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Sun Q, Lee W, Hu H, Ogawa T, De Leon S, Katehis I, Lim CH, Takeo M, Cammer M, Taketo MM, Gay DL, Millar SE, Ito M. Dedifferentiation maintains melanocyte stem cells in a dynamic niche. Nature 2023; 616:774-782. [PMID: 37076619 PMCID: PMC10132989 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
For unknow reasons, the melanocyte stem cell (McSC) system fails earlier than other adult stem cell populations1, which leads to hair greying in most humans and mice2,3. Current dogma states that McSCs are reserved in an undifferentiated state in the hair follicle niche, physically segregated from differentiated progeny that migrate away following cues of regenerative stimuli4-8. Here we show that most McSCs toggle between transit-amplifying and stem cell states for both self-renewal and generation of mature progeny, a mechanism fundamentally distinct from those of other self-renewing systems. Live imaging and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that McSCs are mobile, translocating between hair follicle stem cell and transit-amplifying compartments where they reversibly enter distinct differentiation states governed by local microenvironmental cues (for example, WNT). Long-term lineage tracing demonstrated that the McSC system is maintained by reverted McSCs rather than by reserved stem cells inherently exempt from reversible changes. During ageing, there is accumulation of stranded McSCs that do not contribute to the regeneration of melanocyte progeny. These results identify a new model whereby dedifferentiation is integral to homeostatic stem cell maintenance and suggest that modulating McSC mobility may represent a new approach for the prevention of hair greying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wendy Lee
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hai Hu
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tatsuya Ogawa
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophie De Leon
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ioanna Katehis
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chae Ho Lim
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Makoto Takeo
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Cammer
- Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Mark Taketo
- Colon Cancer Program, Kyoto University Hospital-iACT, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Denise L Gay
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- DLGBioLogics, Paris, France
| | - Sarah E Millar
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayumi Ito
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Scandalios JG, Chang DY, McMillin DE, Tsaftaris A, Moll RH. Genetic regulation of the catalase developmental program in maize scutellum: Identification of a temporal regulatory gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 77:5360-4. [PMID: 16592879 PMCID: PMC350058 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.9.5360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and biochemical analyses suggest that the developmental program of catalase (H(2)O(2):H(2)O(2) oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) activity in maize scutella is controlled by a temporal regulatory gene (Car1) that is distinct from the structural genes thus far identified. Recombination data show that Car1 is located about 37 map units from the Cat2 structural gene on the chromosome 1S. Turnover studies indicate that Car1 may act by regulating the rate of catalase synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Scandalios
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27650
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3
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Ohno S, Dofuku R, Tettenborn U. More about X-linked testicular feminization of the mouse as a noninducible(is)mutation of a regulatory locus: 5-alpha-androstan-3-alpha-17-beta-diol as the true inducer of kidney alcohol dehydrogenase and beta-glucuronidase. Clin Genet 2008; 2:128-40. [PMID: 5111756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1971.tb00268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest H Y Chu
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0618, USA.
