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Identification of Small Molecule Enhancers of Immunotherapy for Melanoma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5688. [PMID: 32231230 PMCID: PMC7105471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecule based targeted therapies for the treatment of metastatic melanoma hold promise but responses are often not durable, and tumors frequently relapse. Response to adoptive cell transfer (ACT)-based immunotherapy in melanoma patients are durable but patients develop resistance primarily due to loss of antigen expression. The combination of small molecules that sustain T cell effector function with ACT could lead to long lasting responses. Here, we have developed a novel co-culture cell-based high throughput assay system to identify compounds that could potentially synergize or enhance ACT-based immunotherapy of melanoma. A BRAFV600E mutant melanoma cell line, SB-3123p which is resistant to Pmel-1-directed ACT due to low gp100 expression levels was used to develop a homogenous time resolve fluorescence (HTRF), screening assay. This high throughput screening assay quantitates IFNγ released upon recognition of the SB-3123p melanoma cells by Pmel-1 CD8+ T-cells. A focused collection of approximately 500 small molecules targeting a broad range of cellular mechanisms was screened, and four active compounds that increased melanoma antigen expression leading to enhanced IFNγ production were identified and their in vitro activity was validated. These four compounds may provide a basis for enhanced immune recognition and design of novel therapeutic approaches for patients with BRAF mutant melanoma resistant to ACT due to antigen downregulation.
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Fabbretti A, Brandi L, Milón P, Spurio R, Pon CL, Gualerzi CO. Translation initiation without IF2-dependent GTP hydrolysis. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:7946-55. [PMID: 22723375 PMCID: PMC3439930 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation initiation factor IF2 is a guanine nucleotide-binding protein. The free energy change associated with guanosine triphosphate hydrolase (GTPase) activity of these proteins is believed to be the driving force allowing them to perform their functions as molecular switches. We examined role and relevance of IF2 GTPase and demonstrate that an Escherichia coli IF2 mutant bearing a single amino acid substitution (E571K) in its 30S binding domain (IF2-G3) can perform in vitro all individual translation initiation functions of wild type (wt) IF2 and supports faithful messenger RNA translation, despite having a reduced affinity for the 30S subunit and being completely inactive in GTP hydrolysis. Furthermore, the corresponding GTPase-null mutant of Bacillus stearothermophilus (E424K) can replace in vivo wt IF2 allowing an E. coli infB null mutant to grow with almost wt duplication times. Following the E571K (and E424K) mutation, which likely disrupts hydrogen bonding between subdomains G2 and G3, IF2 acquires a guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-like conformation, no longer responsive to GTP binding thereby highlighting the importance of interdomain communication in IF2. Our data underlie the importance of GTP as an IF2 ligand in the early initiation steps and the dispensability of the free energy generated by the IF2 GTPase in the late events of the translation initiation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attilio Fabbretti
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
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Abstract
Selection of correct start codons on messenger RNAs is a key step required for faithful translation of the genetic message. Such a selection occurs in a complex process, during which a translation-competent ribosome assembles, eventually having in its P site a specialized methionyl-tRNAMet base-paired with the start codon on the mRNA. This chapter summarizes recent advances describing at the molecular level the successive steps involved in the process. Special emphasis is put on the roles of the three initiation factors and of the initiator tRNA, which are crucial for the efficiency and the specificity of the process. In particular, structural analyses concerning complexes containing ribosomal subunits, as well as detailed kinetic studies, have shed new light on the sequence of events leading to faithful initiation of protein synthesis in Bacteria.
