1
|
Rabinovitz M. Evidence for a role of phosphofructokinase and tRNA in the polyribosome disaggregation of amino acid deficiency. FEBS Lett 1991; 283:270-2. [PMID: 1828439 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The activity of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase was inhibited by transfer ribonucleic acid. This inhibition was reduced by inclusion of an amino-acyl-tRNA charging system. The results are discussed in terms of the loss of ATP in amino acid deprived cells and in the critical role of fructose 1,6-diphosphate in peptide chain initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rabinovitz
- Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Garrick LM, Garrick MD. Testing with puromycin and amino acyl tRNAs that limit the rate of peptide chain extension. Mol Cell Biochem 1978; 19:49-59. [PMID: 246496 DOI: 10.1007/bf00231234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With puromycin one can recognize when the synthesis of a given protein is dependent on amino acyl tRNA that is present in rate limiting amount. We demonstrate this use of puromycin by its interaction with another inhibitor, L-o-methylthreonine. L-o-methylthreonine lowers the Ile-tRNA concentration in the cell, thereby inhibiting synthesis of proteins containing isoleucine. In certain rabbits, the alpha hemoglobin chain has three isoleucyl residues and the beta chain none. L-o-methylthreonine thus inhibits alpha globin synthesis in intact reticulocytes from these rabbits. When puromycin and L-o-methylthreonine are used together, the two inhibitors synergize in inhibiting alpha globin synthesis. Hence, puromycin is a more effective inhibitor when the Ile-tRNA concentration is lowered. Cycloheximide and sodium fluoride have different modes of action from puromycin. Neither synergizes with L-o-methylthreonine; instead, the interaction is less than additive. We have found that beta chain synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes is more sensitive than alpha to inhibition by puromycin. This difference could reflect either differences in amino acid sequence or tRNA dependent limitations of beta chain elongation. The switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin in humans does not involve changes in limiting amino acyl tRNA because, for cord blood from infants of different developmental ages, the puromycin sensitivity of incorporation into gamma and beta chains remains constant.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bank A, Ramirez F. The molecular biology of the thalassemia syndromes. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 5:343-67. [PMID: 363354 DOI: 10.3109/10409237809177146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
5
|
Benz EJ, Geist CE, Steggles AW, Barker JE, Nienhuis AW. Hemoglobin switching in sheep and goats. Preparation and characterization of complementary DNAs specific for the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-globin messenger RNAs of sheep. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)71844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
6
|
Cheng TC, Kazazian HH. Unequal accumulation of alpha- and beta-globin mRNA in erythropoietic mouse spleen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:1811-5. [PMID: 1064854 PMCID: PMC430396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.6.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative amounts and rates of synthesis of alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs were determined during splenic erythropoiesis in mice. At times after injection of mice with phenylhydrazine, alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs were separated by gel electrophoresis and quantitated by densitometric scanning of stained gels. At 66 hr after injection, the ratio of beta to alpha mRNA is about 1.2. By 138 hr, total globin mRNA is 5-fold greater in spleen cells, and the beta to alpha mRNA ratio approaches 2. This ratio remains around 1 in reticulocytes throughout this period. Analyses of globin products directed by these mRNAs from spleen cells and reticulocytes in the ascites cell-free system reflect the beta to alpha mRNA ratio observed by electrophoresis. Relative rates of synthesis of globin mRNAs were estimated after incubation of spleen cells with either [3H] uridine or [3H] adenosine. Although synthesis of both mRNAs is maximal at 114 hr and then declines sharply, beta mRNA is synthesized at a greater rate than alpha mRNA at every developmental stage. In contrast to the excess accumulation of beta mRNA in spleen cells, synthesis of alpha- and beta-globin chains remains balanced throughout erythroid development. These data suggest that during erythropoiesis in this system, equal synthesis of alpha and beta globin involves regulation at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
Collapse
|
7
|
