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Abstract
This Reflections article describes my early work on viral enzymes and the discovery of mRNA capping, how my training in medicine and biochemistry merged as I evolved into a virologist, the development of viruses as vaccine vectors, and how scientific and technological developments during the 1970s and beyond set the stage for the interrogation of nearly every step in the reproductive cycle of vaccinia virus (VACV), a large DNA virus with about 200 genes. The reader may view this article as a work in progress, because I remain actively engaged in research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) notwithstanding 50 memorable years there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Moss
- From the Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Maniatis GM, Ingram VM. ERYTHROPOIESIS DURING AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS : II. Immunochemical Study of Larval and Adult Hemoglobins of Rana catesbeiana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 49:380-9. [PMID: 19866766 PMCID: PMC2108329 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.49.2.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit antibodies were prepared against the major hemoglobin components of the larval and adult stages of R. catesbeiana. The properties of the antisera were studied by double immunodiffusion, precipitation, and complement fixation. The antisera to tadpole and frog hemoglobins did not cross-react with either hemoglobin or apohemoglobin. The anti-serum against frog hemoglobin was used for the detection of frog hemoglobin in tadpoles undergoing either natural or thyroxine-induced metamorphosis. It was shown that frog hemoglobin is detectable first in the liver, indicating that the liver is the site of erythrocyte maturation during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Maniatis
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Maniatis GM, Ingram VM. ERYTHROPOIESIS DURING AMPHIBIAN METAMORPHOSIS : III. Immunochemical Detection of Tadpole and Frog Hemoglobins (Rana catesbeiana) in Single Erythrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 49:390-404. [PMID: 19866767 PMCID: PMC2108336 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.49.2.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit antibodies specific for the major tadpole and frog hemoglobin components of R. catesbeiana were used for the detection of the two hemoglobins inside single cells. The antisera, after fractionation by ammonium sulfate precipitation and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose chromatography, were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate for the antifrog hemoglobin serum and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate for the antitadpole hemoglobin serum. The conjugated fractions, refractionated by stepwise elution from a DEAE-cellulose column, were used for the fluorescent staining of blood smears, liver tissue imprints, and smears of liver cell suspensions. Both simultaneous and sequential staining with the two fluorescent preparations indicated that larval and adult hemoglobins were not present within the same erythrocyte during metamorphosis. In other experiments, erythroid cells from animals in metamorphosis were spread on agar containing specific antiserum. Precipitates were formed around the cells which contain the particular hemoglobin. The percentages of cells containing either tadpole or frog hemoglobin were estimated within the experimental error of the method. The data showed that the two hemoglobins are in different cells. It is concluded that the hemoglobin change observed during the metamorphosis of R. catesbeiana is due to the appearance of a new population of erythroid cells containing exclusively frog hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Maniatis
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Yan LJ, Sohal RS. Gel electrophoretic quantitation of protein carbonyls derivatized with tritiated sodium borohydride. Anal Biochem 1998; 265:176-82. [PMID: 9866722 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method for the quantitation of protein carbonyls, which have been widely employed as markers of protein oxidative damage, is described. Protein carbonyls were derivatized with tritiated sodium borohydride and the tritiated proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE. Protein bands, visualized by Coomassie blue staining, were then excised and incubated in 30% H2O2 at 60 degrees C for 48 h. Tritium, incorporated into the proteins, was quantitated by liquid scintillation counting after gel solubilization by H2O2. This method can be applied to the measurement of carbonylation of specific proteins as it employs SDS-PAGE and has the advantage that unreacted NaB3H4 in the labeling reaction mixture need not be removed. The present method, when combined with immunochemical detection of protein carbonyls, should be very useful in the quantitation of oxidative damage to individual proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
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5
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Miwa S, Inui Y. Thyroid hormone stimulates the shift of erythrocyte populations during metamorphosis of the flounder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402590211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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The metamorphic switch in hemoglobin phenotype ofXenopus laevis involves erythroid cell replacement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989; 198:57-64. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02447740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/1988] [Accepted: 02/20/1989] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abdukarimov A. Regulation of genetic activity by thyroid hormones. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT 1983; 15:17-48. [PMID: 6189802 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-364376-6.50008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Barbosa E, Moss B. mRNA(nucleoside-2'-)-methyltransferase from vaccinia virus. Purification and physical properties. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Carver FJ, Meints RH. Studies of the development of frog hemopoietic tissue in vitro. I. Spleen culture assay of an erythropoietic factor in anemic frog blood. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1977; 201:37-46. [PMID: 301923 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new in vitro technique has been described for demonstrating the presence of an erythropoietic factor in the circulating blood of frogs. The assay system consisted of MC33 medium, erythropoietically active spleen cells from Rana pipiens, and plasma or serum from frogs made anemic via phenylhydrazine or bleeding. The spleen cells, which remain erythropoietically active for up to nine days, were found to incorporate 59Fe, [3H]thymidine, [3H]uridine, and [3H]leucine at a greater rate in the presence of plasma or serum from anemic versus normal frogs. The hormones triiodothyronine, prolactin, and erythropoietin were not effective in eliciting an hemopoietic response. The data presented suggest that the spleen from that adult frog is a major site of erythroid differentiation and maturation.
