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Watanabe Y, Haneda T, Kimishima A, Kuwae A, Suga T, Suzuki T, Iwabuchi Y, Honsho M, Honma S, Iwatsuki M, Matsui H, Hanaki H, Kanoh N, Abe A, Asami Y, Ōmura S. PurA is the main target of aurodox, a type III secretion system inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322363121. [PMID: 38640341 PMCID: PMC11046696 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322363121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-microbial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to global health. The continual battle between the emergence of AMR and the development of drugs will be extremely difficult to stop as long as traditional anti-biotic approaches are taken. In order to overcome this impasse, we here focused on the type III secretion system (T3SS), which is highly conserved in many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The T3SS is known to be indispensable in establishing disease processes but not essential for pathogen survival. Therefore, T3SS inhibitors may be innovative anti-infective agents that could dramatically reduce the evolutionary selective pressure on strains resistant to treatment. Based on this concept, we previously identified a polyketide natural product, aurodox (AD), as a specific T3SS inhibitor using our original screening system. However, despite its promise as a unique anti-infective drug of AD, the molecular target of AD has remained unclear. In this paper, using an innovative chemistry and genetic biology-based approach, we show that AD binds to adenylosuccinate synthase (PurA), which suppresses the production of the secreted proteins from T3SS, resulting in the expression of bacterial virulence both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Our findings illuminate the potential of PurA as a target of anti-infective drugs and vaccination and could open a avenue for application of PurA in the regulation of T3SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Watanabe
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haneda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
| | - Aoi Kimishima
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
| | - Asaomi Kuwae
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
| | - Takuya Suga
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Iwabuchi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8578, Japan
| | - Masako Honsho
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
| | - Sota Honma
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
| | - Masato Iwatsuki
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
| | - Hidehito Matsui
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hanaki
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanoh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai980-8578, Japan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo142-8501, Japan
| | - Akio Abe
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Asami
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo108-8641, Japan
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2
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Marathe N, Nguyen HA, Alumasa JN, Kuzmishin Nagy AB, Vazquez M, Dunham CM, Keiler KC. Antibiotic that inhibits trans-translation blocks binding of EF-Tu to tmRNA but not to tRNA. mBio 2023; 14:e0146123. [PMID: 37681945 PMCID: PMC10653918 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01461-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Elongation factor thermo-unstable (EF-Tu) is a universally conserved translation factor that mediates productive interactions between tRNAs and the ribosome. In bacteria, EF-Tu also delivers transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA)-SmpB to the ribosome during trans-translation. We report the first small molecule, KKL-55, that specifically inhibits EF-Tu activity in trans-translation without affecting its activity in normal translation. KKL-55 has broad-spectrum antibiotic activity, suggesting that compounds targeted to the tmRNA-binding interface of EF-Tu could be developed into new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Marathe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ha An Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center (ARC), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John N. Alumasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexandra B. Kuzmishin Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center (ARC), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael Vazquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christine M. Dunham
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center (ARC), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kenneth C. Keiler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Fritz L, Wienhold S, Hackl S, Bach T. Total Synthesis of Pulvomycin D. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104064. [PMID: 34792826 PMCID: PMC9299864 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic route to the pulvomycin class of natural products is presented, which culminated in the first synthesis of a pulvomycin, pulvomycin D. Key elements of the strategy include a pivotal aldol reaction which led to bond formation between the C24‐C40 and the C8‐C23 fragment. The remaining C1‐C7 fragment was attached by a Yamaguchi esterification completing the assembly of the 40 carbon atoms within the main skeleton. Ring closure to the 22‐membered lactone ring was achieved in the final stages of the synthesis by a Heck reaction. The completion of the synthesis required the removal of six silyl protecting groups in combination with olefin formation at C26‐C27 by a Peterson elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Fritz
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wienhold
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hackl
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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4
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Identification of pulvomycin as an inhibitor of the futalosine pathway. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2021; 74:825-829. [PMID: 34417567 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Menaquinone is an essential cofactor in the electron-transfer pathway for bacteria. Menaquinone is biosynthesized from chorismate using either the well-known canonical pathway established by pioneering studies in model microorganisms or the futalosine pathway, which we discovered in Streptomyces. Because Helicobacter pylori, which causes stomach cancer, uses the futalosine pathway and most beneficial intestinal bacteria including lactobacilli use the canonical pathway, the futalosine pathway will be a great target to develop antibiotics specific for H. pylori. Here, we searched for such compounds from metabolites produced by actinomycetes and identified pulvomycin from culture broth of Streptomyces sp. K18-0194 as a specific inhibitor of the futalosine pathway.
