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Salo AM, Wang C, Sipilä L, Sormunen R, Vapola M, Kervinen P, Ruotsalainen H, Heikkinen J, Myllylä R. Lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3) modifies proteins in the extracellular space, a novel mechanism for matrix remodeling. J Cell Physiol 2006; 207:644-53. [PMID: 16447251 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3), the multifunctional enzyme associated with collagen biosynthesis that possesses lysyl hydroxylase and collagen glycosyltransferase activities, has been characterized in the extracellular space in this study. Lysine modifications are known to occur in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) prior to collagen triple-helix formation, but in this study we show that LH3 is also present and active in the extracellular space. Studies with in vitro cultured cells indicate that LH3, in addition to being an ER resident, is secreted from the cells and is found both in the medium and on the cell surface associated with collagens or other proteins with collagenous sequences. Furthermore, in vivo, LH3 is present in serum. LH3 protein levels correlate with the galactosylhydroxylysine glucosyltransferase (GGT) activity of mouse tissues. This, together with other data, indicates that LH3 is responsible for GGT activity in the tissues and that GGT activity assays can be used to quantify LH3 in tissues. LH3 in vivo is located in two compartments, in the ER and in the extracellular space, and the partitioning varies with tissue type. In mouse kidney the enzyme is located mainly intracellularly, whereas in mouse liver it is located solely in the extracellular space. The extracellular localization and the ability of LH3 to modify lysyl residues of extracellular proteins in their native, nondenaturated conformation reveals a new dynamic in extracellular matrix remodeling, suggesting a novel mechanism for adjusting the amount of hydroxylysine and hydroxylysine-linked carbohydrates in collagenous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti M Salo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Lin X, Otto CJ, Cardenas R, Peter RE. Somatostatin family of peptides and its receptors in fish. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/y00-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SRIF or SS) is a phylogenetically ancient, multigene family of peptides. SRIF-14 is conserved with identical primary structure in species of all classes of vertebrates. The presence of multiple SRIF genes has been demonstrated in a number of fish species and could extend to tetrapods. Three distinct SRIF genes have been identified in goldfish. One of these genes, which encodes [Pro2]SRIF-14, is also present in sturgeon and African lungfish, and is closely associated with amphibian [Pro2,Met13]SRIF-14 gene and mammalian cortistatin gene. The post-translational processing of SRIF precursors could result in multiple forms of mature SRIF peptides, with differential abundance and tissue- or cell type-specific patterns. The main neuroendocrine role of SRIF-14 peptide that has been determined in fish is the inhibition of pituitary growth hormone secretion. The functions of SRIF-14 variant or larger forms of SRIF peptide and the regulation of SRIF gene expression remain to be explored. Type 1 and type 2 SRIF receptors have been identified from goldfish and a type 3 SRIF receptor has been identified from an electric fish. Fish SRIF receptors display considerable homology with mammalian counterparts in terms of primary structure and negative coupling to adenylate cyclase. Although additional types of receptors remain to be determined, identification of the multiple gene family of SRIF peptides and multiple types of SRIF receptors opens a new avenue for the study of physiological roles of SRIF, and the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SRIF action in fish.Key words: somatostatin, somatostatin receptor, growth hormone, fish.
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Kivirikko KI, Pihlajaniemi T. Collagen hydroxylases and the protein disulfide isomerase subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 72:325-98. [PMID: 9559057 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123188.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl 4-hydroxylases catalyze the formation of 4-hydroxyproline in collagens and other proteins with an appropriate collagen-like stretch of amino acid residues. The enzyme requires Fe(II), 2-oxoglutarate, molecular oxygen, and ascorbate. This review concentrates on recent progress toward understanding the detailed mechanism of 4-hydroxylase action, including: (a) occurrence and function of the enzyme in animals; (b) general molecular properties; (c) intracellular sites of hydroxylation; (d) peptide substrates and mechanistic roles of the cosubstrates; (e) insights into the development of antifibrotic drugs; (f) studies of the enzyme's subunits and their catalytic function; and (g) mutations that lead to Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. An account of the regulation of collagen hydroxylase activities is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Kivirikko
- Collagen Research Unit, Biocenter, University of Oulu, Finland
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Ontogeny of some endocrine cells of the digestive tract in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): An immunocytochemical study. Cell Tissue Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00327785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8 Molecular Aspects of Pancreatic Peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
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Agulleiro B, Lozano MT, Abad ME, Garc�a Hern�ndez MP. Electron-microscopic immunocytochemical study of the endocrine pancreas of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Cell Tissue Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00318749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sevarino K, Stork P. Multiple preprosomatostatin sorting signals mediate secretion via discrete cAMP- and tetradecanoylphorbolacetate-responsive pathways. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Heterologous expression of preprosomatostatin. Intracellular degradation of prosomatostatin-II. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)92919-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Yanaihara C. Sequences of Natural Gut Peptides, Related Peptides, and Their Precursors. Compr Physiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp060202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dockray GJ. Comparative Neuroendocrinology of Gut Peptides. Compr Physiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp060208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Isolation and characterization of a variant somatostatin-14 and two related somatostatins of 34 and 37 residues from lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)37660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Conlon JM, Davis MS, Falkmer S, Thim L. Structural characterization of peptides derived from prosomatostatins I and II isolated from the pancreatic islets of two species of teleostean fish: the daddy sculpin and the flounder. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 168:647-52. [PMID: 2889597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The primary structures of three peptides from extracts from the pancreatic islets of the daddy sculpin (Cottus scorpius) and three analogous peptides from the islets of the flounder (Platichthys flesus), two species of teleostean fish, have been determined by automated Edman degradation. The structures of the flounder peptides were confirmed by fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The peptides show strong homology to residues (49-60), (63-96) and (98-125) of the predicted sequence of preprosomatostatin II from the anglerfish (Lophius americanus). The amino acid sequences of the peptides suggest that, in the sculpin, prosomatostatin II is cleaved at a dibasic amino acid residue processing site (corresponding to Lys61-Arg62 in anglerfish preprosomatostatin II). The resulting fragments are further cleaved at monobasic residue processing sites (corresponding to Arg48 and Arg97 in anglerfish preprosomatostatin II). In the flounder the same dibasic residue processing site is utilised but cleavage at different monobasic sites takes place (corresponding to Arg50 and Arg97 in anglerfish preprosomatostatin II). A peptide identical to mammalian somatostatin-14 was also isolated from the islets of both species and is presumed to represent a cleavage product of prosomatostatin I.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Conlon
- University of Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Andrews PC, Nichols R, Dixon JE. Post-translational processing of preprosomatostatin-II examined using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Andrews PC, Brayton K, Dixon JE. Precursors to regulatory peptides: their proteolytic processing. EXPERIENTIA 1987; 43:784-90. [PMID: 3297766 DOI: 10.1007/bf01945356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Precursors to regulatory peptides undergo maturation processes which include proteolytic processing. The enzymes involved in this process remove the hydrophobic peptide located at the amino-terminus of the precursor. Endoprotease cleavage also occurs at single and two adjacent basic residues, this is followed by a removal of basic residues located at the C-terminus of the peptides by a carboxypeptidase-like enzyme.