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Bruns GA, Ingram VM. The erythroid cells and haemoglobins of the chick embryo. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1973; 266:225-305. [PMID: 4147843 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1973.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The changes in the types of erythroid cells produced during embryogenesis of the chick have been correlated with the changes in the types of haemoglobins found in the embryo. Primitive erythroid cells constitute the only red blood cells of 2- to 5-day embryos. The first recognizable immature definitive erythroid cells appear in the embryonic circulation at 5 to 6 days and progressively replace the primitive cells, such that by 14 to 16 days the primitive cells constitute less than 1 % of the circulating erythroid cells. Primitive erythropoiesis is strikingly different from definitive erythropoiesis. At any one time point between 2 and 16 days, all of the isolated primitive cells appear, by morphological criteria, to be at the same stage of maturation, and, although variation in cell size is observed, for an individual maturation stage, the small cells are not more mature than the medium-size cells, nor are the large cells less mature than the medium or small cells. Maturing primitive erythroid cells undergo the progressive changes in cell structure characteristic of erythroid maturation in mammalian erythropoietic systems, but do so as a uniform cell population. Haemoglobin, isolated from primitive erythroid cells of 2- to 5-day embryos, shows two components on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, haemoglobin E and haemoglobin P. The haemoglobin E/P ratio is constant in lysates from 2- to 5-day embryos. A t 6 to 7 days when the first haemoglobinized immature definitive erythroid cells appear in the embryonic circulation, two new haemoglobin components are observed in lysates of erythroid cells. These two new haemoglobin components are electrophoretically and immunologically identical to the two haemoglobin components of adult chickens, haemoglobins A and D. As the definitive erythroid cells replace the primitive erythrocytes in the embryonic circulation, the haemoglobins A and D increase in amount and replace haemoglobin P. Haemoglobin P cannot be detected immunologically in erythroid cell lysates from 16-day embryos which contain less than 1 % primitive cells. In erythroid cell lysates from late embryos, which contained few, if any, primitive erythrocytes, a minor haemoglobin, electrophoretically similar to haemoglobin E on pH 10.3 polyacrylamide gels, is consistently observed. This component differs from haemoglobin E on pH 8.9 polyacrylmide gels, on Sephadex G-100 columns, on polyacrylamide gels of different porosities, and shows a reaction of only partial identity with haemoglobin E by two-dimensional immunodiffusion. This haemoglobin component, haemoglobin H, is detectable electrophoretically in lysates from 12-day embryos and immunologically in lysates from 8-day embryos. Haemoglobin H has not been observed in adult chickens. The switch from the production of primitive to definitive erythroid cells during development of the chick embryo is associated with the initiation of synthesis of three new haemoglobins, the two adult haemoglobins and haemoglobin H. The haemoglobin D /A ratio of adult chicken haemoglobin, determined from the ratio of gel scan peak masses, is 0.30. When haemoglobins D and A first appear in erythroid cell lysates from 6- to 7-day embryos, the haemoglobin D /A ratio is about 0.9. T he D/A ratio of lysates falls to 0.5 by 16 to 18 days, a time when 99 % of the erythroid cells of the embryo are mature definitive erythrocytes. However, the haemoglobin D /A ratio of lysates from late embryos and young chicks of 0.5 to 20 days of age is consistently greater than that of adult chicken haemoglobin. Definitive erythrocytes of chick embryos and young chicks appear to differ from definitive cells of adult chickens in at least two ways: the presence of haemoglobin H and the higher haemoglobin D/A ratio.
