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Abstract
In the late 1950s, a number of laboratories took up the study of plasmids once the discovery was made that extrachromosomal antibiotic resistance (R) factors are the responsible agents for the transmissibility of multiple antibiotic resistance among the enterobacteria. The use of incompatibility for the classification of plasmids is now widespread. It seems clear now on the basis of the limited studies to date that the number of incompatibility groups of plasmids will likely be extremely large when one includes plasmids obtained from bacteria that are normal inhabitants of poorly studied natural environments. The presence of both linear chromosomes and linear plasmids is now established for several Streptomyces species. One of the more fascinating developments in plasmid biology was the discovery of linear plasmids in the 1980s. A remarkable feature of the Ti plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the presence of two DNA transfer systems. A definitive demonstration that plasmids consisted of duplex DNA came from interspecies conjugal transfer of plasmids followed by separation of plasmid DNA from chromosomal DNA by equilibrium buoyant density centrifugation. The formation of channels for DNA movement and the actual steps involved in DNA transport offer many opportunities for the discovery of proteins with novel activities and for establishing fundamentally new concepts of macromolecular interactions between DNA and specific proteins, membranes, and the peptidoglycan matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Helinski
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Kumar RR, Jadeja VJ. Characterization and partial purification of an antibacterial agent from halophilic actinomycetes Kocuria sp. strain rsk4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8:253-261. [PMID: 30397580 PMCID: PMC6209832 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2018.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: The inevitable rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a global health problem. These pathogens erode the utility of available antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes of community-acquired infections. The aim of work was to evaluate the marine actinomycetes for production of the antibacterial agent against pathogens.
Methods: Halophilic actinomycetes were isolated, characterized and screened for production of antibacterial agent against pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial compounds were extracted by solvent extraction and separated by TLC based bioautography. Antibacterial compound was further purified by flash chromatography followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The active fraction was characterized by spectroscopy techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotic was determined against pathogens.
Results: A new halophilic actinomycetes strain rsk4 was isolated from marine water. It was designated as Kocuria sp. based on the physiological, biochemical and 16S rDNA sequencebased characters. It was able to produce broad-spectrum antibacterial compound and exhibited significant inhibitory activities against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus. The antibacterial compound was secreted optimally at 5% NaCl and neutral pH in the starch casein medium during stationary phase. The crude ethyl acetate extract was separated by chloroform-methanol, 24:1, v/v having Rf value 0.45. Bioassay of HPLC fractions confirms the presence of antibiotics picks at retention time: 3.24 minutes. The UV-Visible and mass spectra of the compound revealed that the active compound was different from other known antibiotics. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration was recorded against S. aureus (30 µg/mL).
Conclusion: The result suggests that a broad-spectrum antibacterial compound obtained from halophilic actinomycetes is effective against pathogenic bacteria. This compound may be a good alternative treatment against antibiotic-resistant pathogen S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Ranjan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Shree M. & N. Virani Science College, Kalawad Road, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
| | - Vasantba J Jadeja
- Department of Microbiology, Shree M. & N. Virani Science College, Kalawad Road, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
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Abstract
This chapter revisits the historical development and outcome of studies focused on the transmissible, extrachromosomal genetic elements called plasmids. Early work on plasmids involved structural and genetic mapping of these molecules, followed by the development of an understanding of how plasmids replicate and segregate during cell division. The intriguing property of plasmid transmission between bacteria and between bacteria and higher cells has received considerable attention. The utilitarian aspects of plasmids are described, including examples of various plasmid vector systems. This chapter also discusses the functional attributes of plasmids needed for their persistence and survival in nature and in man-made environments. The term plasmid biology was first conceived at the Fallen Leaf Lake Conference on Promiscuous Plasmids, 1990, Lake Tahoe, California. The International Society for Plasmid Biology was established in 2004 (www.ISPB.org).