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Yoshizawa S, Ueda T, Ishido Y, Miura K, Watanabe K, Hirao I. Nuclease resistance of an extraordinarily thermostable mini-hairpin DNA fragment, d(GCGAAGC) and its application to in vitro protein synthesis. Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22:2217-21. [PMID: 8036147 PMCID: PMC523676 DOI: 10.1093/nar/22.12.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclease resistance of a short, thermostable mini-hairpin, d(GCGAAGC), and other related hairpins was examined. Hairpins possessing a purine-rich (GAA) or (GAAA) loop appeared to be more resistant against nucleases than those with a pyrimidine-rich loop or single-stranded oligomers. Among 8 kinds of oligodeoxyribonucleotides examined, the fragment most resistant against nucleases was a hairpin with the sequence of d(CGCGAAGCG). This hairpin was then utilized for the stabilization of mRNA in an in vitro translation system; the 3'-terminal region of an mRNA was hybridized with an oligodeoxyribonucleotide including the sequence complementary to the 3'-terminus of the mRNA tagged with the nuclease-resistant d(CGCGAAGCG) hairpin sequence. By using this method, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) mRNA was stabilized against nucleases contaminating a cell-free translation system of E.coli, with a consequent increase in protein synthesis efficiency of 200%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshizawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Hirao I, Kawai G, Yoshizawa S, Nishimura Y, Ishido Y, Watanabe K, Miura K. Most compact hairpin-turn structure exerted by a short DNA fragment, d(GCGAAGC) in solution: an extraordinarily stable structure resistant to nucleases and heat. Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22:576-82. [PMID: 8127706 PMCID: PMC307846 DOI: 10.1093/nar/22.4.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of a short DNA fragment, d(GCGAAGC) exhibiting an extraordinarily stable hairpin structure was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two possible models were obtained by molecular modelling using distance and torsion constraints. Only one of these two models is the correct structure, which can clearly explain all the 1H chemical shifts. d(GCGAAGC) is folded back on itself between A4 and A5, and all the sugars in the fragment adopt the C2'-endo conformation. This compact molecule is stabilized by regular extensive base-stacking interaction within each B-form helical strand of G1C2G3A4 and A5G6C7, and by two G-C and one G3-A5 base pairs. The molecule is hard to differentiate into stem and loop regions, so that we classify it as a turn (hairpin-turn) structure experted by a single-stranded DNA. This highly stacked structure shows high thermostability and strong resistance against nucleases contained in E. coli extracts and in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hirao
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tokyo College of Pharmacy, Japan
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6
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Hirao I, Yoshizawa S, Miura K. Stabilization of mRNA in an Escherichia coli cell-free translation system. FEBS Lett 1993; 321:169-72. [PMID: 8477846 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It became clear that mRNA can be stabilized in a cell-free translation system of Escherichia coli by hybridization with a small DNA fragment at its 3' terminus. The stability increased when a small DNA fragment containing a stable hairpin structure with a GAAA loop was used. The enhancement of stabilization was brought about because the hairpin structure is resistant towards the nucleases contained in the translation system. The hairpin structure is effective by stabilizing the added DNA fragment itself towards the nucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hirao
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Stallcup MR, Sharrock WJ, Rabinowitz JC. Specificity of bacterial ribosomes and messenger ribonucleic acids in protein synthesis reactions in vitro. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33616-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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8
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Kay AC, Graffe M, Grunberg-Manago M. Stimulation by ATP of protein initiation in a prokaryotic organism, B. stearothermophilus. FEBS Lett 1975; 58:112-8. [PMID: 773681 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to E. coli ribosomes, with B. stearothermophilus ribosomes initiation complex formation is stimulated by ATP as well as GTP, but maximum stimulation occurs when both the nucleotides are present; and their terminal phosphate must be hydrolysable. In the presence of ATP and GTP, B. stearothermophilus ribosomes synthesize a highly phosphorylated guanine derivative, ppGpp, and the role of ATP in initiation might be related to this synthesis. We discarded the role of ATP as being trivial and corresponding solely to the well-known effect on eukaryotic systems.