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Betteridge A, Wallis M. Biosynthesis of growth hormone in the rat anterior pituitary gland. Stimulation of biosynthesis in vitro by insulin. Biochem J 1973; 134:1103-13. [PMID: 4762755 PMCID: PMC1177919 DOI: 10.1042/bj1341103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of insulin on the incorporation of radioactive leucine into growth hormone was investigated by using rat anterior pituitary glands incubated in vitro. A 50% stimulation over control values was observed at insulin concentrations above 2mum (280munits/ml). The effect was specific for growth hormone biosynthesis, over the range 1-5mum-insulin (140-700munits/ml). Lower more physiological concentrations had no significant effect in this system. Above 10mum (1.4 units/ml) total protein synthesis was also increased. The stimulation of growth hormone synthesis could be partially blocked by the addition of actinomycin D, suggesting that RNA synthesis was involved. Insulin was found to stimulate the rate of glucose utilization in a similar way to growth hormone synthesis. 2-Deoxyglucose and phloridzin, which both prevented insulin from stimulating glucose utilization, also prevented the effect of insulin on growth hormone synthesis. If glucose was replaced by fructose in the medium, the effect of insulin on growth hormone synthesis was decreased. We conclude that the rate of utilization of glucose may be an important step in mediating the effect of insulin on growth hormone synthesis.
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Just JJ, Atkinson BG. Hemoglobin transitions in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, during spontaneous and induced metamorphosis. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1972; 182:271-80. [PMID: 4538716 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401820210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Allet B. Distribution of proteins between core and split fractions from 50-S ribosomal subunits. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 24:421-8. [PMID: 5058594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb19702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) provides a versatile, gentle, high resolution method for fractionation and physical-chemical characterization of molecules on the basis of size, conformation, and net charge. The polymerization reaction can be rigorously controlled to provide uniform gels of reproducible, measurable pore size over a wide range. This makes it possible to obtain reproducible relative mobility (Rf) values as physical-chemical constants. Application and extension of Ogston's (random fiber) model for a gel allows for calculation of molecular volume, surface area, or radius, free mobility, and valence from RJ measurements at several gel concentrations, to calculate gel concentration for optimal resolution, and to predict behavior of macromolecules on gel gradients by computerized methods. Extension of classical moving boundary theory has been used to generate multiphasic buffer systems (providing selective stacking, unstacking, restacking, and preparative steady-state-stacking) with known operating characteristics for any pH at 0 degrees and 25 degrees C. A general strategy for isolation of macromolecules and for macromolecular mapping has been developed. Preparative scale PAGE is operational for milligram loads and feasible for gram quantities.
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Stokes EE, Firkin BG. Studies of the peripheral blood of the Port Jackson shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) with particular reference to the thrombocyte. Br J Haematol 1971; 20:427-35. [PMID: 5551218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1971.tb07054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Allet B, Spahr PF. Binding sites of ribosomal proteins on two specific fragments derived from Escherichia coli 50 S ribosomes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 19:250-5. [PMID: 4928257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Patterson BD, Smillie RM. Developmental changes in ribosomal ribonucleic Acid and fraction I protein in wheat leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1971; 47:196-8. [PMID: 16657594 PMCID: PMC365840 DOI: 10.1104/pp.47.2.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In light-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings, the amount of chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA increased to a maximum in the first leaf near the end of its growth and declined by about 60% in the following 3 days. While total ribosomal RNA was declining, labeled uracil was still incorporated into cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA, but the rate of incorporation into chloroplast ribosomal RNA fell by more than 80%, as did the incorporation of labeled leucine into fraction I protein. Either there is greater replacement of cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA than chloroplast ribosomal RNA in mature leaves, or chloroplasts are able to repress the incorporation of exogenous precursor when there is no net synthesis of RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Patterson
- Plant Physiology Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Division of Food Preservation, Ryde, and School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
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Ziegler RJ, Daneo-Moore L. Effects of essential amino acid starvation in Streptococcus faecalis: structural change in the 50S ribosomal subunit. J Bacteriol 1971; 105:190-9. [PMID: 4925120 PMCID: PMC248341 DOI: 10.1128/jb.105.1.190-199.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The 50S ribosomal subunits obtained from exponential-phase and valine-limited cultures of Streptococcus faecalis 9790 differed in protein content. Approximately 35% of the valine-limited subunits showed protein losses when analyzed by CsCl density centrifugation after formaldehyde fixation. Results of density gradient analysis and of acrylamide gel electrophoresis localized the protein to a "split" subunit fraction. No differences could be detected in the protein contents of 30S subunits from exponential-phase and valine-limited cultures.