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Formal SB, Gemski P, Baron LS, Labrec EH. Genetic Transfer of Shigella flexneri Antigens to Escherichia coli K-12. Infect Immun 2010; 1:279-87. [PMID: 16557729 PMCID: PMC415893 DOI: 10.1128/iai.1.3.279-287.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes controlling synthesis of Shigella flexneri group- and type-specific antigens were transferred to Escherichia coli K-12 recipients by conjugation with an S. flexneri Hfr. After mating E. coli with an Hfr strain of S. flexneri 2a and selecting for his(+) recombinants, a high proportion of the E. coli hybrids agglutinated in S. flexneri grouping serum. None of these hybrids expressed S. flexneri type-specific antigen II. When an E. coli his(+) hybrid possessing the S. flexneri group antigen was remated with the same Hfr with selection for pro(+) hybrids, a high proportion now expressed the type-specific antigen as well as the previously inherited group antigen. If such crosses were performed in reverse order (i.e., pro(+) followed by his(+) selection), a different pattern of serological behavior was observed. None of the pro(+) hybrids showed the type-specific antigen. Subsequent mating for his(+) resulted in hybrids with both the group- and type-specific antigens. These results show that genes controlling the synthesis of S. flexneri group antigen (linked to the his locus) and type-specific antigen (linked to the pro locus) are widely separated on the chromosome. Expression of the type-specific antigen II depends on the presence of the group antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Formal
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C. 20012
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ROLFE R. Changes in the physical state of DNA during the replication cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 49:386-92. [PMID: 13982522 PMCID: PMC299839 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.49.3.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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WATANABE T. Infective heredity of multiple drug resistance in bacteria. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1998; 27:87-115. [PMID: 13999115 PMCID: PMC441171 DOI: 10.1128/br.27.1.87-115.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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SUEOKA N. On the genetic basis of variation and heterogeneity of DNA base composition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 48:582-92. [PMID: 13918161 PMCID: PMC220819 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.48.4.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
The term "plasmid" was introduced 45 years ago (J. Lederberg, 1952, Physiol. Rev. 32, 403-430) as a generic term for any extrachromosomal genetic particle. It was intended to clarify the classification of agents that had been thought of disjunctively as parasites, symbionts, organelles, or genes. For a decade or more it was confused with "episome," although that was carefully crafted (F. Jacob and E. L. Wollman, 1958, C. R. Acad. Sci. 247, 154-156) to mean agents with traffic in and out of chromosomes. Starting about 1970, plasmids became important reagents in molecular genetic research and biotechnology. They also play a cardinal role in the evolution of microbial resistance and of pathogenicity. The usage of the term has then escalated to its current peak of about 3000 published articles per year. The bedrock of genetic mechanism is no longer mitosis and meiosis of chromosomes; it is template-directed DNA assembly. This is often more readily studied and managed with the use of plasmids, which replicate autonomously outside the chromosomes. Some plasmids are also episomes, namely, they interact with the chromosomal genome, and other mobile elements may be transposed from one chromosomal locus to another without replicating autonomously.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lederberg
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Scholar, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021-6399, USA
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FALKOW S, WOHLHIETER JA, CITARELLA RV, BARON LS. TRANSFER OF EPISOMIC ELEMENTS TO PROTEUS. I. TRANSFER OF F-LINKED CHROMOSOMAL DETERMINANTS. J Bacteriol 1996; 87:209-19. [PMID: 14102856 PMCID: PMC276980 DOI: 10.1128/jb.87.1.209-219.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Falkow, Stanley (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.), J. A. Wohlhieter, R. V. Citarella, and L. S. Baron. Transfer of episomic elements to Proteus. I. Transfer of F-linked chromosomal determinants. J. Bacteriol. 87:209-219. 1964.-F-linked lac(+) genes may be transferred from Escherichia coli to several species of Proteus by conjugation. Usually the transferred genetic elements are markedly unstable in Proteus, but repeated plating permits the selection of relatively stable Proteus lac(+) strains. Proteus strains carrying F-linked lac(+) markers are heterogenotes and limited donors for lac(+). In addition, both the fertility and lac(+) property may be eliminated from Proteus by treatment with acridine orange. Escherichia and Proteus possess very different overall deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base compositions. In CsCl density gradients of DNA extracted from Proteus lac(+) strains, the acquisition of Escherichia genes by Proteus may be correlated with the addition of a physically recognizable high molecular weight, native DNA fraction of Escherichia base composition. Proteus lac(+) strains synthesize a beta-galactosidase which is indistinguishable from E. coli enzyme by several criteria. Despite this specificity, the regulatory functions of Escherichia lac(+) genes appear to be impaired in Proteus.
