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Mullins JJ, Mullins LJ, Dunbar DR, Brammar WJ, Gross KW, Morley SD. Identification of a human ortholog of the mouseDcppgene locus, encoding a novel member of the CSP-1/Dcpp salivary protein family. Physiol Genomics 2006; 28:129-40. [PMID: 16954406 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00153.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary fluid, the collective product of numerous major and minor salivary glands, contains a range of secretory proteins that play key defensive, digestive, and gustatory roles in the oral cavity. To understand the distinct protein “signature” contributed by individual salivary glands to salivary secretions, we studied a family of proteins shown by in vitro mRNA translation to be abundantly expressed in mouse sublingual glands. Molecular cloning, Southern blotting, and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses showed these to represent one known and two novel members of the common salivary protein (CSP-1)/Demilune cell and parotid protein (Dcpp) salivary protein family, the genes for which are closely linked in the T-complex region of mouse chromosome 17. Bioinformatic analysis identified a putative human CSP-1/Dcpp ortholog, HRPE773, expressed predominantly in human salivary tissue, that shows 31% amino acid identity and 45% amino acid similarity to the mouse Dcpp query sequence. The corresponding human gene displays a similar structure to the mouse Dcpp genes and is located on human chromosome 16 in a region known to be syntenic with the T-complex region of mouse chromosome 17. The predicted mouse and human proteins both display classical NH2-terminal signal sequences, putative jacalin-related lectin domains, and potential N-linked glycosylation sites, suggesting secretion via sublingual saliva into the oral cavity where they may display antimicrobial activity or provide a defensive coating to enamel. Identification of a human CSP-1/Dcpp ortholog therefore provides a key tool for investigation of salivary protein function in human oral health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Mullins
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
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Ogren L, Talamantes F. Prolactins of pregnancy and their cellular source. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1988; 112:1-65. [PMID: 3045043 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Ogren
- Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz 95064
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A functional interaction between the signal peptide and the translation apparatus is detected by the use of a single point mutation which blocks translocation across mammalian endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)61096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Chan JS, Nie ZR, Seidah NG, Chrétien M. Purification of ovine placental lactogen (oPL) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Evidence for two forms of oPL. FEBS Lett 1986; 199:259-64. [PMID: 3009220 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)80491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
After initial purification of ovine placental lactogen (oPL) using the procedures described previously [(1976) Endocrinology 98, 65-75], the oPL preparation was further purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an anionic exchange column (Bio-Sil TSK DEAE-2-SW). Two forms of oPL with different relative mobilities on HPLC were isolated and designated oPL-I and oPL-II. Subsequent analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis containing SDS revealed that oPL-I and oPL-II are nearly homogeneous (greater than 90% pure) and are identical in apparent Mr (approx. 22 000-23 000). Like human growth hormone (hGH), oPL-I and oPL-II are equally active in the radioreceptor assays for growth hormone-like activity (RRA-GH) and for prolactin-like activity (RRA-RRL). In the radioimmunoassay of oPL, both oPL-I and oPL-II are immunologically similar. Analysis of amino acid composition revealed that oPL-I and oPL-II consist of 199 and 196 residues, respectively, and have almost identical residues except that oPL-I has a higher content of glycine. Furthermore, both oPLs have a general similarity in amino acid composition to oGH and oPRL except for a lower content of methionine and leucine but with a higher content of lysine. Our studies demonstrated the presence of two similar forms of oPL. Whether these two similar forms of oPL share identical primary structure remains to be determined.
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Russell J, Lettieri D, Sherwood LM. Direct regulation by calcium of cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleic acid coding for pre-proparathyroid hormone in isolated bovine parathyroid cells. J Clin Invest 1983; 72:1851-5. [PMID: 6688813 PMCID: PMC370475 DOI: 10.1172/jci111146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA complementary to bovine preproparathyroid hormone mRNA was cloned and labeled by nick translation in order to measure mRNA by molecular hybridization. Bovine parathyroid cells were maintained in primary tissue culture for periods up to 96 h at 0.5 mM, 1.25 mM, and 2.5 mM calcium, which was followed by extraction of cellular RNA. Levels of mRNA showed no differences at 0.5 or 1.25 mM calcium, but at high calcium levels, there was a reversible decrease that began at 16 h to a plateau at 30% of control after 72 h. These studies suggest that the glandular capacity to synthesize hormone may be at or near maximal at normal calcium, but at high calcium, there is a decrease over time in steady state levels of mRNA.