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Mackin RB, Noe BD. Direct evidence for two distinct prosomatostatin converting enzymes. Detection using a rapid, sensitive, and specific assay for propeptide converting enzymes. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Cutfield SM, Carne A, Cutfield JF. The amino-acid sequences of sculpin islet somatostatin-28 and peptide YY. FEBS Lett 1987; 214:57-61. [PMID: 2883025 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(87)80012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two pancreatic peptides, somatostatin-28 and peptide YY, have been isolated from the Brockmann bodies of the teleost fish Cottus scorpius (daddy sculpin). Following purification by reverse-phase HPLC, each peptide was sequenced completely through to the carboxyl-terminus by gas-phase Edman degradation. Somatostatin-28 was the major form of somatostatin detected and is similar to the gene II product from anglerfish. Peptide YY (36 amino acids) more closely resembles porcine neuropeptide YY and intestinal peptide YY than it does the pancreatic polypeptides.
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Andrews PC, Hawke DH, Lee TD, Legesse K, Noe BD, Shively JE. Isolation and structure of the principal products of preproglucagon processing, including an amidated glucagon-like peptide. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Andrews PC, Dixon JE. Biosynthesis and processing of the somatostatin family of peptide hormones. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY. SUPPLEMENT 1986; 119:22-8. [PMID: 2876503 DOI: 10.3109/00365528609087428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the biosynthesis of the somatostatin family of peptide hormones has greatly increased in recent years. Isolation and sequencing of the rat somatostatin gene indicates that it contains a single intron located between the codons for Gn(-57) and Glu(-56) of pre-prosomatostatin. The gene contains three repetitive sequences, one at the 5' end of the gene and two of them 3' to the coding portion. Two of the sequences consist of alternating purine-pyrimidine bases and have been shown to adopt Z-DNA structures in vitro. The cDNA for rat somatostatin codes for a 116-residue peptide structurally similar to the anglerfish and catfish precursors to the 14-residue somatostatin (SST-14). In addition to SST-14, the catfish and the anglerfish both contain an additional pancreatic somatostatin, each derived from a different gene. The catfish contains a 22-residue somatostatin, which is O-glycosylated at Thr-5. The second somatostatin gene from anglerfish encodes a prosomatostatin that is processed to a 28-residue peptide. The mature peptide contains a hydroxylated lysine at position 23.
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Spiess J, Noe BD. Anglerfish pancreatic islets produce two forms of somatostatin-28. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1985; 188:141-54. [PMID: 2863928 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7886-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been predicted on the basis of cDNA sequence analysis that anglerfish pancreatic islets contain at least two different preprosomatostatins (I and II). The C-terminal amino acid sequences of preprosomatostatin I and II were predicted to be identical to mammalian hypothalamic somatostatin-14 (SS-14) and its analog [Tyr7, Gly10]SS-14, respectively. That SS-14 is expressed in anglerfish pancreatic islets, has been shown earlier in pulse-chase experiments and by chemical characterization. However, it was observed that [Tyr7, Gly10]SS-14 was not expressed as such, but as part of larger polypeptides. Pulse-chase experiments combined with reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography, amino acid analysis with two different chromatographic systems, and complete Edman degradation indicated that preprosomatostatin II is processed in anglerfish islets to two different forms of somatostatin-28 (SS-28). The primary structure of the major form containing hydroxylysine (Hyl) was determined to be: H-Ser-Val-Asp-Ser-Thr-Asn-Asn-Leu-Pro-Pro-Arg- Glu-Arg-Lys-Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Tyr-Trp-Hyl-Gly-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys-OH. The amino acid sequence of the minor form differs only at residue 23 by substitution of lysine for hydroxylysine. This is the first time that hydroxylysine, an amino acid which characteristically occurs in collagen or collagen-like structures has been identified in a potential regulatory peptide. It can be speculated that this amino acid is formed by post-translational hydroxylation of a lysine C-terminally linked to a glycine residue and thus modified at a site which has been recognized as hydroxylation site in collagen or collagen-like structures. The biological consequences of this unusual modification are being investigated.
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