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Womble DD, Rownd RH. Genetic and physical map of plasmid NR1: comparison with other IncFII antibiotic resistance plasmids. Microbiol Rev 1988; 52:433-51. [PMID: 3070319 PMCID: PMC373158 DOI: 10.1128/mr.52.4.433-451.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Helinski D. Plasmids as vectors for gene cloning: past, present, and future use. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1982; 19:5-24. [PMID: 6279087 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4142-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Wohhieter JA, Datta A, Brenner DJ, Baron LS. Homology between the deoxyribonucleic acid of fertility factor P and Vibrio cholerae chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid. J Bacteriol 1975; 122:464-7. [PMID: 1092651 PMCID: PMC246079 DOI: 10.1128/jb.122.2.464-467.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the Vibrio cholerae fertility factor P was isolated by the dye-buoyant density method and hybridized to V. cholerae chromosomal DNA. The DNA of this fertility plasmid had between 35 to 40% homology with the V. cholerae chromosomal DNA. Little or no homology was detected between the P factor DNA and DNA of the Escherichia coli sex factor F.
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Christiansen C, Christiansen G, Bak AL, Stenderup A. Extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid in different enterobacteria. J Bacteriol 1973; 114:367-77. [PMID: 4572720 PMCID: PMC251775 DOI: 10.1128/jb.114.1.367-377.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Eighty-seven different enterobacteria and pseudomonas strains were examined for the presence of extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Thirty-four strains contained closed circular DNA by the ethidium bromide CsCl density technique. Extrachromosomal DNA was most frequent in Escherichia and Klebsiella strains. The extrachromosomal DNA was isolated and characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. All the extrachromosomal DNA-containing bacteria contained circular DNA molecules of small size (0.5-4 mum). Most of these bacteria also contained larger circles (20-40 mum). The number of different size classes of circular DNA in each strain varied from one to five. The buoyant density of the extrachromosomal DNA ranged from 1.692 to 1.721 g/cm(3). Many bacteria contained extrachromosomal DNA of more than one density.
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Datta A, Parker CD, Wohlhieter JA, Baron LS. Isolation and characterization of the fertility factor P of Vibrio cholerae. J Bacteriol 1973; 113:763-71. [PMID: 4690964 PMCID: PMC285291 DOI: 10.1128/jb.113.2.763-771.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae strains with the transmissible fertility factor P contained a supercoiled circular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) component amounting to between 2 and 6% of the total DNA obtained from the cells. Such a component was not observed in V. cholerae strains lacking the fertility factor. This supercoiled circular DNA was isolated from P(+) cells, and the molecular weight was determined by sedimentation velocity experiments and electron microscopy to be approximately 80 million daltons. These supercoiled circular DNA molecules, which have a guanine plus cytosine (G + C) composition of 42%, were concluded to be the extrachromosomal P factor. It was calculated that there is approximately one copy of the P factor per chromosome. A small amount of supercoiled circular DNA was occasionally isolated from the P(-) strains of V. cholerae. The function of this component, which has a molecular weight of 40 million daltons, is not known. The molecules found in the P(-) strains were readily distinguished from the P(+) circular molecules by their smaller molecular weight and different G + C composition.
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Brinton CC. The properties of sex pili, the viral nature of "conjugal" genetic transfer systems, and some possible approaches to the control of bacterial drug resistance. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1971; 1:105-60. [PMID: 4114944 DOI: 10.3109/10408417109104479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Newton BA. Chemotherapeutic compounds affecting DNA structure and function. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1971; 8:149-84. [PMID: 4109397 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Kontomichalou P, Mitani M, Clowes RC. Circular R-factor molecules controlling penicillinase synthesis, replicating in Escherichia coli under either relaxed or stringent control. J Bacteriol 1970; 104:34-44. [PMID: 4919751 PMCID: PMC248178 DOI: 10.1128/jb.104.1.34-44.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Two infectious drug-resistance (R) factors, R28K and R6K, each conferring resistance to a number of penicillins by the synthesis of a penicillinase, were transferred to Proteus mirabilis PM1 and Escherichia coli RC85 host strains. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from these strains was separated by density-gradient centrifugation and subjected to electron microscopy by use of a modification of the protein-monolayer diffusion technique. Analytical density-gradient centrifugation of the purified DNA from PM1 strains showed, in addition to the major peak at a density of 1.698 g/cm(3) characteristic of Proteus chromosomal DNA, a single satellite band at a density of 1.710 g/cm(3) [guanine plus cytosine (GC) base ratio 50%] for R28K and at 1.704 g/cm(3) (GC base ratio 45%) for R6K. Direct CsCl density-gradient centrifugation of crude lysates of the E. coli (R28K)(+) strain in the presence of ethidium bromide gave rise to a sedimentation profile with a single satellite peak containing covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA molecules with a mean contour length of 21.4 mum [44 x 10(6) atomic mass units (AMU)], although a minority was 13.6 mum in length. From the size of the major class, it was estimated that there were two to three copies of the R28K factor present as CCC molecules per chromosome at various phases of cellular growth. Similar studies of the E. coli (R6K)(+) lysates showed two satellite peaks; peak I contained mostly CCC molecules of contour length 12.8 mum (26 x 10(6) AMU), and peak II, intermediate to peak I and the chromosomal peak, contained CCC molecules of a similar size, together with about equal numbers of catenated molecules, mostly dimers consisting of two interlocked monomers of 12.8 mum. A smaller number (ca. 0.1%) of higher catenanes was also seen. The number of CCC copies of the R6K factor per chromosome present in peak I was calculated as 13 at logarithmic phase and 38 at stationary phase. In peak II, a constant ratio of about one catenated dimer per chromosome was found at all phases of growth. Penicillinase assays of cultures at different phases of growth showed a correlation between the estimated number of R-factor copies present as CCC molecules and the enzyme activity per cell for both R28K and R6K.