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Vankin GL, Brandt EM, DeWitt W. Ultrastructural studies on red blood cells from thyroxin-treated Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. J Cell Biol 1970; 47:767-72. [PMID: 5497551 PMCID: PMC2108166 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.47.3.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Mss B, Filler R. Irreversible effects of cycloheximide during the early period of vaccinia virus replicaon. J Virol 1970; 5:99-108. [PMID: 5444010 PMCID: PMC375975 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.5.2.99-108.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, during the period 30 to 60 min after vaccinia infection produced an irreversible block in virus replication. In contrast (i) cycloheximide given at earlier or later times, even for prolonged periods, did not prevent continuation of the infectious cycle after removal of the drug, and (ii) treatment with cycloheximide during the first 2 hr did not prevent virus growth when the early stages of replication proceeded more slowly due to infection with a low multiplicity of virus. These findings were interpreted as an indication that protein synthesis is required at a critical time in the virus growth cycle. Under the conditions in which brief cycloheximide treatment prevented virus growth, ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis continued at an undiminished rate for at least 2 hr after removal of the drug. Although this RNA appeared identical by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to "early" viral messenger RNA, it was not found associated with ribosomes or polyribosomes. Failure to observe viral protein synthesis was consistent with the latter finding. It appeared unlikely that the translational block resulted from inadequate removal of cycloheximide, since the effects of the drug were shown to be reversible at earlier or later times in infection or even at the same time when a lower multiplicity of virus was used. Interference with the normal synthesis of specific viral protein factors required for translation was postulated to explain the results.
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Hancock R, Weil R. Biochemical evidence for induction by polyoma virus of replication of the chromosomes of mouse kidney cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1969; 63:1144-50. [PMID: 4311251 PMCID: PMC223441 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.63.4.1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It was shown earlier that in cultures of contact-inhibited mouse kidney cells infection with polyoma virus induces replication of the chromosomal DNA. In this paper we present evidence, based on analyses of isolated chromatin, that, parallel with and as a consequence of the virus-induced synthesis of cellular DNA, the chromosomal proteins are synthesized in the proportions characteristic of normal chromosome replication. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that polyoma virus activates (or derepresses) a regulatory system of the host cell which controls initiation of chromosome replication.
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Abstract
Acrylamide-gel patterns of proteins made before and during the first 30 minutes after fertilization were the same. The patterns of gels containing proteins from eggs whose rate of protein synthesis was stimulated reversibly by prior anaerobiosis or removal of carbon dioxide were also the same as that of the mature unfertilized egg. Changes were detected in the pattern of proteins synthesized in gastrulas as compared to proteins made in unfertilized eggs or zygotes.
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27
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Grossbach U. [Chromosome activity and biochemical cell differentiation in the salivary glands of Camptochironomus]. Chromosoma 1969; 28:136-87. [PMID: 5367551 DOI: 10.1007/bf00331528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
The soluble proteins in the hemolymph, the salivary gland, and the salivary secretion of fourth instar Chironomus tentans were examined by disc electrophoresis in acrylamide gels. Of the 11 protein fractions detected in buffered saline extracts of the gland, 10 are present also in the hemolymph. Amino acid isotope incorporation experiments indicate that the protein fractions shared by the salivary gland and the hemolymph are not synthesized in the gland but are synthesized in other larval tissues. Immunochemical studies show that most of these proteins eventually are secreted from the gland. The salivary gland in vivo and in vitro is active in de novo protein synthesis. The protein synthesized tends to form large molecular weight aggregates. As demonstrated by radioautography, at least 80% of this protein is secreted from the 30 large cells forming most of the gland. The proteins synthesized in the salivary gland cannot be detected in the hemolymph. The results of this investigation are consistent with a mechanism of secretion formation involving both de novo synthesis of some secretion proteins and the selective uptake, transport, and secretion of hemal proteins by the salivary gland.
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Abstract
Inhibition of HeLa cell protein synthesis and the sequential synthesis of viral proteins were followed by pulse-labeling infected cells with (14)C-phenylalanine. Proteins were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The viral origin of native proteins was confirmed by immunodiffusion. The inhibition of host protein synthesis and the synthesis of early viral proteins occur 1 to 3 hr after infection. This early sequence of events also occurs in the presence of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, an inhibitor of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Other viral proteins are synthesized at a later time. Those proteins which are not made in the absence of viral deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis can be further subdivided into intermediate and late classes. The intermediate protein is synthesized before the late proteins but does not appear to be a precursor of them. Many more viral polypeptides were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after solubilization of the entire cytoplasmic fraction with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Virion and nonvirion proteins were identified. Kinetic experiments suggested that certain structural proteins as well as certain nonstructural proteins are made early, whereas others of both classes are made primarily at later times.