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Moon K, Cui J, Kim E, Riandi ES, Park SH, Byun WS, Kal Y, Park JY, Hwang S, Shin D, Sun J, Oh KB, Cha S, Shin J, Lee SK, Yoon YJ, Oh DC. Structures and Biosynthetic Pathway of Pulvomycins B–D: 22-Membered Macrolides from an Estuarine Streptomyces sp. Org Lett 2020; 22:5358-5362. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyuho Moon
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsheng Cui
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Evan Setiawan Riandi
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyun Park
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sub Byun
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngju Kal
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Hwang
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyoon Sun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bong Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongheon Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Joon Yoon
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Yang J, Hong J, Luo L, Liu K, Meng C, Ji ZL, Lin D. Biophysical characterization and ligand-binding properties of the elongation factor Tu from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:139-149. [PMID: 30615070 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the key devastating bacterial pathogen responsible for tuberculosis. Increasing emergence of multi-drug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and rifampicin/isoniazid-resistant strains of Mtb makes the discovery of validated drug targets an urgent priority. As a vital translational component of the protein biosynthesis system, elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) is an important molecular switch responsible for selection and binding of the cognate aminoacyl-tRNA to the acceptor site on the ribosome. In addition, EF-Tu from Mtb (MtbEF-Tu) is involved in the initial step of trans-translation which is an effective system for rescuing the stalled ribosomes from non-stop translation complexes under stress conditions. Given its crucial role in protein biosynthesis, EF-Tu is identified as an excellent molecular target for drug design. Here, we reported the recombinant expression, purification, biophysical characterization, and structural modeling of the MtbEF-Tu protein. Our results demonstrated that prokaryotic expression plasmids of pET28a-MtbEF-Tu could be expressed efficiently in Escherichia coli. We successfully purified the 6× His-tagged proteins with a yield of 16.8 mg from 1 l of Luria Bertani medium. Dynamic light scattering experiments showed that MtbEF-Tu existed in a monomeric form, and circular dichroism experiments indicated that MtbEF-Tu was well structured. Moreover, isothermal titration calorimetry experiments displayed that the purified MtbEF-Tu protein possessed intermediate binding affinities for guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) and GDP. The GTP/GDP-binding sites were predicted by flexible molecular docking approach which reveals that GTP/GDP binds to MtbEF-Tu mainly through hydrogen bonds. Our work lays the essential basis for further structural and functional studies of MtbEF-Tu as well as MtbEF-Tu-related novel drug developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chun Meng
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-liang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Donghai Lin
- High-Field NMR Center, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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7
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Créchet JB, Malosse C, Hountondji C. EF-Tu from the enacyloxin producing Frateuria W-315 strain: Structure/activity relationship and antibiotic resistance. Biochimie 2016; 127:59-69. [PMID: 27126073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we have demonstrated that the poly(U)-dependent poly(Phe) synthesis activity of elongator factor Tu (EF-Tu) from the enacyloxin producing strain Frateuria sp. W-315 is inhibited by the antibiotic similarly to that of Escherichia coli EF-Tu. The inhibitory effect of enacyloxin observed in a purified system was the same as that obtained with an S30 extract from E. coli or Frateuria sp. W-315, respectively, suggesting that antibiotic resistance of enacyloxin producing Frateuria sp. W-315 is not due neither to EF-Tu nor to other components of the translation machinery but to a still unknown mechanism. The EF-Tu gene, as PCR amplified from Frateuria W-315 genomic DNA and sequenced represented an ORF of 1191 nucleotides corresponding to 396 amino acids. This protein is larger than the product of tufA from E. coli by only two amino acid residues. Alignment of the amino acid sequence of EF-Tu from E. coli with those of Frateuria and Ralstonia solanacearum indicates on average 80% identical amino acid residues and 