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Goto N, Yoshida Y, Terawaki Y, Nakaya R, Suzuki K. Base composition of deoxyribonucleic acid of the temperature-sensitive kanamycin-resistant R factor, Rts1. J Bacteriol 1970; 101:856-9. [PMID: 4908784 PMCID: PMC250402 DOI: 10.1128/jb.101.3.856-859.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The buoyant density of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the temperature-sensitive R factor, Rts1, was determined by CsCl density-gradient centrifugation. Rts1 was found to consist of a single species of DNA of density 1.705 g/cm(3), which corresponds to a base composition of 45% guanine plus cytosine. This value is distinct from the densities previously reported for other R factors, suggesting that Rts1 represents a new molecular class of R factors.
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Sandvik O. Enzymo-Serological Comparison of Proteolytic Enzymes Produced by Salmonella Species and Other Enterobacteria. Acta Vet Scand 1969. [DOI: 10.1186/bf03548275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
A strain of Serratia marcescens was found to produce a bacteriocin that inhibits the growth of certain Escherichia coli strains. This inhibition was bacteriocidal rather than bacteriostatic and was not caused by a bacteriophage. Whereas the bacteriocin was inactive on the 7 Serratia strains tested, it killed 11 of the 20 E. coli strains tested for sensitivity. A relationship of the bacteriocin to a possible colicin cannot as yet be excluded, although E. coli mutants resistant to 1 or 2 of 15 different colicins remained sensitive to the bacteriocin. The bacteriocidal effect by the bacteriocin could be interrupted in a substantial fraction of the treated cell population by the addition of trypsin. The synthesis of the bacteriocin was inducible by ultraviolet light or by starvation for thymidine. Both procedures led to a similar increase in maximum bacteriocin titer relative to noninduced cultures.
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Nisioka T, Mitani M, Clowes R. Composite circular forms of R factor deoxyribonucleic acid molecules. J Bacteriol 1969; 97:376-85. [PMID: 5764338 PMCID: PMC249615 DOI: 10.1128/jb.97.1.376-385.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Two R factors, one (R15) conferring resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamide (SM(r)SU(r)) and the other (222/R3) to streptomycin, sulfonamide, and chloramphenicol (SM(r)SU(r)CM(r)), were transferred to a Proteus mirabilis strain, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from these strains was subjected to density-gradient centrifugation. R15-DNA formed a single satellite band at a density of 1.709 g cm(-3). Electron microscopy of samples from this band showed circular molecules of one type, with a contour length of 18 mum (35 x 10(6) daltons). 222/R3-DNA formed a satellite band with three peaks at densities 1.708, 1.711 and 1.717 g cm(-3). Electron micrographs revealed circular structures from each band with contour lengths, respectively, of 29 (54 x 10(6) daltons), 36 (68 x 10(6) daltons), and 6 mum (12 x 10(6) daltons). "Supertwisted" forms of several molecular species were found. It is suggested that 222/R3 DNA comprises either a single 36-mum molecule or two individual molecules, 29 and 6 mum in length, and that this may reflect the evolutionary development of R factors.
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Falkow S, Cowie DB. Intramolecular heterogeneity of the deoxyribonucleic acid of temperate bacteriophages. J Bacteriol 1968; 96:777-84. [PMID: 4979103 PMCID: PMC252372 DOI: 10.1128/jb.96.3.777-784.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectral changes accompanying the thermal denaturation of phage deoxyribonucleic acid suggested that lambda is not unique in possessing large-scale intramolecular heterogeneity and nucleotide clustering; instead, lambda seems to share this property with other enteric phages.