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6
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Paigen K. One hundred years of mouse genetics: an intellectual history. I. The classical period (1902-1980). Genetics 2003; 163:1-7. [PMID: 12586691 PMCID: PMC1462407 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/163.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Paigen
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609-1500, USA
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7
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Kyle JW, Birkenmeier EH, Gwynn B, Vogler C, Hoppe PC, Hoffmann JW, Sly WS. Correction of murine mucopolysaccharidosis VII by a human beta-glucuronidase transgene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:3914-8. [PMID: 2111021 PMCID: PMC54014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.10.3914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described a murine model for mucopolysaccharidosis VII in mice that have an inherited deficiency of beta-glucuronidase (beta-D-glucuronoside glucuronosohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.31). Affected mice, of genotype gusmps/gusmps, present clinical manifestations similar to those of humans with mucopolysaccharidosis VII (Sly syndrome) and are shown here to have secondary elevations of other lysosomal enzymes. The mucopolysaccharidosis VII phenotype in both species includes dwarfism, skeletal deformities, and premature death. Lysosome storage is visualized within enlarge vesicles and correlates biochemically with accumulation of undegraded and partially degraded glycosaminoglycans. In this report we describe the consequences of introducing the human beta-glucuronidase gene, GUSB, into gusmps/gusmps mice that produce virtually no murine beta-glucuronidase. Transgenic mice homozygous for the mucopolysaccharidosis VII mutation expressed high levels of human beta-glucuronidase activity in all tissues examined and were phenotypically normal. Biochemically, both the intralysosomal storage of glycosaminoglycans and the secondary elevation of other acid hydrolases were corrected. These findings demonstrate that the GUSB transgene is expressed in gusmps/gusmps mice and that human beta-glucuronidase corrects the murine mucopolysaccharidosis storage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Kyle
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104
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8
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Wawrzyniak CJ, Meredith SA, Ganschow RE. Two genetic elements regulate murine beta-glucuronidase synthesis following transcript accumulation. Genetics 1989; 121:119-24. [PMID: 2537250 PMCID: PMC1203593 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/121.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant alleles of two genetic regulatory elements, which underlie a three- to sixfold reduction in beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity levels, distinguish mice of the H haplotype from those of the other two common GUS haplotypes, A and B. Both elements are tightly linked to the GUS structural gene over which they exert control. One (Gus-u) exerts a cis-active effect upon GUS activity levels in all tissues at all times while the other (Gus-t) regulates GUS activity in trans after the 12th postnatal day in certain tissues. While previous studies show that differences in the rate of GUS synthesis account for the combined effects of these two elements in liver of adult mice, we demonstrate the separate effects of each on GUS synthesis at times during early postnatal development when their individual expressions can be distinguished. Assessments of the relative levels of S1 nuclease protection of a radiolabeled GUS antisense RNA probe after hybridization with total liver RNA preparations from adult mice of A and H haplotypes reveal no differences. These results argue that Gus-u and Gus-t exert their control of GUS expression subsequent to the accumulation of processed GUS transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Wawrzyniak
- Division of Basic Science Research, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
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9
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Paigen K. Mammalian beta-glucuronidase: genetics, molecular biology, and cell biology. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1989; 37:155-205. [PMID: 2672109 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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10
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Chandlee JM, Scandalios JG. Regulatory gene action during eukaryotic development. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1987; 24:73-125. [PMID: 3324703 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Chandlee
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695
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11
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Rowan RG, Dickinson WJ. Two alternative transcripts coding for alcohol dehydrogenase accumulate with different developmental specificities in different species of picture-winged Drosophila. Genetics 1986; 114:435-52. [PMID: 3021570 PMCID: PMC1202949 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/114.2.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two alternate transcripts of the single copy Alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene accumulate with developmental specificity in all of 12 species of Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila which have been examined. Relative to the paradigm species D. affinidisjuncta, the Adh transcript normally restricted to larvae is found to accumulate in both larval and adult tissues in D. formella. The other Adh transcript, which normally accumulates only in adults, accumulates in third-instar D. prostopalpis larvae as well. In species hybrids, the D. formella phenotype shows additive inheritance. These observations document the existence of a novel type of genetic variability. Furthermore, such variants suggest specific properties for the biological systems that regulate ADH expression in Drosophila, and they should facilitate further experimental investigations.
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12
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Genetic variation for enzyme structure and systemic regulation in two new haplotypes of the beta-glucuronidase gene of Mus musculus castaneus. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Paigen K, Jakubowski A. Cell specificity in the developmental regulation of acid hydrolases by temporal genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020050204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Palmer R, Gallagher PM, Boyko WL, Ganschow RE. Genetic control of levels of murine kidney glucuronidase mRNA in response to androgen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:7596-600. [PMID: 6584873 PMCID: PMC534387 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.24.7596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A cis-acting genetic element, designated Gus-r, regulates the androgen-induced rates of murine glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) synthesis in kidney tubule cells and is tightly linked to the glucuronidase structural gene, Gus-s. To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying this regulation, we have cloned a glucuronidase-specific cDNA sequence in plasmid pBR322. This cloned DNA has been utilized as a probe in blot hybridization analyses to determine whether the control of androgen responsiveness of kidney glucuronidase synthesis by Gus-r is exerted over the level or the translatability of glucuronidase mRNA. Three important observations emerged from these studies: (i) glucuronidase mRNA exists as a single size class of approximately 2,800 nucleotides; (ii) androgen stimulation of glucuronidase synthesis is directly related to the level of glucuronidase mRNA; and (iii) strain differences in levels of kidney glucuronidase mRNA accumulated in response to androgen are controlled by alleles of Gus-r. Thus, Gus-r regulates the androgen responsiveness of glucuronidase synthesis by controlling the amount of glucuronidase mRNA available for translation and is a cis-acting genetic element that regulates the hormonal responsiveness of a specific mRNA.