9.7% conservative replacements between EF-Tu Frateuria and EF-Tu E. coli, on one hand, and 97% identity and 1.7% conservative replacement between EF-Tu Frateuria and EF-Tu Ralstonia solanacearum, on the other hand. These strong primary structure similarities between EF-Tu from different origins are consistent with the fact that this factor is essential for the translation process in all kingdoms of life. Comparison of the effects of antibiotics on EF-Tu Frateuria and EF-Tu E. coli revealed that enacyloxin, kirromycin and pulvomycin exert a stronger stimulation of the GDP dissociation rate on EF-Tu Frateuria, while the effects of the antibiotics on the GDP association rate were comparable for the two EF-Tu species. Different mutants of EF-Tu E. coli were constructed with the help of site directed mutagenesis by changing one or several residues of EF-Tu E. coli by the corresponding residues of EF-Tu Frateuria. The single A45K substitution did not modify the intrinsic GTPase activity of EF-Tu E. coli. In contrast, a 2-3 fold stimulation of the intrinsic GTPase activity was observed with the single A42E, F46Y, Q48E and the double F46Y/Q48E substitution. Finally, up to a 7 fold stimulation was observed with the quadruple substitution (mutant A42E/A45K/F46Y/Q48E.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Malosse
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Unité Spectrométrie de Masse Structurale et Protéomique, CNRS UMR 3528, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 PARIS Cedex 15 France
| | - Codjo Hountondji
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06, Unité de Recherche UPMC UR6 "Enzymologie de l'ARN", 4, Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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8
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Fabbretti A, Giuliodori AM. Inhibitors of Bacterial Elongation Factor EF-Tu. Antibiotics (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527659685.ch18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Martucci NM, Lamberti A, Arcari P, Masullo M. The eubacterial protein synthesis inhibitor pulvomycin interacts with archaeal elongation factor 1α from Sulfolobus solfataricus. Biochimie 2011; 94:503-9. [PMID: 21924318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of pulvomycin on the biochemical and fluorescence spectroscopic properties of the archaeal elongation factor 1α from Sulfolobus solfataricus (SsEF-1α), the functional analog of eubacterial EF-Tu, was investigated. The antibiotic was able to reduce in vitro the rate of protein synthesis however, the concentration of pulvomycin leading to 50% inhibition (173 μM) was two order of magnitude higher but one order lower than that required in eubacteria and eukarya, respectively. The effect of the antibiotic on the partial reactions catalysed by SsEF-1α indicated that pulvomycin was able to decrease the affinity of the elongation factor toward aa-tRNA only in the presence of GTP, to an extent similar to that measured in the presence of GDP. Moreover, the antibiotic produced an increase of the intrinsic GTPase catalysed by SsEF-1α, but not that of its engineered forms. Finally, pulvomycin induced a variation in fluorescence spectrum of the aromatic region of the elongation factor and its truncated forms. These spectroscopic results suggested that a conformational change of the elongation factor takes place upon interaction with the antibiotic. This finding was confirmed by the protection against chemical denaturation of SsEF-1α, observed in the presence of pulvomycin. However, a stabilising effect of the antibiotic directly on the protein in the complex could takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Martucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università degli Studi Magna Graecia di Catanzaro, Complesso Ninì Barbieri, I-88021 Roccelletta di Borgia (CZ), Italy
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McKenzie NL, Thaker M, Koteva K, Hughes DW, Wright GD, Nodwell JR. Induction of antimicrobial activities in heterologous streptomycetes using alleles of the Streptomyces coelicolor gene absA1. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 63:177-82. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Olsthoorn-Tieleman LN, Palstra RJTS, van Wezel GP, Bibb MJ, Pleij CWA. Elongation factor Tu3 (EF-Tu3) from the kirromycin producer Streptomyces ramocissimus Is resistant to three classes of EF-Tu-specific inhibitors. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:3581-90. [PMID: 17337575 PMCID: PMC1855904 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01810-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic kirromycin inhibits prokaryotic protein synthesis by immobilizing elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) on the elongating ribosome. Streptomyces ramocissimus, the producer of kirromycin, contains three tuf genes. While tuf1 and tuf2 encode kirromycin-sensitive EF-Tu species, the function of tuf3 is unknown. Here we demonstrate that EF-Tu3, in contrast to EF-Tu1 and EF-Tu2, is resistant to three classes of EF-Tu-targeted antibiotics: kirromycin, pulvomycin, and GE2270A. A mixture of EF-Tu1 and EF-Tu3 was sensitive to kirromycin and resistant to GE2270A, in agreement with the described modes of action of these antibiotics. Transcription of tuf3 was observed during exponential growth and ceased upon entry into stationary phase and therefore did not correlate with the appearance of kirromycin in stationary phase; thus, it is unlikely that EF-Tu3 functions as a resistant alternative for EF-Tu1. EF-Tu3 from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) was also resistant to kirromycin and GE2270A, suggesting that multiple antibiotic resistance is an intrinsic feature of EF-Tu3 species. The GE2270A-resistant character of EF-Tu3 demonstrated that this divergent elongation factor is capable of substituting for EF-Tu1 in vivo.
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Parmeggiani A, Nissen P. Elongation factor Tu-targeted antibiotics: four different structures, two mechanisms of action. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4576-81. [PMID: 16876786 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), the carrier of aa-tRNA to the mRNA-programmed ribosome, is the target of four families of antibiotics of unrelated structure, of which the action is supported by two basic mechanisms. Kirromycin and enacyloxin block EF-Tu.GDP on the ribosome; pulvomycin and GE2270 A inhibit the interaction of EF-Tu.GTP with aa-tRNA. The crystallographic analysis has unveiled the structural background of their actions, explaining how antibiotics of unrelated structures and binding modes and sites can employ similar mechanism of action. The selective similarities and differences of their binding sites and the induced EF-Tu conformations make understand how nature can affect the activities of a complex regulatory enzyme by means of low-molecular compounds, and have proposed a suitable approach for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Parmeggiani
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10 C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Sedlák E, Žoldák G, Antalı́k M, Sprinzl M. Thermodynamic properties of nucleotide-free EF-Tu from Thermus thermophilus in the presence of low-molecular weight effectors of its GTPase activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(02)00270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Zuurmond AM, Martien de Graaf J, Olsthoorn-Tieleman LN, van Duyl BY, Mörhle VG, Jurnak F, Mesters JR, Hilgenfeld R, Kraal B. GE2270A-resistant mutations in elongation factor Tu allow productive aminoacyl-tRNA binding to EF-Tu.GTP.GE2270A complexes. J Mol Biol 2000; 304:995-1005. [PMID: 11124042 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotic GE2270A prevents stable complex formation between elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and aminoacyl-tRNA (aatRNA). In Escherichia coli we characterized two mutant EF-Tu species with either G257S or G275A that lead to high GE2270A resistance in poly(Phe) synthesis, which at least partially explains the high resistance of EF-Tu1 from GE2270A producer Planobispora rosea to its own antibiotic. Both E. coli mutants were unexpectedly found to bind GE2270A nearly as well as wild-type (wt) EF-Tu in their GTP-bound conformations. Both G257S and G275A are in or near the binding site for the 3' end of aatRNA. The G257S mutation causes a 2.5-fold increase in affinity for aatRNA, whereas G275A causes a 40-fold decrease. In the presence of GE2270A, wt EF-Tu shows a drop in aatRNA affinity of at least four orders of magnitude. EF-Tu[G275S] and EF-Tu[G275A] curtail this drop to about two or one order, respectively. It thus appears that the resistance mutations do not prevent GE2270A from binding to EF-Tu.GTP and that the mutant EF-Tus may accommodate GE2270A and aatRNA simultaneously. Interestingly, in their GDP-bound conformations the mutant EF-Tus have much less affinity for GE2270A than wt EF-Tu. The latter is explained by a recent crystal structure of the EF-Tu.GDP.GE2270A complex, which predicts direct steric problems between GE2270A and the mutated G257S or G275A. These mutations may cause a dislocation of GE2270A in complex with GTP-bound EF-Tu, which then no longer prevents aatRNA binding as in the wt situation. Altogether, the data lead to the following novel resistance scenario. Upon arrival of the mutant EF-Tu.GTP.GE2270.aatRNA complex at the ribosomal A-site, the GTPase centre is triggered. The affinities of aatRNA and GE2270A for the GDP-bound EF-Tu are negligible; the former stays at the A-site for subsequent interaction with the peptidyltransferase centre and the latter two dissociate from the ribosome.