Garrick LM, Dembure PP, Garrick MD. Interaction between the synthesis of alpha and beta globin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 58:339-50. [PMID: 1183442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the relationship between alpha and beta globin chain syntheses by utilizing the distribution of isoleucyl residues in rabbit hemoglobin. The alpha globin chain contains three isoleucyl residues while the beta chain of certain rabbits contains no isoleucine. O-Methyl-L-threonine, an isoleucine isostere, inhibits incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into alpha chains in rabbit reticulocytes. When alpha chain synthesis is inhibited by 50-85%, beta synthesis is stimulated by 15-50%. The excess labeled beta chains are not distinguishable from authentic beta chains by any of the following criteria: (a) carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography in sodium phosphate-urea buffers, (b) electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, and (c) electrophoresis of methionine-containing tryptic peptides. The stimulation of beta synthesis continues after the pool of excess alpha chains has been exhausted by preincubation with O-methyl-L-threonine. The stimulation does not occur, however, when 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol is added to the incubation medium or when the cells are excessively diluted in the incubation mixture. The rates of beta chain initiation and elongation during stimulation have been compared to the rates during normal synthesis. Although both rates are increased, the rate of elongation increases more than initiation, suggesting that initiation is the rate-limiting step in increased beta chain production. The stimulation of beta synthesis when alpha synthesis is inhibited is interpreted as resulting from relief of competition between alpha and beta mRNAs for limiting components of the protein synthetic apparatus.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sarasin A, Moulé Y. Translational step inhibited in vivo by aflatoxin B1 in rat-liver polysomes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 54:329-40. [PMID: 1175589 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 strongly inhibits protein synthesis in rat liver cells. We previously demonstrated that this inhibition could be divided into two steps: up to 5 h aflatoxin blocks protein synthesis directly and specifically at the polysome level; beyond 7 h protein synthesis inhibition appears chiefly as a consequence of transcription impairment due to drug action. This paper confirms the foregoing results and represents an attempt to localize the translational step inhibited in vivo by aflatoxin B1. We used the simulation study developed by Li, Kisilevsky, Wasan and Hammond, 1972 (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 272, 451-462) to determine precisely the site inhibited in vivo after drug intoxication. This analysis is based on two parameters: the kinetics of polysome labeling to follow the nascent peptide synthesis, and the kinetics of supernatant labeling to follow the completed protein synthesis. Up to 5 h after dosing, aflatoxin specifically inhibits the elongation and/or termination steps during protein synthesis; after longer periods of time inhibition occurs essentially at the initiation step. When the intracellular concentration of aflatoxin is too high, particularly 2 h after dosing, each step of protein synthesis is blocked. Polypeptide synthesis by the postmitochondrial supernatants isolated from aflatoxin-treated animals is impaired in the same proportion as protein synthesis in vivo. The damage caused by aflatoxin is mostly observed on microsomes. However, purified polysomes isolated from aflatoxin-treated rats synthesize proteins in vitro to the same extent as those from controls. These results suggest that aflatoxin metabolite(s) are bound to polysomes with noncovalent bonds. These active metabolites are probably lost during polysome isolation procedures. Finally, relationships between protein metabolism and aflatoxin carcinogenesis are discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
alpha-and beta-Globin complementary deoxyribonucleic acids of human and rabbit. Specificity of hybridization. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
10
|
|
11
|
Bank A, Gambino R, Ramirez F, Maniatis G, Natta C, Kacian D, Spiegelman S, Marks PA. Regulation of globin synthesis in the thalassemias. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 241:247-52. [PMID: 4530657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb21883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
12
|
Gambino R, Kacian DL, Ramirez F, Dow LW, Grossbard E, Natta C, Spiegelman S, Marks PA, Bank A. Decreased globin messenger RNA in thalassemia by hydridization and biologic activity assays. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 232:6-14. [PMID: 4137600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb20567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
13
|
Cheng TC, Polmar SK, Kazazian HH. Isolation and Characterization of Modified Globin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid from Erythropoietic Mouse Spleen. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