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Shatkin AJ, Sipe JD, Loh P. Separation of ten reovirus genome segments by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Virol 1968; 2:986-91. [PMID: 5723704 PMCID: PMC375428 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.2.10.986-991.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracted from purified reoviruses of all three serotypes and from type 3 virus-infected cells was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was calculated that each RNA includes 10 segments: 3 large, 3 intermediate, and 4 small fragments corresponding to molecular weights of about 2.5, 1.4, and 0.8 x 10(6) daltons, respectively, or a total of 15 x 10(6) daltons.
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Ingram VM. Tadpoles, chicks, and red cells: a study of development. Am J Hum Genet 1968; 20:289-98. [PMID: 5661863 PMCID: PMC1706361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Flores G, Frieden E. Induction and Survival of Hemoglobin-Less and Erythrocyte-Less Tadpoles and Young Bullfrogs. Science 1968; 159:101-3. [PMID: 17737485 DOI: 10.1126/science.159.3810.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Injection of two 25-microgram-per-gram doses of the hemolytic agent phenylhydrazine reduced the hemoglobin level and the erythrocyte count to less than 1 percent of normal tadpole and young blullfrog blood. These anemic animals survive for weeks with little change in overall metabolism. A slow recovery of hemoglobin levels was observed. The implications of this observation for comparative biochemistry are considered.
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LONDON IRVINGM, TAVILL ANTHONYS, VANDERHOFF GRACEA, HUNT TIMOTHY, GRAYZEL ARTHURI. Erythroid Cell Differentiation and the Synthesis and Assembly of Hemoglobin. Dev Biol 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4832-2964-5.50014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tata JR. The formation, distribution and function of ribosomes and microsomal membranes during induced amphibian metamorphosis. Biochem J 1967; 105:783-801. [PMID: 5584018 PMCID: PMC1198380 DOI: 10.1042/bj1050783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
1. A lag period of about 4 days preceded the onset of metamorphosis precociously induced by tri-iodothyronine in tadpoles of the giant American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). It was established by the accelerated synthesis or induction of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase and cytochrome oxidase in the liver, serum albumin and adult haemoglobin in the blood, acid phosphatase in the tail, and the increase in the hindleg/tail length ratio. 2. A 4- to 6-fold stimulation, 2 days after the induction of metamorphosis, of the rate of synthesis of rapidly labelled nuclear RNA in liver cells was followed by an increasing amount of RNA appearing in the cytoplasm. Most of the newly formed RNA on induction of metamorphosis was of the ribosomal type. An accelerated turnover at early stages of development preceded a net accumulation of RNA in the cytoplasm, with no change in the amount of DNA per liver. 3. Most hepatic ribosomes of the pre-metamorphic tadpoles were present as 78s monomers and 100s dimers; metamorphosis caused a shift towards larger polysomal aggregates with newly formed ribosomes that were relatively more tightly bound to membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. 4. The appearance of new polyribosomes in the cytoplasm on induction of metamorphosis was co-ordinated in time with a stimulation of synthesis of phospholipids of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, followed by a gradual shift in preponderance from the smooth to the rough type of microsomal membranes. 5. Electron- and optical-microscopic examination of intact hepatocytes revealed a striking change in the distribution and nature of ribosomes and microsomal membranes during metamorphosis. 6. Ribosomes prepared from non-metamorphosing and metamorphosing animals were identical in their sedimentation coefficients and in the structural ribosomal proteins. The base composition and sedimentation coefficients of ribosomal RNA were also identical. Induction of metamorphosis also did not alter the incorporation of (32)P into the different phospholipid constituents of microsomal membranes. 7. Nascent (14)C-labelled protein with the highest specific activity was recovered in the ;heavy' rough membrane fraction of microsomes, whereas little (14)C was associated with ;free' polysomes. Protein synthesis in vivo was most markedly stimulated during metamorphosis in the tightly membrane-bound ribosomal fraction after the appearance of new ribosomes. 8. The rate of synthesis of macromolecules in vivo could not be followed beyond 7-8 days after induction because of variable shifts in precursor pools due to regression of larval tissues. 9. The stimulation of RNA and ribosome formation was specifically associated with the process of metamorphosis since no similar response to thyroid hormones occurred in those species (Axolotl and Necturus) in which the hormones failed to induce metamorphosis.
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Krause RL, Sokoloff L. Effects of Thyroxine on Initiation and Completion of Protein Chains of Hemoglobin in Vitro. J Biol Chem 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Frieden E. Thyroid hormones and the biochemistry of amphibian metamorphosis. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1967; 23:139-94. [PMID: 4876480 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9826-2.50007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tata JR. Hormones and the synthesis and utilization of ribonucleic acids. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1966; 5:191-250. [PMID: 5337696 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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