pathogens, often phylogenetically very distant from Legionella. This work highlights Nature's ingeniousness in the pathogen-host arms race and offers a useful resource for the study of infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Krysińska
- grid.13276.310000 0001 1955 7966Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences — SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Baranowski
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Laboratory of Plant Pathogenesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Deszcz
- grid.13276.310000 0001 1955 7966Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences — SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pawłowski
- grid.13276.310000 0001 1955 7966Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences — SGGW, Warsaw, Poland ,grid.267313.20000 0000 9482 7121Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA ,grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden ,grid.413575.10000 0001 2167 1581Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Marcin Gradowski
- grid.13276.310000 0001 1955 7966Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences — SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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