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Meynell E, Meynell GG, Datta N. Phylogenetic relationships of drug-resistance factors and other transmissible bacterial plasmids. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1968; 32:55-83. [PMID: 4869941 PMCID: PMC378292 DOI: 10.1128/br.32.1.55-83.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gemski P, Wohlhieter JA, Baron LS. Chromosome transfer between Escherichia coli HFR strains and Proteus mirabilis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1967; 58:1461-7. [PMID: 4867660 PMCID: PMC223946 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.58.4.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Steinert M, Van Assel S. The loss of kinetoplastic DNA in two species of Trypanosomatidae treated with acriflavine. J Cell Biol 1967; 34:489-503. [PMID: 6040538 PMCID: PMC2107302 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.34.2.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of acriflavine on two species of Trypanosomatidae, Crithidia luciliae and Trypanosoma mega, have been investigated. It has been observed that kinetoplastic (i.e. mitochondrial) DNA is lost in a high percentage of acriflavine-treated cells. Resting flagellates, from stationary-phase or hemin-deficient cultures, are considerably more resistant to the acridine than are flagellates from a log-phase culture. When the kinetoplast has retained some DNA and still remains visible in stained smears, it appears reduced in size, and its ultrastructure is extremely abnormal: the DNA fibrils, clearly visible in normal kinetoplasts, are condensed; they appear as an electron-opaque, apparently homogeneous mass, separated from the membranes by a space of low electron-opacity. Analyses of DNA extracts, with high speed centrifugation in CsCl density gradients, revealed that the satellite band, presumably kinetoplastic DNA, is lost by trypanosomes grown for 5 days in the presence of acriflavine. Radioautography was used to study the effects of acriflavine on thymidine-(3)H incorporation in C. luciliae. At the concentration which affects the kinetoplast specifically, the dye produces an 87% inhibition of thymidine incorporation in this organelle. The kinetics of this inhibition suggest a direct effect on replication. No decrease in incorporation occurs in the nucleus. These results lead to the conclusion that loss of kinetoplastic DNA is due to continued growth and cell division in the absence of kinetoplastic DNA replication. Several hypotheses are discussed concerning the specificity of the dye's action upon the replication of extrachromosomal DNA.
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Gale GO, Kiser JS. Antibiotic resistance--theory and practice. TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1967; 29:960-8. [PMID: 4863469 DOI: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1967.tb02837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rownd R, Nakaya R, Nakamura A. Molecular nature of the drug-resistance factors of the Enterobacteriaceae. J Mol Biol 1966; 17:376-93. [PMID: 4164241 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(66)80149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Iwamura T. Nucleic acids in chloroplasts and metabolic DNA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1966; 5:133-55. [PMID: 5337695 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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37
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Characterization of colicinogenic factor E1 from a non-induced and a mitomycin C-induced Proteus strain. J Mol Biol 1965. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(65)80136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Baron LS. Transfer of episomes between bacterial genera. TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1965; 27:999-1002. [PMID: 5213099 DOI: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1965.tb02341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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39
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WOHLHIETER JA, FALKOW S, CITARELLA RV, BARON LS. Characterization of DNA from a Proteus strain harboring an episome. J Mol Biol 1964; 9:576-88. [PMID: 14202287 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(64)80228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Conjugation in Bacteria. Heredity (Edinb) 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-395592-0.50010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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SUEOKA N. Compositional Variation and Heterogeneity of Nucleic Acids and Protein in Bacteria. Heredity (Edinb) 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-395592-0.50018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
Marmur
, J. (Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass.), E.
Seaman, and J. Levine
. Interspecific transformation in
Bacillus
. J. Bacteriol.
85:
461–467. 1963.—Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) from various species of the taxonomic group
Bacillaceae
were examined for base composition, ability to carry out interspecific transformation, and formation of molecular hybrids in vitro. The minimal requirement for genetic compatibility among different species and for DNA interaction (both reflecting base sequence homologies) is the similarity of the guanine plus cytosine contents of the DNA. The close correlation between the ability of DNA to be competent in interspecific transformation and to form hybrid molecules on denaturation and annealing provided a rational approach to the study of genetic relationship among organisms for which no genetic exchange has yet been demonstrated. Any or all of the criteria (base composition of DNA, transformation, molecular hybrid formation) can be used as tools in the taxonomic assessment of closely related microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marmur
- Graduate Department of Biochemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
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Mahmuh J, Rownd R, Schildkbatjt C. Denaturation and Renaturation of Deoxyribonucleic Acid12. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1963. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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