14
|
Garrick MD, Bricker J, Garrick LM. An electrophoretically silent polymorphism for the beta chains of rabbit hemoglobin and associated polyribosome patterns. Genetics 1974; 76:99-108. [PMID: 4818267 PMCID: PMC1213058 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/76.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The beta chain of rabbit (Oryctolagus caniculus) hemoglobin has previously been reported to contain a single residue of isoleucine at beta(112). We have detected other rabbits with either zero isoleucyl residues or half a residue per beta chain. This character is polymorphic and inherited as a simple mendelian autosomal codominant.-Normally the modal number of ribosomes per polyribosome is 4 to 6 in reticulocyte lysates; but incubation of rabbit reticulocytes prior to lysis with L-o-methylthreonine (OMT), an isostere of isoleucine, leads to a bimodal distribution in lysates with 2-3 and 8-12 ribosomes as modes. This alteration has been attributed to ribosomal traffic jams caused by starvation for ile-tRNA at mRNA codons corresponding to the locations of isoleucyl residues at positions alpha(10), alpha(17), alpha(55) and beta(112). We have confirmed this interpretation by incubating OMT with reticulocytes from rabbits with integral, half integral and nil values for isoleucyl residues per beta chain to show that formation of the larger clusters of polyribosomes requires that beta(112) = ile.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wolf JL, Mason RG, Honig GR. Regulation of hemoglobin beta-chain synthesis in bone marrow erythroid cells by alpha chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:3405-9. [PMID: 4519634 PMCID: PMC427246 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.12.3405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of alpha and beta chains of hemoglobin was studied in vitro in intact reticulocytes and bone marrow cells. The cells were from rabbits having a variant form of hemoglobin in which L-isoleucine is in the alpha but not in the beta chains. This characteristic permitted a selective inhibition of alpha-chain synthesis to be produced by addition to the incubation medium of L-O-methylthreonine, an inhibitor of protein synthesis that is a specific antagonist of L-isoleucine. In studies with reticulocytes, 25 mM L-O-methylthreonine produced a 60-70% inhibition of alpha-chain synthesis, but beta-chain synthesis was unaffected even after incubation times for 4 hr. Because reticulocytes contain a pool of uncombined alpha chains which might have obscured the demonstration of an alpha chain-dependent mechanism for beta-chain synthesis, subsequent studies were done with bone marrow cells. The latter had little or no detectable alpha-chain pool. A substantial inhibition of alpha-chain synthesis by the bone marrow cells was produced by the isoleucine antagonist but was also accompanied by a significantly decreased rate of beta-chain synthesis. These findings suggest that the coordinated synthesis of the complementary alpha- and beta-globin chains of hemoglobin may reflect in part a modifying effect of alpha-chain synthesis on the synthesis of beta chains.
Collapse
|
16
|
Kacian DL, Gambino R, Dow LW, Grossbard E, Natta C, Ramirez F, Spiegelman S, Marks PA, Bank A. Decreased globin messenger RNA in thalassemia detected by molecular hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973; 70:1886-90. [PMID: 4124307 PMCID: PMC433619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.70.6.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies of patients with beta thalassemia, mRNA extracted from reticulocytes in peripheral blood when added to cell-free systems reproduces the deficient beta-chain synthesis characteristic of intact cells. The present studies with specific probes for alpha and beta mRNA were designed to decide whether the decreased beta mRNA activity is due to the presence of abnormal or reduced beta globin mRNA in these cells. Purified alpha and beta complementary DNAs (cDNAs) have been synthesized with RNA-instructed DNA polymerase; alpha and beta mRNAs isolated from heavy (beta-producing) and light (alpha-producing) polyribosomes of rabbit reticulocytes were used as templates. Each of the cDNAs is more than 80% pure by the criterion of biological activity. The alpha cDNA labeled with [(32)P]dCTP and the beta cDNA labeled with [(3)H]dCTP have been added simultaneously to reaction mixtures containing various concentrations of mRNA from thalassemic and nonthalassemic subjects. The extent and rate of hybridization were determined, permitting a comparison of relative alpha and beta mRNA content in the same annealing mixture. In six nonthalassemic patients, relatively equal amounts of hybridizable alpha and beta mRNA appear to be present. In five of seven patients with beta-thalassemia, significantly decreased amounts of beta mRNA compared to alpha mRNA can be demonstrated. In two patients with Hemoglobin H disease, there is a decreased amount of alpha mRNA compared to beta mRNA.
