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Physiology, Biochemistry, and Applications of F420- and Fo-Dependent Redox Reactions. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:451-93. [PMID: 27122598 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00070-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Deazaflavin cofactors enhance the metabolic flexibility of microorganisms by catalyzing a wide range of challenging enzymatic redox reactions. While structurally similar to riboflavin, 5-deazaflavins have distinctive and biologically useful electrochemical and photochemical properties as a result of the substitution of N-5 of the isoalloxazine ring for a carbon. 8-Hydroxy-5-deazaflavin (Fo) appears to be used for a single function: as a light-harvesting chromophore for DNA photolyases across the three domains of life. In contrast, its oligoglutamyl derivative F420 is a taxonomically restricted but functionally versatile cofactor that facilitates many low-potential two-electron redox reactions. It serves as an essential catabolic cofactor in methanogenic, sulfate-reducing, and likely methanotrophic archaea. It also transforms a wide range of exogenous substrates and endogenous metabolites in aerobic actinobacteria, for example mycobacteria and streptomycetes. In this review, we discuss the physiological roles of F420 in microorganisms and the biochemistry of the various oxidoreductases that mediate these roles. Particular focus is placed on the central roles of F420 in methanogenic archaea in processes such as substrate oxidation, C1 pathways, respiration, and oxygen detoxification. We also describe how two F420-dependent oxidoreductase superfamilies mediate many environmentally and medically important reactions in bacteria, including biosynthesis of tetracycline and pyrrolobenzodiazepine antibiotics by streptomycetes, activation of the prodrugs pretomanid and delamanid by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and degradation of environmental contaminants such as picrate, aflatoxin, and malachite green. The biosynthesis pathways of Fo and F420 are also detailed. We conclude by considering opportunities to exploit deazaflavin-dependent processes in tuberculosis treatment, methane mitigation, bioremediation, and industrial biocatalysis.
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Yagi T, Higuchi Y. Studies on hydrogenase. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2013; 89:16-33. [PMID: 23318679 PMCID: PMC3611953 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.89.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogenases are microbial enzymes which catalyze uptake and production of H(2). Hydrogenases are classified into 10 classes based on the electron carrier specificity, or into 3 families, [NiFe]-family (including [NiFeSe]-subfamily), [FeFe]-family and [Fe]-family, based on the metal composition of the active site. H(2) is heterolytically cleaved on the enzyme (E) to produce EH(a)H(b), where H(a) and H(b) have different rate constants for exchange with the medium hydron. X-ray crystallography unveiled the three-dimensional structures of hydrogenases. The simplest [NiFe]-hydrogenase is a heterodimer, in which the large subunit bears the Ni-Fe center buried deep in the protein, and the small subunit bears iron-sulfur clusters, which mediate electron transfer between the Ni-Fe center and the protein surface. Some hydrogenases have additional subunit(s) for interaction with their electron carriers. Various redox states of the enzyme were characterized by EPR, FTIR, etc. Based on the kinetic, structural and spectroscopic studies, the catalytic mechanism of [NiFe]-hydrogenase was proposed to explain H(2)-uptake, H(2)-production and isotopic exchange reactions.(Communicated by Shigekazu NAGATA, M.J.A.).