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The Role of Ribosomal Proteins L7 and L12 in Polypeptide Chain Initiation in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Ochoa S, Mazumder R. 1. Polypeptide Chain Initiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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12
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3. Polypeptide Chain Termination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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13
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Tate WP, Beaudet AL, Caskey CT. Influence of guanine nucleotides and elongation factors on interaction of release factors with the ribosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:2350-5. [PMID: 4525170 PMCID: PMC433733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.8.2350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Release of formylmethionine from the reticulocyte ribosomal substrate, f[(3)H]Met-tRNA.ribosome, is promoted by reticulocyte release factor (RF). The initial rate of this reaction is stimulated by GTP but inhibited by GDPCP. Formation of an RF.UA[(3)H]A(2).ribosome complex is a measure of the binding of reticulocyte RF to the ribosome, and the recovery of this complex is increased by GDPCP and, to a lesser extent, GTP. These studies suggest that GTP is involved in the initial association of RF with the ribosome and that hydrolysis of the gamma-phosphate of the guanine nucleotide is required at a subsequent rate-limiting step. The ribosomal-dependent fMet-tRNA hydrolysis and GTPase activities of reticulocyte RF are inhibited when elongation factor (EF)-2 is bound to the respective ribosomal substrate in the presence of fusidic acid and GDP. When EF-G is bound to the f[(3)H]Met-tRNA.AUG.ribosome substrate with fusidic acid and GDP, the fMet-tRNA hydrolysis activity of Escherichia coli RF-1 and RF-2 is also inhibited. The binding of reticulocyte RF and E. coli RF-1 or RF-2 to their respective ribosomes is prevented when fusidic acid.EF-2/EF-G.GDP.ribosome complexes are used.
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14
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Fakunding JL, Hershey JW. The Interaction of Radioactive Initiation Factor IF-2 with Ribosomes during Initiation of Protein Synthesis. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)43759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Stallcup MR, Rabinowitz JC. Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Vitro by a Clostridial System. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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Modolell J, Vazquez D. Inhibition by Aminoacyl Transfer Ribonucleic Acid of Elongation Factor G-dependent Binding of Guanosine Nucleotide to Ribosomes. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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17
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18
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Ballesta JP, Vazquez D. Reconstitution of the 50S ribosome subunit. Role of proteins L 7 and L 12 in the GTPase activities. Site of action of thiostrepton. FEBS Lett 1972; 28:337-342. [PMID: 11946891 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J P.G. Ballesta
- Instituto de Biologia Celular, Velazquez 144, 6, Madrid, Spain
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19
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- R Benne
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Leiden, 64 Wassenaarseweg, Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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22
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23
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Thach SS, Thach RE. Translocation of messenger RNA and "accommodation" of fMet-tRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:1791-5. [PMID: 5288766 PMCID: PMC389294 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.8.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA is moved a distance of approximately three nucleotides in the 5' direction relative to the ribosome during the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A to the P site. This movement is catalyzed by G factor and is dependent on the hydrolysis of GTP. In contrast, mRNA is not moved during the f(2)-catalyzed hydrolysis of GTP that is involved in the activation of ribosome-bound fMet-tRNA. This second type of GTP-dependent reaction has been named "Accommodation".
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24
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Beaudet AL, Caskey CT. Mammalian peptide chain termination. II. Codon specificity and GTPase activity of release factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:619-24. [PMID: 5276771 PMCID: PMC389002 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.3.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro peptide chain termination with release factor preparations from rabbit reticulocytes, guinea pig liver, or Chinese hamster liver is directed with UAAA, UAGA, or UGAA, suggesting that UAA, UAG, and UGA are terminator condons for mammalian cells. Purified release factor from rabbit reticulocytes has ribosomaldependent GTPase activity, which is stimulated by UAAA. GTP hydrolysis appears requisite for in vitro peptide chain termination in mammals.
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25
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Thach SS, Thach RE. 1 molecule of guanosine triphosphate is present in each 30S initiation complex. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 229:219-21. [PMID: 5281021 DOI: 10.1038/newbio229219a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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26
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Modolell J, Davis BD. Breakdown by streptomycin of initiation complexes formed on ribosomes of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 67:1148-55. [PMID: 4922285 PMCID: PMC283330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.67.3.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomycin induces breakdown of the completed 70S initiation complex on ribosomes of Escherichia coli, but it does not interfere with any step in the formation of the complex. Moreover, it does not appear to interact with the ribosome in any special way during initiation, since the kinetics of breakdown are the same whether streptomycin is added before formation of the initiation complex, or after its completion, or (as previously observed) after formation of a polypeptide. fMet-tRNA is released as such, without chain elongation; it is released from a puromycin-reactive ("P") site. Streptomycin thus appears to distort not only the A site of the ribosome (as suggested earlier) but also the P site.