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MESH Headings
- Actinomycetales/chemistry
- Adenine/metabolism
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Aminoglycosides
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Microbial
- Escherichia coli/chemistry
- Escherichia coli/drug effects
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism
- Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation/genetics
- Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/chemistry
- Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/genetics
- Peptide Elongation Factor Tu/metabolism
- Peptides/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Poly U/genetics
- Poly U/metabolism
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects
- Protein Conformation
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/metabolism
- Thermodynamics
- Thermus/chemistry
- Thiazoles/chemistry
- Thiazoles/metabolism
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Zuurmond
- Department of Biochemistry Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Krab
- Equipe 2 du Groupe de Biophysique, Ecole Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
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16
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Kudlicki W, Coffman A, Kramer G, Hardesty B. Renaturation of rhodanese by translational elongation factor (EF) Tu. Protein refolding by EF-Tu flexing. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:32206-10. [PMID: 9405422 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.51.32206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The translation elongation factor (EF) Tu has chaperone-like capacity to promote renaturation of denatured rhodanese. This renaturation activity is greatly increased under conditions in which the factor can oscillate between the open and closed conformations that are induced by GDP and GTP, respectively. Oscillation occurs during GTP hydrolysis and subsequent replacement of GDP by EF-Ts which is then displaced by GTP. Renaturation of rhodanese and GTP hydrolysis by EF-Tu are greatly enhanced by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor EF-Ts. However, renaturation is reduced under conditions that stabilize EF-Tu in either the open or closed conformation. Both GDP and the nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP, GMP-PCP, inhibit renaturation. Kirromycin and pulvomycin, antibiotics that specifically bind to EF-Tu and inhibit its activity in peptide elongation, also strongly inhibit EF-Tu-mediated renaturation of denatured rhodanese to levels near those observed for spontaneous, unassisted refolding. Kirromycin locks EF-Tu in the open conformation in the presence of either GTP or GDP, whereas pulvomycin locks the factor in the closed conformation. The results lead to the conclusion that flexing of EF-Tu, especially as occurs between its open and closed conformations, is a major factor in its chaperone-like refolding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kudlicki
- Molecular Biology Institute and the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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17
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Möhrle VG, Tieleman LN, Kraal B. Elongation factor Tu1 of the antibiotic GE2270A producer Planobispora rosea has an unexpected resistance profile against EF-Tu targeted antibiotics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 230:320-6. [PMID: 9016775 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.5947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity of EF-Tu1 of the GE2270A producer Planobispora rosea towards GE2270A, pulvomycin and kirromycin was determined by band-shift assays for EF-Tu1-antibiotic complex formation and by in vitro translation experiments. EF-Tu1 of P. rosea appeared to be not only totally resistant to GE2270A, but also ten times more resistant to kirromycin than EF-Tu1 of Streptomyces coelicolor. In contrast, P. rosea EF-Tu1 was found to be not resistant to pulvomycin, an antibiotic that just like GE2270A blocks EF-Tu x GTP x aminoacyl-tRNA complex formation. Previous in vivo and in vitro experiments with mixed populations of antibiotic resistant and sensitive EF-Tu species had shown that sensitivity to kirromycin and pulvomycin is dominant over resistance. In the case of GE2270A we observed, however, that sensitivity is recessive to resistance, which again points to a different action mechanism than in the case of pulvomycin. Besides the tuf1 gene encoding the regular elongation factor EF-Tu1 a gene similar to S. coelicolor tuf3 for a specialized EF-Tu was located in the P. rosea genome. The tuf1 gene was isolated and sequenced. The amino acid sequence of EF-Tul of P. rosea not only exhibits an unusual Tyr160 substitution (comparable to those described for kirromycin-resistant EF-Tus), but also shows significant changes of conserved amino acids in domain 2 that may be responsible for GE2270A resistance (the latter do not resemble those leading to pulvomycin resistance). P. rosea EF-Tu1 thus is a first example of a bacterial EF-Tu with resistance against two divergently acting antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Möhrle