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White RH. Biochemical Origins of Lactaldehyde and Hydroxyacetone in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. Biochemistry 2008; 47:5037-46. [DOI: 10.1021/bi800069x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. White
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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Seedorf H, Kahnt J, Pierik AJ, Thauer RK. Si-face stereospecificity at C5 of coenzyme F420 for F420H2 oxidase from methanogenic Archaea as determined by mass spectrometry. FEBS J 2005; 272:5337-42. [PMID: 16218963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme F420 is a 5-deazaflavin. Upon reduction, 1,5 dihydro-coenzyme F420 is formed with a prochiral centre at C5. All the coenzyme F420-dependent enzymes investigated to date have been shown to be Si-face stereospecific with respect to C5 of the deazaflavin, despite most F420-dependent enzymes being unrelated phylogenetically. In this study, we report that the recently discovered F420H2 oxidase from methanogenic Archaea is also Si-face stereospecific. The enzyme was found to catalyse the oxidation of (5S)-[5-2H1]F420H2 with O2 to [5-1H]F420 rather than to [5-2H]F420 as determined by MALDI-TOF MS. (5S)-[5-2H1]F420H2 was generated by stereospecific enzymatic reduction of F420 with (14a-2H2)-[14a-2H2] methylenetetrahydromethanopterin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Seedorf
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
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5
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Warkentin E, Mamat B, Sordel-Klippert M, Wicke M, Thauer RK, Iwata M, Iwata S, Ermler U, Shima S. Structures of F420H2:NADP+ oxidoreductase with and without its substrates bound. EMBO J 2001; 20:6561-9. [PMID: 11726492 PMCID: PMC125772 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.23.6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2001] [Revised: 10/02/2001] [Accepted: 10/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cofactor F420 is a 5'-deazaflavin derivative first discovered in methanogenic archaea but later found also to be present in some bacteria. As a coenzyme, it is involved in hydride transfer reactions and as a prosthetic group in the DNA photolyase reaction. We report here for the first time on the crystal structure of an F420-dependent oxidoreductase bound with F420. The structure of F420H2:NADP+ oxidoreductase resolved to 1.65 A contains two domains: an N-terminal domain characteristic of a dinucleotide-binding Rossmann fold and a smaller C-terminal domain. The nicotinamide and the deazaflavin part of the two coenzymes are bound in the cleft between the domains such that the Si-faces of both face each other at a distance of 3.1 A, which is optimal for hydride transfer. Comparison of the structures bound with and without substrates reveals that of the two substrates NADP has to bind first, the binding being associated with an induced fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Warkentin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Strasse 7, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie and Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany and Department of Biological Sciences and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK Corresponding authors e-mail: , or
| | - Björn Mamat
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Strasse 7, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie and Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany and Department of Biological Sciences and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK Corresponding authors e-mail: , or
| | - Melanie Sordel-Klippert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Strasse 7, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie and Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany and Department of Biological Sciences and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK Corresponding authors e-mail: , or
| | - Michaela Wicke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Strasse 7, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie and Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany and Department of Biological Sciences and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK Corresponding authors e-mail: , or
| | - Rudolf K. Thauer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Strasse 7, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie and Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany and Department of Biological Sciences and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK Corresponding authors e-mail: , or
| | - Momi Iwata
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Strasse 7, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie and Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany and Department of Biological Sciences and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK Corresponding authors e-mail: , or
| | - So Iwata
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Strasse 7, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie and Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany and Department of Biological Sciences and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK Corresponding authors e-mail: , or
| | - Ulrich Ermler
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Strasse 7, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie and Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany and Department of Biological Sciences and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK Corresponding authors e-mail: , or
| | - Seigo Shima
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Strasse 7, D-60596 Frankfurt/Main, Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie and Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany and Department of Biological Sciences and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK Corresponding authors e-mail: , or
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Ohno A, Kunitomo J, Kawai Y, Kawamoto T, Tomishima M, Yoneda F. Atropisomeric Flavoenzyme Models with a Modified Pyrimidine Ring: Syntheses, Physical Properties, and Stereochemistry in the Reactions with NAD(P)H Analogs. J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jo961799t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuyoshi Ohno
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
| | - Jun Kunitomo
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawai
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Kawamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
| | - Masaki Tomishima
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
| | - Fumio Yoneda
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan
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Klein AR, Berk H, Purwantini E, Daniels L, Thauer RK. Si-face stereospecificity at C5 of coenzyme F420 for F420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium smegmatis and F420-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Methanoculleus thermophilicus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 239:93-7. [PMID: 8706724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0093u.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme F420 is a 5-deazaflavin. Upon reduction, 1,5-dihydro-coenzyme F420 is formed with a prochiral center at C5. In this study we report that the F420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Mycobacterium smegmatis and the F420-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Methanoculleus thermophilicus are Si-face stereospecific with respect to C5 of the 5-deazaflavin. These results were obtained by following the stereochemical course of the reversible incorporation of 3H into F420 from tritium-labeled substrates. Our findings bring to eight the number of coenzyme-F420-dependent enzymes shown to be Si-face stereospecific. No F420-dependent enzyme with Re-face stereospecificity is known. This is noteworthy since coenzyme F420 is functionally similar to pyridine nucleotides for which both Si-face and Re-face specific enzymes have been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Klein
- Max-Planck-Institut für terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
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8
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Klein AR, Thauer RK. Re-face specificity at C14a of methylenetetrahydromethanopterin and Si-face specificity at C5 of coenzyme F420 for coenzyme F420-dependent methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase from methanogenic Archaea. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1995; 227:169-74. [PMID: 7851382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme F420-dependent methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase from methanogenic Archaea catalyzes the reversible transfer of a hydride ion from C14a of N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin to C5 of coenzyme F420. In this study, we report that this hydride transfer proceeds stereospecifically from the Re face at C14a to the Si face at C5. The results were obtained by using chirally 3H-labelled N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin generated via Re-face-specific H2-forming N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase and by analyzing reduced coenzyme F420 via Si-face-specific F420-reducing hydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Klein
- Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie des Fachbereichs Biologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
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9
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Kunow J, Schwörer B, Stetter KO, Thauer RK. A F420-dependent NADP reductase in the extremely thermophilic sulfate-reducing Archaeoglobus fulgidus. Arch Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00249125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Kunow J, Schwörer B, Setzke E, Thauer RK. Si-face stereospecificity at C5 of coenzyme F420 for F420-dependent N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase, F420-dependent N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase and F420H2:dimethylnaphthoquinone oxidoreductase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 214:641-6. [PMID: 8319675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme F420-dependent enzymes catalyze the reversible reduction of F420 by stereospecific hydride transfer to C5 of 5-deazaflavin. Two F420-dependent enzymes have been investigated with respect to the stereochemistry of hydride transfer, the F420-dependent NADP reductase and the F420-reducing hydrogenase. Both enzymes were found to be Si-face specific. In this study we report that three additional F420-dependent enzymes are also Si-face specific: N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase, N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase and coenzyme F420H2: dimethylnaphthoquinone oxidoreductase (F420H2 dehydrogenase). Thus, all five characterized F420-dependent enzymes are Si-face specific, which is noteworthy since coenzyme F420 is functionally similar to pyridine nucleotides and both Si-face specific and Re-face specific pyridine-nucleotide-dependent enzymes exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kunow
- Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie des Fachbereichs Biologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
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12
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Manstein DJ, Pai EF, Schopfer LM, Massey V. Absolute stereochemistry of flavins in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Biochemistry 1986; 25:6807-16. [PMID: 3801393 DOI: 10.1021/bi00370a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The 8-demethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deaza-5-carba analogues of FMN and FAD have been synthesized. Several apoproteins of flavoenzymes were successfully reconstituted with these analogues. This and further tests established that these analogues could serve as general probes for flavin stereospecificity in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The method used by us involved stereoselective introduction of label on one enzyme combined with transfer to and analysis on a second enzyme. Using as a reference glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes for which the absolute stereochemistry of catalysis is known from X-ray studies [Pai, E. F., & Schulz, G. E. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 1752-1758], we were able to determine the absolute stereospecificities of other flavoenzymes. We found that glutathione reductase (NADPH), general acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (acyl-CoA), mercuric reductase (NADPH), thioredoxin reductase (NADPH), p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase (NADPH), melilotate hydroxylase (NADH), anthranilate hydroxylase (NADPH), and glucose oxidase (glucose) all use the re face of the flavin ring when interacting with the substrates given in parentheses.
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Schauer NL, Ferry JG, Honek JF, Orme-Johnson WH, Walsh C. Mechanistic studies of the coenzyme F420 reducing formate dehydrogenase from Methanobacterium formicicum. Biochemistry 1986; 25:7163-8. [PMID: 3801411 DOI: 10.1021/bi00370a059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies have been undertaken on the coenzyme F420 dependent formate dehydrogenase from Methanobacterium formicicum. The enzyme was specific for the si face hydride transfer to C5 of F420 and joins three other F420-recognizing methanogen enzymes in this stereospecificity, consistent perhaps with a common type of binding site for this 8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin. While catalysis probably occurs by hydride transfer from formate to the enzyme to generate an EH2 species and then by hydride transfer back out to F420, the formate-derived hydrogen exchanged with solvent protons before transfer back out to F420. The kinetics of hydride transfer from formate revealed that this step is not rate determining, which suggests that the rate-determining step is an internal electron transfer. The deflavo formate dehydrogenase was amenable to reconstitution with flavin analogues. The enzyme was sensitive to alterations in FAD structure in the 6-, 7-, and 8-loci of the benzenoid moiety in the isoalloxazine ring.
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