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Evaluating the correlation between area, environmental heterogeneity, and species richness using terrestrial isopods (Oniscidea) from the Pontine Islands (West Mediterranean). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractArea and environmental heterogeneity influence species richness in islands. Whether area or environmental heterogeneity is more relevant in determining species richness is a central issue in island biogeography. Several models have been proposed, addressing the issue, and they can be reconducted to three main hypotheses developed to explain the species-area relationship: (1) the area-per se hypothesis (known also as the extinction-colonisation equilibrium), (2) the random placement (passive sampling), and the (3) environmental heterogeneity (habitat diversity). In this paper, considering also the possible influence of geographic distance on island species richness, we explore the correlation between area, environmental heterogeneity, and species richness by using faunistic data of Oniscidea inhabiting the Pontine Islands, a group of five small volcanic islands and several islets in the Tyrrhenian Sea, located about 60 km from the Italian mainland. We found that the colonisation of large Pontine Islands may occur via processes independent of geographic distance which could instead be an important factor at a much smaller scale. Such processes may be driven by a combination of anthropogenic influences and natural events. Even in very small-size island systems, environmental heterogeneity mostly contributes to species richness. Environmental heterogeneity could influence the taxocenosis structure and, ultimately, the number of species of Oniscidea via direct and indirect effects, these last mediated by area which may or may not have a direct effect on species richness.
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lack
- Department of Zoology; Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology; South Parks Road Oxford OXI 3PS England
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3
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Johnson NK. CONTROLS OF NUMBER OF BIRD SPECIES ON MONTANE ISLANDS IN THE GREAT BASIN. Evolution 2017; 29:545-567. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1975.tb00843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/1974] [Revised: 03/19/1975] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ned K. Johnson
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Department of Zoology; University of California; Berkeley 94720
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M. Power
- Department of Ornithology; Royal Ontario Museum and Department of Zoology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Terborgh J. CHANCE, HABITAT AND DISPERSAL IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS IN THE WEST INDIES. Evolution 2017; 27:338-349. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1973.tb00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/1971] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Terborgh
- Department of Biology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey 08540
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6
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Thornton IWB. THE MEASUREMENT OF ISOLATION ON ARCHIPELAGOS, AND ITS RELATION TO INSULAR FAUNAL SIZE AND ENDEMISM. Evolution 2017; 21:842-849. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1967.tb03438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/1966] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Stein A, Kreft H. Terminology and quantification of environmental heterogeneity in species-richness research. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:815-36. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Stein
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Conservation Biogeography Group; University of Göttingen; Büsgenweg 1 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology & Conservation Biogeography Group; University of Göttingen; Büsgenweg 1 37077 Göttingen Germany
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8
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Vergara PM, Pizarro J, Castro SA. An island biogeography approach for understanding changes in compositional similarity at present scenario of biotic homogenization. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Diamond JM. Biogeographic kinetics: estimation of relaxation times for avifaunas of southwest pacific islands. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 69:3199-203. [PMID: 16592024 PMCID: PMC389735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.69.11.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When species diversity S on an island is displaced from the equilibrium value by injection or removal of species, S relaxes to equilibrium by an imbalance between immigration and extinction rates. Estimates of exponential relaxation times, t(r), for avifaunas of New Guinea satellite islands are calculated from analysis of four "experiments of nature": recolonization of exploded volcanoes, contraction in island area due to rising sea level, severing of land bridges, and disappearance of landbridge relict species. t(r) is in the range 3,000-18,000 years for avifaunas of islands of 50-3000 square miles (130-7800 km(2)), and increases with island area. Immigration coefficients decrease and extinction coefficients increase with increasing S. The results may be relevant to the design of rainforest preserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Diamond
- Physiology Department, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90024
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Diamond JM, Mayr E. Species-area relation for birds of the Solomon Archipelago. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 73:262-6. [PMID: 16592301 PMCID: PMC335881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.1.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate values of number of breeding bird species have been obtained for 50 islands of the Solomon Archipelago. From information about species altitudinal distributions on each island, the values are apportioned into number of montane species (S(mt)) and of species present at sea-level (S(low)). S(low) increases linearly with the logarithm of island area A over a million-fold range of areas (correlation coefficient 0.99) and with a comparatively low slope, while the log S-log A relation is markedly curved. With increasing isolation of an archipelago, the species-area relation decreases in slope and may shift in form from a power function to an exponential. Comparison of Pacific archipelagoes at different distances from the colonization source of New Guinea shows that the decrease in slope is due to increasing intra-archipelago immigration rates, arising from overrepresentation of the most vagile inter-archipelago immigrants in more distant archipelagoes. When colonists are sorted into sets correlated with their dispersal abilities, the slope of the species-area relation for the most vagile set is close to zero, but for the least vagile set is close to the value predicted by Preston for "isolated universes."