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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18
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Spahn CM, Prescott CD. Throwing a spanner in the works: antibiotics and the translation apparatus. J Mol Med (Berl) 1996; 74:423-39. [PMID: 8872856 DOI: 10.1007/bf00217518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The protein synthetic machinery is essential to all living cells and is one of the major targets for antibiotics. Knowledge of the structure and function of the ribosome and its associated factors is key to understanding the mechanism of drug action. Conversely, drugs have been used as tools to probe the translation cycle, thus providing a means to further our understanding of the steps that lead to protein synthesis. Our current understanding as to how antibiotics disrupt this process is reviewed here, with particular emphasis on the prokaryotic elongation cycle and those drugs that interact with ribosomal RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Spahn
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Genetik, AG Ribosomen, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Czworkowski J, Moore PB. The elongation phase of protein synthesis. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 54:293-332. [PMID: 8768078 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60366-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Czworkowski
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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20
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Kraal B, Zeef LA, Mesters JR, Boon K, Vorstenbosch EL, Bosch L, Anborgh PH, Parmeggiani A, Hilgenfeld R. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of mutant EF-Tu species in Escherichia coli. Biochem Cell Biol 1995; 73:1167-77. [PMID: 8722034 DOI: 10.1139/o95-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of antibiotic-resistant EF-Tu mutants has revealed a connection between resistance and structural elements that participate in the GTPase switching mechanism. Both random and site-directed mutagenesis methods have yielded sets of purified mutant EF-Tu resistant to kirromycin (kirT) or pulvomycin (pulT). All kirT mutations cluster in the interface of domain 1 and 3 of EF-Tu in its GTP-bound conformation, not in that of EF-Tu.GDP. Other evidence also suggests that kirromycin binds to the interface of wild-type EF-Tu, thereby jamming the GTPase switch. Various functional studies reveal two subsequent resistance mechanisms. The first hinders kirromycin binding to EF-Tu.GTP and the second occurs after GTP hydrolysis by rejection of bound kirromycin. All pulT mutations cluster in the three-domain junction interface of EF-Tu. GTP (which is an open hole in EF-Tu.GDP) and destabilize a salt-bridge network. Pulvomycin may bind nearby and overlap with tRNA binding. Mutations show that a D99-R230 salt bridge is not essential for the transduction of the GTPase switch signal from domain 1. In vivo and in vitro studies reveal that pulvomycin sensitivity is dominant over resistance. This demands a revision of the current view of the mechanism of pulvomycin inhibition of protein synthesis and may support a translation model with two EF-Tus on the ribosome. Several mutant EF-Tu species display altered behaviour towards aminoacyl-tRNA with interesting effects on translational accuracy. KirT EF-Tu(A375T) is able to reverse the streptomycin-dependent phenotype of a ribosomal protein S12 mutant strain to streptomycin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kraal
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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21
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Boon K, Krab I, Parmeggiani A, Bosch L, Kraal B. Substitution of Arg230 and Arg233 in Escherichia coli elongation factor Tu strongly enhances its pulvomycin resistance. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 227:816-22. [PMID: 7867642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pulvomycin is a strong inhibitor of protein synthesis, known to prevent the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to elongation factor Tu.GTP (EF-Tu.GTP). Recently, three pulvomycin-resistant mutant strains have been isolated by targeted mutagenesis of the tufA gene resulting in EF-Tu substitutions at positions 230, 333 or 334. In order to analyze the functions of arginine residues located in domain II, with respect to pulvomycin resistance and the interaction with aminoacyl-tRNA, we have investigated the effect of the substitutions of the highly conserved residues Arg230 and Arg233 by site-directed mutagenesis. We have purified two mutants species, [R233S]EF-TuHis and [R230V, R233F]EF-TuHis, both with a C-terminal histidine extension to enable purification by Ni2+ affinity chromatography. In this study, we describe the in vitro characterization of these mutant proteins. The results show that the concomitant substitution of residues at positions 230 and 233, dramatically increases the pulvomycin resistance. Preliminary evidence is presented that protein synthesis is inhibited by an EF-Tu.GDP.pulvomycin complex rather than by EF-Tu.GTP.pulvomycin. Moreover, the mutant [R230V, R233F]EF-TuHis shows a stronger protection of the ester bond of aminoacyl-tRNA than wild-type EF-Tu.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Boon
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorleaus Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, The Netherlands
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22
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Colombo L, Stella S, Selva E. Contribution of mass spectrometry to the structural confirmation of components of the antibiotic GE2270 complex. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 1995; 9:717-722. [PMID: 7647369 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1290090817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The GE2270 complex consists mainly of GE2270 A (MW 1289), a thiazolyl peptide antibiotic whose structure originates from the modification of a chain of 14 amino acids in a process which creates six thiazole rings and one pyridine. Together with the main component, a number of structurally related molecules are co-produced in small quantities by fermentation. A preparative high-performance liquid chromatrography method was developed to isolate GE2270 factors B1, B2, C1, C2a, C2b, D1, D2, E and T. Their structures, preliminarily determined by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in comparison with GE2270 A, were confirmed by low and high resolution fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry and studies on the intact molecules and on their main hydrolysis products. Their molecular weights range from 1246 to 1306 Da. The structural differences between the factors lie in the extent of methylation and/or oxidation of thiazole rings (D and E) and asparagine, and in the aromatization of the oxazoline ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Colombo
- Marion Merrell Dow Research Institute, Lepetit Research Center, Gerenzano (VARESE), Italy
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23
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Chapter 13 Translation in archaea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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24
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Londei P, Sanz JL, Altamura S, Hummel H, Cammarano P, Amils R, Böck A, Wolf H. Unique antibiotic sensitivity of archaebacterial polypeptide elongation factors. J Bacteriol 1986; 167:265-71. [PMID: 3087957 PMCID: PMC212870 DOI: 10.1128/jb.167.1.265-271.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic sensitivity of the archaebacterial factors catalyzing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes (elongation factor Tu [EF-Tu] for eubacteria and elongation factor 1 [EF1] for eucaryotes) and the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA (elongation factor G [EF-G] for eubacteria and elongation factor 2 [EF2] for eucaryotes) was investigated by using two EF-Tu and EF1 [EF-Tu(EF1)]-targeted drugs, kirromycin and pulvomycin, and the EF-G and EF2 [EF-G(EF2)]-targeted drug fusidic acid. The interaction of the inhibitors with the target factors was monitored by using polyphenylalanine-synthesizing cell-free systems. A survey of methanogenic, halophilic, and sulfur-dependent archaebacteria showed that elongation factors of organisms belonging to the methanogenic-halophilic and sulfur-dependent branches of the "third kingdom" exhibit different antibiotic sensitivity spectra. Namely, the methanobacterial-halobacterial EF-Tu(EF1)-equivalent protein was found to be sensitive to pulvomycin but insensitive to kirromycin, whereas the methanobacterial-halobacterial EF-G(EF2)-equivalent protein was found to be sensitive to fusidic acid. By contrast, sulfur-dependent thermophiles were unaffected by all three antibiotics, with two exceptions; Thermococcus celer, whose EF-Tu(EF1)-equivalent factor was blocked by pulvomycin, and Thermoproteus tenax, whose EF-G(EF2)-equivalent factor was sensitive to fusidic acid. On the whole, the results revealed a remarkable intralineage heterogeneity of elongation factors not encountered within each of the two reference (eubacterial and eucaryotic) kingdoms.