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15
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Lusis AJ, Chapman VM, Wangenstein RW, Paigen K. Trans-acting temporal locus within the beta-glucuronidase gene complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:4398-402. [PMID: 6576346 PMCID: PMC384045 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.14.4398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice carrying the [Gus]H haplotype of the beta-glucuronidase gene complex have considerably decreased enzyme levels and a decreased rate of enzyme synthesis. This is now shown to result from the action of two regulatory loci within the gene complex. One is a systemic regulator, Gus-u, that acts cis to cause a uniform reduction in enzyme levels in all tissues. The other is a temporal locus, Gus-t, that acts trans to cause abrupt switches in the rate of enzyme synthesis in only certain tissues and at characteristic stages of development. The distinction between these two loci was made possible by the introduction of a method for quantitating the relative numbers of A and H allozyme subunits in beta-glucuronidase tetramers. The procedure involves purification of the enzyme, cleavage at methionyl residues with CNBr, isoelectric focusing to separate the peptides, and quantitation of the peptide containing the A/H amino acid substitution. The presence of a trans-acting regulatory locus within a gene complex raises evolutionary and functional questions about why it is located there and how it acts.
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16
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Balak KJ, Keith RH, Felder MR. Genetic and developmental regulation of mouse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Rabinow L, Dickinson WJ. A cis-acting regulator of enzyme tissue specificity in Drosophila is expressed at the RNA level. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1981; 183:264-9. [PMID: 6173732 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is expressed according to qualitatively different patterns in Drosophila grimshawi and two closely related species, D. orthofascia and D. formella. This regulatory difference is under control of a cis-acting genetic factor. The ADH of these species is very similar to ADH of D. melanogaster and a genomic ADH clone derived from the latter hybridizes specifically to ADH coding sequences of the other species. Using this hybridization probe, it is shown that the above cis-acting regulator acts before or shortly after transcription to control ADH expression.
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18
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Håkansson EM, Hilgers J, Lundin LG. A gene affecting liver activities of three glycosidases in the house mouse. Biochem Genet 1981; 19:457-64. [PMID: 6794559 DOI: 10.1007/bf00484618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A gene locus is described controlling liver activities in the house mouse of three glycosidases, i.e., beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, and N-acetyl-beta-hexosaminidase. An allele conferring low activity is present in the inbred strain LIS/A, and an allele for high activity is present in A/BrAf mice. The three enzyme activities are correlated with each other. The possible linkage between this gene and the Bgs locus on chromosome 9 is discussed.
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19
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Bewley GC. Genetic control of the developmental program of L-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes in Drosophila melanogaster: Identification of a cis-acting temporal element affecting GPDH-3 expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Daniel WL, Womack JE, Henthorn PS. Murine liver arylsulfatase B processing influenced by region on chromosome 17. Biochem Genet 1981; 19:211-25. [PMID: 7247931 DOI: 10.1007/bf00504268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
SM/J liver arylsulfatase B has a more rapid electrophoretic mobility and occurs as a series of more acidic isozymes following electrofocusing in narrow pH gradients than the liver enzyme from C57Bl/6J mice. The SM/J and C57BL/6J electrofocusing patterns were both converted to a single isozyme with similar isoelectric points by pretreatment with neuraminidase, suggesting that the SM/J and C57BL/6J isozymes differed with respect to their sialic acid content. Arylsulfatase B electrofocusing and thermostability phenotypes segregated independently among progeny of SM/J x C57BL/6J crosses, suggesting that the electrofocusing phenotypes were not determined by different alleles at As-1, the putative structural locus for arylsulfatase B. Comparison of the joint segregation of hepatic acid phosphatase electrophoretic patterns and liver arylsulfatase B electrofocusing profiles revealed that the electrofocusing profiles may be determined by a region on chromosome 17 near of identical to Apl. Kidney, brain, and spleen arylsulfatase B electrofocusing patterns did not appear to differ between SM/J and C57BL/6J mice.
