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Ruttenberg SM, Nowick JS. A turn for the worse: Aβ β-hairpins in Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 105:117715. [PMID: 38615460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers are a cause of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). These soluble aggregates of the Aβ peptide have proven difficult to study due to their inherent metastability and heterogeneity. Strategies to isolate and stabilize homogenous Aβ oligomer populations have emerged such as mutations, covalent cross-linking, and protein fusions. These strategies along with molecular dynamics simulations have provided a variety of proposed structures of Aβ oligomers, many of which consist of molecules of Aβ in β-hairpin conformations. β-Hairpins are intramolecular antiparallel β-sheets composed of two β-strands connected by a loop or turn. Three decades of research suggests that Aβ peptides form several different β-hairpin conformations, some of which are building blocks of toxic Aβ oligomers. The insights from these studies are currently being used to design anti-Aβ antibodies and vaccines to treat AD. Research suggests that antibody therapies designed to target oligomeric Aβ may be more successful at treating AD than antibodies designed to target linear epitopes of Aβ or fibrillar Aβ. Aβ β-hairpins are good epitopes to use in antibody development to selectively target oligomeric Aβ. This review summarizes the research on β-hairpins in Aβ peptides and discusses the relevance of this conformation in AD pathogenesis and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Ruttenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, United States
| | - James S Nowick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, United States.
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Kreutzer AG, Malonis RJ, Parrocha CMT, Tong K, Guaglianone G, Nguyen JT, Diab MN, Lai JR, Nowick JS. Generation and Study of Antibodies against Two Triangular Trimers Derived from Aβ. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2024; 116:e24333. [PMID: 38644932 PMCID: PMC11029597 DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the P-amyloid peptide (Aβ) are important Alzheimer's disease research tools and are now being used as Alzheimer's disease therapies. Conformation-specific mAbs that target oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ assemblies are of particular interest, as these assemblies are associated with Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and progression. This paper reports the generation of rabbit mAbs against two different triangular trimers derived from Aβ. These antibodies are the first mAbs generated against Aβ oligomer mimics in which the high-resolution structures of the oligomers are known. We describe the isolation of the mAbs using single B-cell sorting of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from immunized rabbits, the selectivity of the mAbs for the triangular trimers, the immunoreactivity of the mAbs with aggregated Aβ42, and the immunoreactivity of the mAbs in brain tissue from the 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease mouse model. The characterization of these mAbs against structurally defined trimers derived from Aβ enhances understanding of antibody-amyloid recognition and may benefit the development of diagnostics and immunotherapies in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Kreutzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ryan J Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | - Karen Tong
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | | | - Jennifer T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Michelle N Diab
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - James S Nowick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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Kreutzer AG, Parrocha CMT, Haerianardakani S, Guaglianone G, Nguyen JT, Diab MN, Yong W, Perez-Rosendahl M, Head E, Nowick JS. Antibodies Raised Against an Aβ Oligomer Mimic Recognize Pathological Features in Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Amyloid-Disease Brain Tissue. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:104-121. [PMID: 38292607 PMCID: PMC10823522 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Antibodies that target the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and its associated assemblies are important tools in Alzheimer's disease research and have emerged as promising Alzheimer's disease therapies. This paper reports the creation and characterization of a triangular Aβ trimer mimic composed of Aβ17-36 β-hairpins and the generation and study of polyclonal antibodies raised against the Aβ trimer mimic. The Aβ trimer mimic is covalently stabilized by three disulfide bonds at the corners of the triangular trimer to create a homogeneous oligomer. Structural, biophysical, and cell-based studies demonstrate that the Aβ trimer mimic shares characteristics with oligomers of full-length Aβ. X-ray crystallography elucidates the structure of the trimer and reveals that four copies of the trimer assemble to form a dodecamer. SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography, and dynamic light scattering reveal that the trimer also forms higher-order assemblies in solution. Cell-based toxicity assays show that the trimer elicits LDH release, decreases ATP levels, and activates caspase-3/7 mediated apoptosis. Immunostaining studies on brain slices from people who lived with Alzheimer's disease and people who lived with Down syndrome reveal that the polyclonal antibodies raised against the Aβ trimer mimic recognize pathological features including different types of Aβ plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Kreutzer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Chelsea Marie T. Parrocha
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sepehr Haerianardakani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Gretchen Guaglianone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jennifer T. Nguyen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Michelle N. Diab
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - William Yong
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Mari Perez-Rosendahl
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - James S. Nowick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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