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Litt M, Kabat D. Studies of Transfer Ribonucleic Acids and of Hemoglobin Synthesis in Sheep Reticulocytes. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
19
|
|
20
|
|
21
|
Olson G, Van Iderstine A, Meriwether HT, Ott WH. Growth and residue studies in young chickens fed L-O-ethylthreonine. Poult Sci 1972; 51:1302-8. [PMID: 4647587 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0511302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
22
|
Hansen BS, Vaughan MH, Wang LJ. Reversible Inhibition by Histidinol of Protein Synthesis in Human Cells at the Activation of Histidine. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)45112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
23
|
Hollenberg MD, Kaback MM, Kazazian HH. Adult hemoglobin synthesis by reticulocytes from the human fetus at midtrimester. Science 1971; 174:698-702. [PMID: 5123417 DOI: 10.1126/science.174.4010.698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of adult-type hemoglobin was measured in small samples of peripheral blood cells from 9- to 18-week human fetuses. Hemoglobin indistinguishable from hemoglobin A was identified by ion-exchange chromatography, electrophoresis at pH 8.6, tryptic peptide analysis, and the insensitivity of its synthesis to the action of O-methylthreonine. Synthesis of hemoglobin A accounted for 8 to 14 percent of total hemoglobin synthesis and was demonstrated in as little as 10 microliters of fetal blood. These studies provide sensitive methods for the detection of beta chain types in hemoglobin synthesized by the human fetus at midtrimester. If methods to obtain small quantities of fetal blood at midtrimester become available, these techniques should be applicable to the antenatal detection of sickle cell anemia and related hemoglobinopathies.
Collapse
|
24
|
Hosick HL, Strohman RC. Changes in ribosome-polyribosome balances in chick muscle cells during tissue dissociation, development in culture, and exposure to simplified culture-medium. J Cell Physiol 1971; 77:145-56. [PMID: 5572426 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040770204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
25
|
Steadman JH, Yates A, Huehns ER. Idiopathic Heinz body anaemia: Hb-Bristol (beta67 (E11) Val to Asp). Br J Haematol 1970; 18:435-46. [PMID: 5420592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1970.tb01457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
26
|
Hunt RT, Hunter AR, Munro AJ. The control of haemoglobin synthesis: factors controlling the output of alpha and beta chains. Proc Nutr Soc 1969; 28:248-54. [PMID: 4901036 DOI: 10.1079/pns19690046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the effects of amino acid starvation in reticulocytes is comparatively simple compared with similar analysis in other tissues of whole organisms. This is mainly because of the absence of RNA synthesis in reticulocytes, but also because the bulk of the protein being synthesized is haemoglobin, a protein whose structure is completely known. The absence of RNA synthesis eliminates complications that would otherwise arise through RNA-mediated control mechanisms which in turn might mask the effects of amino acid starvation on the protein synthetic machinery in the cells (Munro, 1969). Consequently reticulocytes have been used to study the effect of amino acid starvation on the actual process of protein synthesis and assembly.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Analysis of the effects of amino acid starvation in reticulocytes is comparatively simple compared with similar analysis in other tissues of whole organisms. This is mainly because of the absence of RNA synthesis in reticulocytes, but also because the bulk of the protein being synthesized is haemoglobin, a protein whose structure is completely known. The absence of RNA synthesis eliminates complications that would otherwise arise through RNA-mediated control mechanisms which in turn might mask the effects of amino acid starvation on the protein synthetic machinery in the cells (Munro, 1969). Consequently reticulocytes have been used to study the effect of amino acid starvation on the actual process of protein synthesis and assembly.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kazazian HH, Freedman ML. The Characterization of Separated α and β Chain Polyribosomes in Rabbit Reticulocytes. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)93159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|