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21
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Freeling M. Toward monitoring specific DNA lesions in the gene by using pollen systems. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1981; 37:13-17. [PMID: 7007034 PMCID: PMC1568646 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.813713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Specific gene systems expressed in cereal pollen could contribute uniquely to the problem of monitoring our environment for mutagens. This paper considers the development of a mutagen monitor with quantitative endpoints that reflect particular types of lesions at the DNA level, and lesions in particular components of the gene.
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22
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Dickinson WJ. Evolution of patterns of gene expression in hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila. J Mol Evol 1980; 16:73-94. [PMID: 7007654 DOI: 10.1007/bf01731579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The tissue and stage specificity of expression of five enzymes was examined by electrophoretic analysis of relative enzyme levels in extracts of 13 larval and adult tissues in 27 species of Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila. The developmentally regulated patterns of enzyme expression thus characterized were compared to a modal standard phenotype. About 30% of the pattern features analyzed differed significantly from the standard in one or more species. Many of these regulatory differences are essentially qualitative, with tissue specific differences in enzyme activity in excess of 100 fold for some species pairs. The adaptive significance of these pattern differences in unknown, but the results provide strong direct evidence for rapid evolution of new patterns of gene regulation in this group of organisms.
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23
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Dickinson WJ, Carson HL. Regulation of the tissue specificity of an enzyme by a cis-acting genetic element: evidence from interspecific Drosophila hybrids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:4559-62. [PMID: 291987 PMCID: PMC411617 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.9.4559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous genes for alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) are expressed in qualitatively different patterns during the development of two closely related species of Hawaiian Drosophila. In interspecific hybrids, each parental structural allele is expressed according to the developmental program characteristic of the species from which it is derived. This provides strong evidence for a cis acting control element.
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24
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Berger FG, Breen GA, Paigen K. Genetic determination of the developmental program for mouse liver beta-galactosidase: involvement of sites proximate to and distant from the structural gene. Genetics 1979; 92:1187-203. [PMID: 118077 PMCID: PMC1214064 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/92.4.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and mode of action of genetic loci that program gene expression during development are important for understanding differentiation in higher organisms. Previous work from this laboratory has identified two patterns for the postnatal development of liver beta-galactosidase among inbred mouse strains: type I, where activity levels remain constant after about 30 days of age, is found in strains DBA/2J, CBA/J, and BALB/cJ, among others; type II, where activity levels increase between 25 and 50 days of age to reach a new adult level, is found in strain C57BL/6J and related strains. It has been shown that the type I vs. type II developmental difference between strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J is due to variation at a locus, Bgl-t, that maps with the beta-galactosidase complex, [Bgl], on chromosome 9. In the present study, we have confirmed the existence of Bgl-t as a temporal locus within [Bgl] by analysis of both a congenic strain carrying the beta-galactosidase complex of strain CBA/J in the C57BL/6J genetic background and a cross of strains CBA/J and C57BL/6J. The existence of additional temporal loci for beta-galactosidase that segregate independently of the structural gene and participate in determination of the type I vs. type II difference was revealed by analysis of: (1) a congenic strain containing the beta-galactosidase complex of strain BALB/cJ in the C57BL/10Sn background; (2) recombinant inbred lines derived from progenitor strains C57BL/6ByJ and BALB/cByJ; and (3) a genetic cross between strains C57BL/6ByJ and BALB/cByJ. Thus, for these pairs of strains, the type I vs. type II developmental difference is due to variation at a temporal locus (or loci) unlinked to the enzyme structural gene, and not at Bgl-t. These facts, together with information gathered from an examination of the distribution of beta-galactosidase phenotypes among over 100 inbred strains (Breen, Lusis and Paigen 1977), have led us to conclude that the postnatal developmental pattern for liver beta-galactosidase is determined by a set of interacting temporal genes. One of these, Bgl-t, is located within [Bgl], and one or more are separable from [Bgl] by recombination. A possible mode of interaction among the temporal and instructural loci is suggested.