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Diamond
- Physiology Department, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90024
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11
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Lomolino MV. Mammalian community structure on islands: the importance of immigration, extinction and interactive effects. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1986.tb01746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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HNATIUK SH. The numbers of land birds, waders, sea birds, land crustacea, and certain insects on the lagoon islands of Aldabra Atoll. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1980.tb00103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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ABBOTT IAN. Numbers of plant, insect and land bird species on nineteen remote islands in the Southern Hemisphere. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1974.tb00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Ricklefs RE, Bermingham E. History and the Species‐Area Relationship in Lesser Antillean Birds. Am Nat 2004; 163:227-39. [PMID: 14970924 DOI: 10.1086/381002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2002] [Accepted: 08/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We examined the species-area relationship for three historically distinct subsets of Lesser Antillean birds identified by molecular phylogenetic analysis of island and continental populations. The groups comprised recent colonists from continental or Greater Antillean source populations, old taxa having recently expanded distributions within the Lesser Antilles, and old endemic taxa lacking evidence of recent dispersal between islands. The number of young taxa was primarily related to distance from the source of colonists in South America. In a multiple regression, the logarithmic slope of the species-area relationship for this group was shallow (0.066+/-0.016). Old endemic taxa were restricted to islands with high elevation, and within this subset, species richness was related primarily to island area, with a steep slope (0.719+/-0.110). The number of recently spread endemic taxa was related primarily to island elevation, apparently reflecting the persistence of such populations on islands with large areas of forested and montane habitats. Historical analysis of the Lesser Antillean avifauna supports the dynamic concept of island biogeography of MacArthur and Wilson, rather than the more static view of David Lack, in that colonists exhibit dispersal limitation and extinction plays a role in shaping patterns of diversity. However, the avifauna of the Lesser Antilles is probably not in equilibrium at present, and the overall species-area relationship might reflect changing proportions of historically distinguishable subsets of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
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Pedersen SC, Genoways HH, Morton MN, Johnson JW, Courts SE. Bats of Nevis, Northern Lesser Antilles. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2003. [DOI: 10.3161/001.005.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Schulz M, Pekalski A. Disorder-induced genetic divergence: a Monte Carlo study. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:041907. [PMID: 12443235 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.041907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a Monte Carlo simulation of a system composed of several populations, each living in a possibly different habitat. We show the influence of landscape disorder on the genetic pool of finite populations. We demonstrate that a strongly disordered environment generates an increase of the genetic distance between the populations on identical island. The distance becomes permanent for infinitely long times. On the contrary, landscapes with weak disorder offer only a temporarily allelic divergence which vanishes in the long time limit. Similarities between these phenomena and the well-known first-order phase transitions in the thermodynamics are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schulz
- Abteilung für Theoretische Physik Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Island biogeography theory predicts that the number of species on an island should increase with island size and decrease with island distance to the mainland. These predictions are generally well supported in comparative and experimental studies. These ecological, equilibrium predictions arise as a result of colonization and extinction processes. Because colonization and extinction are also important processes in evolution, we develop methods to test evolutionary predictions of island biogeography. We derive a population genetic model of island biogeography that incorporates island colonization, migration of individuals from the mainland, and extinction of island populations. The model provides a means of estimating the rates of migration and extinction from population genetic data. This model predicts that within an island population the distribution of genetic divergences with respect to the mainland source population should be bimodal, with much of the divergence dating to the colonization event. Across islands, this model predicts that populations on large islands should be on average more genetically divergent from mainland source populations than those on small islands. Likewise, populations on distant islands should be more divergent than those on close islands. Published observations of a larger proportion of endemic species on large and distant islands support these predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112-0840, USA.
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YAMASAKI K, CHIBA S, NAGAHAMA H. Anisotropic Shape of Islands and Species Richness of Land Snail Fauna of the Ryukyus. TROPICS 2000. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.10.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Ricklefs RE, Lovette IJ. The roles of island area per se and habitat diversity in the species-area relationships of four Lesser Antillean faunal groups. J Anim Ecol 1999. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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22
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Losos JB. island biogeography of Day Geckos (Phelsuma) in the Indian Ocean. Oecologia 1986; 68:338-343. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01036735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/1985] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Mammalian island biogeography: effects of area, isolation and vagility. Oecologia 1984; 61:376-382. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00379638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/1983] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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The species-area relation for archipelago biotas: Islands as samples from a species pool. POPUL ECOL 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02515600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Lomolino MV. Species-area and species-distance relationships of terrestrial mammals in the Thousand Island Region. Oecologia 1982; 54:72-75. [PMID: 28310995 DOI: 10.1007/bf00541111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/1982] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The species-area and species-distance relationships of terrestrial mammals in the Thousand Island Region of the St. Lawrence River are totally consistent with the basic predictions of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography. The power model provides the best fit for the species-area relationship, and the z-value of 0.305 does not differ significantly from Preston's canonical value (0.26). Distance (D) is a normal determinant (Sαe -D 2) of mammalian richness, and 93% of the variability in richness is accounted for by island area and isolation. The high z-values and poor species-distance correlations reported in previous studies of mammalian island biogeography, rather than evidencing non-equilibrium, are predictions consistent with the equilibrium theory for distant archipelagoes or, equivalently, poor immigrators such as mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V Lomolino
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Binghamton, 13901, Binghamton, New York, USA
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26
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HAMILTON TERRELLH, ARMSTRONG NEALE. Environmental Determination of Insular Variation in Bird Species Abundance in the Gulf of Guinea. Nature 1965. [DOI: 10.1038/207148a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Hamilton TH, Rubinoff I. ON MODELS PREDICTING ABUNDANCE OF SPECIES AND ENDEMICS FOR THE DARWIN FINCHES IN THE GALÁPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO. Evolution 1964. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1964.tb01609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. H. Hamilton
- Department of Zoology; The University of Texas; Austin
- Museum of Comparative Zoology; ambridge Massachusetts
| | - I. Rubinoff
- Department of Zoology; The University of Texas; Austin
- Museum of Comparative Zoology; ambridge Massachusetts
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