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27
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Kan YW, Golini F, Thach RE. A new protein synthesis factor from Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 67:1137-42. [PMID: 4924442 PMCID: PMC283328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.67.3.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A new factor that effects protein synthesis by Escherichia coli extracts was partially purified from the 1 M NH(4)Cl wash of E. coli ribosomes. This factor stimulates the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to 30S ribosomes, and it increases the rate of synthesis of polyphenylalanine in the presence of 30S and 50S subunits.
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28
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Remold-O'Donnell E, Thach RE. A New Method for the Purification of Initiation Factor F2 in High Yield, and an Estimation of Stoichiometry in the Binding Reaction. J Biol Chem 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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29
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Roufa DJ, Skogerson LE, Leder P. Translation of phage Qbeta mRNA: a test of the two-site model for ribosomal function. Nature 1970; 227:567-70. [PMID: 5429287 DOI: 10.1038/227567a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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30
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Sala F, Küntzel H. Peptide chain initiation in homologous and heterologous systems from mitochondria and bacteria. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1970; 15:280-6. [PMID: 4993755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Dube SK, Rudland PS. Control of translation by T4 phage: altered binding of disfavoured messengers. Nature 1970; 226:820-3. [PMID: 5444623 DOI: 10.1038/226820a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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32
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Lelong JC, Grunberg-Manago M, Dondon J, Gros D, Gros F. Interaction between guanosine derivatives and factors involved in the initiation of protein synthesis. Nature 1970; 226:505-10. [PMID: 4909915 DOI: 10.1038/226505a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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33
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Traub P. Structure, function and in vitro reconstitution of escherichia coli ribosomes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1970; 52:1-93. [PMID: 4915756 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-95130-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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34
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Steitz JA. Polypeptide chain initiation: nucleotide sequences of the three ribosomal binding sites in bacteriophage R17 RNA. Nature 1969; 224:957-64. [PMID: 5360547 DOI: 10.1038/224957a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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35
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- N S. Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas "Fundación Campomar", Buenos Aires, Argentina
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37
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Hoerz W, McCarty KS. Evidence for a proposed initiation complex for protein synthesis in reticulocyte polyribosome profiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1969; 63:1206-13. [PMID: 5260921 PMCID: PMC223451 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.63.4.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysomes consisting of 40S ribosomal subunits attached to monosomes, disomes, trisomes, and tetrasomes have been isolated for the first time by the use of isokinetic sucrose density gradients. They are formed upon incubation of rabbit reticulocyte lysate in the presence of 10 mM NaF. It is proposed that these structures represent transient initiation complexes for protein synthesis.
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38
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39
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40
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41
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Rudland PS, Whybrow WA, Marcker KA, Clark BF. Recognition of bacterial initiator tRNA by initiation factors. Nature 1969; 222:750-3. [PMID: 5786191 DOI: 10.1038/222750a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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42
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43
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Ayuso MS, Heredia CF. Guanosine triphosphate dependent enzymic binding of aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid to yeast ribosomes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1968; 7:111-8. [PMID: 5707707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb19581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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44
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Klem EB, Nakamoto T. The initiation of polyphenylalanine synthesis with N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 61:1349-55. [PMID: 4884683 PMCID: PMC225262 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.61.4.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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45
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Kolakofsky D, Dewey KF, Hershey JW, Thach RE. Guanosine 5'-triphosphatase activity of initiation factor f2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 61:1066-70. [PMID: 5246542 PMCID: PMC305436 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.61.3.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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46
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Kolakofsky D, Ohta T, Thach RE. Junction of the 50S ribosomal subunit with the 30S initiation complex. Nature 1968; 220:244-7. [PMID: 5684849 DOI: 10.1038/220244a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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47
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Skogerson L, Moldave K. Characterization of the Interaction of Aminoacyltransferase II with Ribosomes. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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48
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Hartmann G, Behr W, Beissner KA, Honikel K, Sippel A. Antibiotica als Hemmstoffe der Nucleinsäure- und Proteinsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1968. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19680801803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Takeda M, Webster RE. Protein chain initiation and deformylation in B. subtilis homogenates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 60:1487-94. [PMID: 4970729 PMCID: PMC224945 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.60.4.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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50
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Sarkar S, Thach RE. Inhibition of formylmethionyl-transfer RNA binding to ribosomes by tetracycline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 60:1479-86. [PMID: 5244755 PMCID: PMC224944 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.60.4.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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