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25
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Paigen K, Labarca C, Watson G. A regulatory locus for mouse beta-glucuronidase induction, Gur, controls messenger RNA activity. Science 1979; 203:554-6. [PMID: 760204 DOI: 10.1126/science.760204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A regulatory locus in a higher organism has been shown to control a specific messenger RNA activity. The Gur locus in mice regulates the production of kidney beta-glucuronidase messenger RNA activity after induction of the beta-glucuronidase structural gene, Gus, by testosterone. beta-Glucuronidase messenger RNA was assayed by its ability to direct the synthesis of catalytically active murine beta-glucuronidase in Xenopus oocytes.
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26
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27
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Guenthner TM, Nebert DW. Evidence in rat and mouse liver for temporal control of two forms of cytochrome P-450 inducible by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 91:449-56. [PMID: 729578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the liver of perinatal rats or mice, the ratio of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase to total cytochrome P-450 content decreases, whereas the ratio of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced acetanilide 4-hydroxylase to total cytochrome P-450 content increases, between 18 or 19 days and 22 days following conception. The ontogenesis of inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase corresponds well with increases in a 56000-Mr electrophoretic band; we suggest this band represents the cytochrome P1-450 subunit. The later temporal expression of inducible acetanilide 4-hydroxylase closely parallels 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced increases in size of a 54000-Mr electrophoretic band and a 2--3-nm hypsochromic shift in the Soret peak of the total microsomal reduced cytochrome P-450 . CO complex. We suggest this band represents the cytochrome P-448 subunit. Previous work from this laboratory has shown that this developmental difference is separated by several weeks in rabbit liver, as compared with several day's separation shown in this report with rat or mouse liver. The data here therefore provide evidence in the rodent for temporal control of the expression of different structural gene products regulated by the Ah locus.
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28
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29
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Abraham I, Doane WW. Genetic regulation of tissue-specific expression of amylase structural genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1978; 75:4446-50. [PMID: 100784 PMCID: PMC336132 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.9.4446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster were screened for spatial variations in adult midgut alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) expression. No strain-specific differences were found anteriorly, but three patterns of activity were discerned in the posterior midgut: A, activity throughout most of the region; B, activity in the anterior part of the region; and C, little or no activity. Alleles of a control gene, map, are responsible for this tissue-specific regulation of activity; e.g., mapA homozygotes produce the A pattern and mapC homozygotes the C pattern. The map locus was placed at 2--80 +/- on the genetic map of chromosome 2R, about two crossover units distal to the Amy structural gene region for alpha-amylase. Electrophoretic studies showed that mapA is trans acting in mapA/mapC flies, allowing expression of amylase isozymes coded for by genes on the opposite chromosome. The map gene behaves as a temporal gene that is clearly separable from the tightly linked, duplicated Amy structural genes.
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Abstract
Assay conditions have been developed for the determination of urinary beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, alpha-galactosidase, and beta-hexosaminidase using fluorometric substrates. The assay conditions for beta-glucuronidase overcome interference by both low and high molecular weight inhibitors, a problem that has confused earlier studies of enzyme excretion. The four lysosomal enzymes are excreted corrdinately: although their absolute levels (in units per milligram of creatinine) vary during the day and from one day to the next, the ratio of one enzyme to another remains relatively constant. The lack of correlation betweem plasma and urine enzyme levels, together with the high molecular weights of these enzymes, suggests that the urinary enzymes are not derived by glomerular filtration. The lack of coordinacy with lactate dehydrogenase suggests they are not derived from exfoliated cells. by analogy with experimental animals, they may be derived from lysosomes extruded into the lumen of the proximal tubule by epithelial cells. There is considerable variation among a population of 125 healthy adult subjects for total enzyme excretion. Both total enzyme excretion and coordinacy ratios are log-normally distributed, suggesting that they are the resultants of many factors, each of which has a relative, or proportional, effect on enzyme excretion. About one-half the population variation resides in a process common to the excretion of all four enzymes (possibly the lysosome extrusion pathway), and about one-half resides in factors affecting each enzyme independently.