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25
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Glöckner C, Wolf H. Mechanism of natural resistance to kirromycin-type antibiotics in actinomycetes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb01387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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26
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Cammarano P, Teichner A, Chinali G, Londei P, de Rosa M, Gambacorta A, Nicolaus B. Archaebacterial elongation factor Tu insensitive to pulvomycin and kirromycin. FEBS Lett 1982; 148:255-9. [PMID: 6759168 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A spermine-dependent, polyphenylalanine-synthesizing cell-free system having an optimum activity at 75-85 degrees C, has been developed from the extremely thermoacidophilic archaebacterium Caldariella acidophila. The C. acidophila system is totally insensitive to the EF-Tu targeted antibiotics pulvomycin (at 40 degrees C) and kirromycin (at 47-72 degrees C) contrary to control systems derived from both mesophilic (Escherichia coli) and thermoacidophilic (Bacillus acidocaldarius) eubacteria. The archaebacterial EF-Tu-equivalent factor is also immunologically unrelated to eubacterial EF-Tu and does not cross react with antibodies against Escherichia coli EF-Tu. The pulvomycin and kirromycin reactions thus provide new phyletic markers for archaebacterial ancestry.
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27
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Pingoud A, Block W, Wittinghofer A, Wolf H, Fischer E. The elongation factor Tu binds aminoacyl-tRNA in the presence of GDP. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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28
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Abstract
Properties of the elongation factor Tu from Lactobacillus brevis which is naturally insensitive to kirromycin are described. The protein is characterized by an unusual nucleotide-binding site with increased affinity for GTP and extreme heat stability. EF-Tu is sensitive to pulvomycin in the assay of polyphenylalanine synthesis. However, the failure of the protein to display pulvomycin-dependent GDP-binding and GTPase activity indicates that pulvomycin action in L. brevis differs from that in E. coli.
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29
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Pingoud A, Block W, Urbanke C, Wolf H. The antibiotics kirromycin and pulvomycin bind to different sites on the elongation factor Tu from Escherichia coli. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 123:261-5. [PMID: 6122571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb19762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pulvomycin and kirromycin, two antibiotics which inhibit protein biosynthesis in Escherichia coli by complex formation with the elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), bind to different sites on the protein. While only one molecule of kirromycin can be bound to one molecule of EF-Tu, more than one molecule of pulvomycin interacts with a molecule of EF-Tu. This has been deduced from experiments in which the aminoacyl-tRNA binding and the GTPase activity of EF-Tu were measured in the presence of varying amounts of both antibiotics. These experiments are interpreted to mean that pulvomycin but not kirromycin can replace the other antibiotic in its respective site. Our conclusions are supported by circular dichroism spectroscopy.
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30
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31
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L'Italien J, Laursen R. The amino acid sequence of elongation factor Tu of Escherichia coli. The large cyanogen bromide peptides. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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32
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Eccleston J. Spectrophotometric and kinetic studies on the interaction of antibiotic X5108, the N-methylated derivative of kirromycin, with elongation factor Tu from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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33
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Arai K, Clark BF, Duffy L, Jones MD, Kaziro Y, Laursen RA, L'Italien J, Miller DL, Nagarkatti S, Nakamura S, Nielsen KM, Petersen TE, Takahashi K, Wade M. Primary structure of elongation factor Tu from Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:1326-30. [PMID: 6990408 PMCID: PMC348487 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.3.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) from Escherichia coli has been determined. EF-Tu is a single-chain polypeptide composed of 393 amino acids (Mr 43,225 for the species bearing COOH-terminal serine). The NH2-terminal serine is acetylated, and lysine-56 is partially methylated. The sites of facile tryptic cleavage are at arginines 44 and 58 and at lysine-263. The cysteinyl residues associated with aminoacyl-tRNA and guanosine nucleotide binding activities are residues 81 and 137, respectively. The COOH-terminal amino acid is heterogenous in that analyses of the COOH-terminal peptides isolated from different EF-Tu preparations gave position 393 as glycine and serine in ratios (Gly/Ser) ranging from about 0.7 to 3.
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