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Perlman D, Halvorson HO. A putative signal peptidase recognition site and sequence in eukaryotic and prokaryotic signal peptides. J Mol Biol 1983; 167:391-409. [PMID: 6345794 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(83)80341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 905] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Presecretory signal peptides of 39 proteins from diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources have been compared. Although varying in length and amino acid composition, the labile peptides share a hydrophobic core of approximately 12 amino acids. A positively charged residue (Lys or Arg) usually precedes the hydrophobic core. Core termination is defined by the occurrence of a charged residue, a sequence of residues which may induce a beta-turn in a polypeptide, or an interruption in potential alpha-helix or beta-extended strand structure. The hydrophobic cores contain, by weight average, 37% Leu: 15% Ala: 10% Val: 10% Phe: 7% Ile plus 21% other hydrophobic amino acids arranged in a non-random sequence. Following the hydrophobic cores (aligned by their last residue) a highly non-random and localized distribution of Ala is apparent within the initial eight positions following the core: (formula; see text) Coincident with this observation, Ala-X-Ala is the most frequent sequence preceding signal peptidase cleavage. We propose the existence of a signal peptidase recognition sequence A-X-B with the preferred cleavage site located after the sixth amino acid following the core sequence. Twenty-two of the above 27 underlined Ala residues would participate as A or B in peptidase cleavage. Position A includes the larger aliphatic amino acids, Leu, Val and Ile, as well as the residues already found at B (principally Ala, Gly and Ser). Since a preferred cleavage site can be discerned from carboxyl and not amino terminal alignment of the hydrophobic cores it is proposed that the carboxyl ends are oriented inward toward the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum where cleavage is thought to occur. This orientation coupled with the predicted beta-turn typically found between the core and the cleavage site implies reverse hairpin insertion of the signal sequence. The structural features which we describe should help identify signal peptides and cleavage sites in presumptive amino acid sequences derived from DNA sequences.
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von Heijne G. Patterns of amino acids near signal-sequence cleavage sites. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 133:17-21. [PMID: 6852022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1746] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
According to the signal hypothesis, a signal sequence, once having initiated export of a growing protein chain across the rough endoplasmic reticulum, is cleaved from the mature protein at a specific site. It has long been known that some part of the cleavage specificity resides in the last residue of the signal sequence, which invariably is one with a small, uncharged side-chain, but no further specific patterns of amino acids near the point of cleavage have been discovered so far. In this paper, some such patterns, based on a sample of 78 eukaryotic signal sequences, are presented and discussed, and a first attempt at formulating rules for the prediction of cleavage sites is made.
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Barrera-Saldaña HA, Seeburg PH, Saunders GF. Two structurally different genes produce the same secreted human placental lactogen hormone. J Biol Chem 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)32734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Foreman RC, Judah JD. Cleavage of human placental lactogen precursor by an enzyme from microbial membranes. Biosci Rep 1982; 2:995-1002. [PMID: 6762232 DOI: 10.1007/bf01122167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
When membranes from Escherichia coli MRE 600 are added to an in vitro translation system, they are able to cleave correctly prehuman placental lactogen to yield the mature hormone. The protein was identified by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and by determining its amino acid sequence. These studies were aided by the development of a new method for the separation of human placental lactogen from its precursor.
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Abstract
A number of signal sequences, prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic, have been analyzed in terms of gross amino acid composition and hydrophobicity. It is shown that the amino acid composition of the hydrophobic core can be well reproduced in a computer simulation of signal sequence 'evolution' with selection operating on the mean hydrophobicity of the sequence and the non-occurrence of charged residues. The calculated hydrophobicities are interpreted in terms of a model in which the hydrophobic part of the signal sequence partitions directly into the membrane interior, thereby making further translocation of the growing nascent chain possible.