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Lusis AJ, West JD. X-linked inheritance of a structural gene for alpha-galactosidase in Mus musculus. Biochem Genet 1976; 14:849-55. [PMID: 1008807 DOI: 10.1007/bf00485346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tomino S, Paigen K, Tulsiani DR, Touster O. Purification and chemical properities of mouse liver lysosomal (L form) beta-glucuronidase. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40788-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Paigen K, Swank RT, Tomino S, Ganschow RE. The molecular genetics of mammalian glucuronidase. J Cell Physiol 1975; 85:379-92. [PMID: 1123410 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040850406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The genetic factors known to be involved in the final realization of beta-glucuronidase activity in mice are considered from the standpoint of structural genes determining the catalytic activity of enzyme molecules as well as the recognition features of enzyme molecules that identify them for subsequent processing by the cell; processing genes determining the cellular apparatus involved with the conjugation, intracellular localization and eventual degradation of enzyme molecules; regulatory genes determining rates of enzyme synthesis, especially in response to physiological signals such as hormones; and temporal genes determining the developmental programs for expression of these classes during growth and differentiation. The properties of genetic variants of beta-glucuronidase falling into each of these classes are described. When those results are considered in concert with the properties of genetic variants known for other mammalian enzymes several generalizations emerge. Structural genes of enzymes are not usually linked to the processing genes determining the post-assembly events in the life of that enzyme. In contrast, all of the regulatory and temporal gene sites so far identified are in close proximity to the structural genes they modulate. Regulatory and temporal sites appear to act in a cis fashion to control the amount of enzyme synthesized from the adjacent structural allele on the same chromosome.
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Abstract
Subcellular fractions were prepared from mouse kidney homogenates by differential and sucrose-gradient centrifugation. A fraction enriched in Golgi apparatus was obtained, which had considerably enriched galactosyltransferase and thiamin pyrophosphatase activities, and was morphologically typical of Golgi material. This preparation also had high beta-glucuronidase activity, which increased concomitantly with microsomal beta-glucuronidase activity during the specific stimulation of the enzyme in male mouse kidney after androgen administration. The degree of stimulation was much greater in the Golgi fraction. Gel-electrophoretic patterns of Golgi beta-glucuronidase resembled more closely those of the enzyme located within lysosomes, but contained minor bands similar to those described previously (Swank & Paigen, 1973) as characteristic of the microsomal enzyme. It was concluded that the Golgi complex is involved in the distribution of the enzyme after its synthesis to both lysosomal and microsomal fractions.
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Abstract
Changing concentrations of beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase are coordinated during the development of mouse liver, heart, and brain. Although coordinate, the developmental patterns for the two enzymes are under independent control by genetic elements apparently linked to the respective structural genes.
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Leibenguth F. [Polymorphism and regulation of activity of esterase-2 in Ephestia kühniella]. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1972; 116:166-76. [PMID: 5065253 DOI: 10.1007/bf00582225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Nayudu PR, Moog F. The genetic control of alkaline phosphatase activity in the duodenum of the mouse. Biochem Genet 1967; 1:155-70. [PMID: 5609912 DOI: 10.1007/bf00486516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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STAVE U. PRENATAL FACTORS AND THEIR EVALUATION. J Dent Res 1965; 44:185-96. [PMID: 14242321 DOI: 10.1177/00220345650440011501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Genaktivit�ten in den Riesenchromosomen von Chironomus tentans und ihre Beziehungen zur Entwicklung. Chromosoma 1962. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00327340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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