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Use of formylated yeast initiator Met tRNA to define the NH2-terminal residues of rat preproinsulin and pregrowth hormone. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Takatsuki K, Schneider A, Shin K, Sherwood L. Extraction, purification, and partial characterization of bovine parathyroid secretory protein. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Mous J, Peeters B, Rombauts W. Synthesis and core glycosylation of the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin in Xenopus oocytes. FEBS Lett 1980; 122:105-8. [PMID: 6163657 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Scheele G, Jacoby R, Carne T. Mechanism of compartmentation of secretory proteins: transport of exocrine pancreatic proteins across the microsomal membrane. J Cell Biol 1980; 87:611-28. [PMID: 7462318 PMCID: PMC2110786 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.87.3.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which secretory proteins are segregated within the cisternal space of microsomal vesicles was studied using dog pancreas mRNA which directs the synthesis of 14 well-characterized nonglycosylated pancreatic exocrine proteins. In the absence of microsomal membranes, each of the proteins was synthesized as larger polypeptide chains (presecretory proteins). 1,000-2,000 daltons larger than their authentic counterparts as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS. Conditions optimal for the study of reconstituted rough microsomes in the reticulocyte lysate system were examined in detail using mRNA and microsomal membranes isolated from dog pancreas. Functional reconstitution of rough microsomes was considerably more efficient in the presence of micrococcal nuclease- treated membranes than in the presence of EDTA-treated membranes. Analysis for segregation of nascent secretory proteins by microsomal vesicles, using post-translational incubation in the presence of trypsin and chymotrypsin, 50 mug/ml each, was shown to be inadequate, because of the disruption of vesicles by protease activity. Addition of 1-3 mM tetracaine or 1 mM dibucaine stabilized microsomal membranes incubated in the presence of trypsin and chymotrypsin at either 0 degrees or 22 degrees C. Each of the pancreatic presecretory proteins studied was correctly processed to authentic secretory proteins by nuclease-treated microsomal membranes, as judged by both one-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electophoresis. Post-translational addition of membranes did not result in either segregation or processing of nascent polypeptide chains. Post- translational proteolysis, carried out in the presence of 3 mM tetracaine, indicated that each of the 14 characterized dog pancreas secretory proteins was quantitatively segregated by nuclease-treated microsomal vesicles. Segregation of nascent secretory proteins was irreversible, since radioactive amylase, as well as the other labeled secretory proteins, remained quantitatively sequestered in microsomal vesicles during a 90-min incubation at 22 degrees C after the cessation of protein synthesis. Studies employing synchronized protein synthesis and delayed addition of membranes indicated that all pancreatic presecretory proteins contain amino terminal peptide extensions. These peptide extensions are shown to mediate the cotranslational binding of presecretory proteins to microsomal membranes and the transport of nascent secretory proteins to the vesicular space. The maximum chain lengths which, during synthesis, allow segregation of nascent polypeptide chains varied between 61 (pretrypsinogen 2 + 3) and 88 (preprocarboxypeptidase A1) amino acid residues among dog pancreas presecretory proteins. Reconstitution studies using homologous and heterologous mixtures of mRNA (dog, guinea pig, and rat pancreas; rat liver) and micrococcal nuclease-treated microsomal membranes (dog, guinea pig, and rat liver; dog pancreas), in the presence of placental ribonuclease inhibitor, suggest that the translocation mechanism described is common to the rough endoplasmic reticulum of all mammalian tissues.
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Wilson V, Hogg R. The NH2-terminal sequence of a precursor form of the arabinose binding protein. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Sherwood LM, Burstein Y, Schechter I. Similarities in the structure and function of both the mature forms and biosynthetic precursors of placental lactogen and growth hormone. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980; 343:155-67. [PMID: 6930849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb47249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kreibich G, Czakó-Graham M, Grebenau RC, Sabatini DD. Functional and structural characteristics of endoplasmic reticulum proteins associated with ribosome binding sites. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980; 343:17-33. [PMID: 6994552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb47239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hortin G, Boime I. Inhibition of preprotein processing in ascites tumor lysates by incorporation of a leucine analog. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:1356-60. [PMID: 6929490 PMCID: PMC348493 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.3.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine analogs were tested in the Krebs II ascites cell-free translation system for the ability to inhibit preprotein cleavage by replacing leucine in nascent chains of bovine preprolactin, rat preprolactin, human placental prelactogen (pre-hPL), and pre-alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (alpha-hCG). In the absence of analog, ascites microsomal membranes cleaved these preproteins to their mature forms and sequestered the processed products. Also, two asparagine residues in alpha-hCG were glycosylated. When 4 mM beta-DL-hydroxyleucine was added to the lysate instead of L-leucine, cotranslational processing and sequestration of both species of preprolactin and pre-hPL were inhibited. Sequential Edman degradation confirmed that pre-hPL was not cleaved. The inhibition of processing by beta-hydroxyleucine resulted from its incorporation into protein. This was shown by reversal of the effect by addition of leucine and by inhibition of [(3)H]leucine incorporation into protein. Of significance, the processing of pre-alpha-hCG was less sensitive to beta-hydroxyleucine because its prepeptide contains only four scattered leucine residues, whereas the presegments of hPL and the prolactins contain six to eight clustered leucine residues. These experiments demonstrate that translocation and processing of secretory proteins require structural features determined by the primary amino acid sequence.
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