1
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Deng X, Sun GR, Zheng Q, Li Y. Characterization of human TCR Vbeta gene promoter. Role of the dodecamer motif in promoter activity. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:23709-15. [PMID: 9726977 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.37.23709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During T-lymphocyte development, the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) gene expression is controlled by its promoter and enhancer elements and regulated in tissue- and development stage-specific manner. To uncover the promoter function and to define positive and negative regulatory elements in TCR gene promoters, the promoter activities from 13 human TCR Vbeta genes were determined by the transient transfection system and luciferase reporter assay. Although most of the TCR Vbeta gene promoters that we tested are inactive by themselves, some promoters were found to be constitutively strong. Among them, Vbeta6.7 is the strongest. 5'-Deletion and fragmentation experiments have narrowed the full promoter activity of Vbeta6.7 to a fragment of 147 base pairs immediately 5' to the transcription initiation site. A decanucleotide motif with the consensus sequence AGTGAYRTCA has been found to be conserved in most TCR Vbeta gene promoters. There are three such decamer motifs in the promoter region of Vbeta6.7, and the contribution of each such motif to the promoter activity has been examined. Further site-directed mutagenesis analyses showed that: 1) when two Ts in the decamer were mutated, the promoter activity was totally abolished; 2) when two additional nucleotides 3' to the end of decamer were mutated, the promoter activity was decreased to two-thirds of the full level; and 3) when the element with the sequence AGTGATGTCACT was inserted into other promoters, the original weak promoters become very strong. Taken together, our data suggest that the positive regulatory element in Vbeta6.7 should be considered a dodecamer rather than a decamer and that it confers strong basal transcriptional activity on TCR Vbeta genes.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Consensus Sequence
- DNA Primers
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Luciferases/biosynthesis
- Luciferases/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Deletion
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- X Deng
- Department of Medicine, The Hospital for Special Surgery, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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2
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Halle JP, Haus-Seuffert P, Woltering C, Stelzer G, Meisterernst M. A conserved tissue-specific structure at a human T-cell receptor beta-chain core promoter. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:4220-9. [PMID: 9234679 PMCID: PMC232275 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.8.4220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain promoters have been characterized as nonstructured basal promoters that carry a single conserved ubiquitous cyclic AMP-responsive element. Our investigation of the human TCR beta gene uncovers a surprisingly complex and tissue-specific structure at the TCR Vbeta 8.1 promoter. The core of the promoter (positions -42 to +11) is recognized by the lymphoid cell-specific transcription factors Ets-1, LEF1, and AML1 as well as by CREB/ATF-1, as is demonstrated in gel shift and footprinting experiments. With the exception of LEF1, these factors activate transcription in T cells. Binding sites at the core region show little conservation with consensus sites. Nonetheless, CREB, Ets-1, and AML1 bind and activate cooperatively and very efficiently through the nonconsensus binding sites at the core promoter region. Moderate ubiquitous activation is further induced by CREB/ATF and Sp1 factors through proximal upstream elements. The tissue-specific core promoter structure is apparently conserved in other T-cell-specifically expressed genes such as the CD4 gene. Our observations suggest that both the enhancer and the promoter have a complex tissue-specific structure whose functional interplay potentiates T-cell-specific transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Halle
- Laboratorium für Molekulare Biologie-Genzentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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3
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Abstract
The human beta T cell receptor (TCR) locus, comprising a complex family of genes, has been sequenced. The locus contains two types of coding elements--TCR elements (65 variable gene segments and two clusters of diversity, joining, and constant segments) and eight trypsinogen genes --that constitute 4.6 percent of the DNA. Genome-wide interspersed repeats and locus-specific repeats span 30 and 47 percent, respectively, of the 685-kilobase sequence. A comparison of the germline variable elements with their approximately 300 complementary DNA counterparts reveals marked differential patterns of variable gene expression, the importance of exonuclease activity in generating TCR diversity, and the predominant tendency for only functional variable elements to be present in complementary DNA libraries.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Biological Evolution
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Exons
- Genetic Variation
- Humans
- Introns
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Pseudogenes
- RNA Splicing
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Translocation, Genetic
- Trypsinogen/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rowen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7730, USA
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4
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Abstract
Tissue specific regulation of gene expression by a single transcription factor or group of transcription factors cannot be explained simply by DNA sequence alone. For example, in the same animal a particular transcription factor is capable of interacting with DNA in the nucleus of many different cell types, resulting in unique gene expressions despite the presence of a similar genome in all cells. Historically, these differences in response to a single type of factor within target tissues in the same animal have been suggested to occur through different alterations in chromatin structure. Recent, data has demonstrated that combinations of hormones and transcription factors working together may cooperatively play a role in the regulation of gene expression [Pearce and Yamamoto (1993): Science 259:1161-1165]. However, the molecular mechanisms of this tissue specific regulation of gene expression still remains largely unexplained. Current evidence suggests that in different cell types the interplay between the specific three-dimensional organization of the genome and the structural components of the nucleus, the nuclear matrix, may accomplish the regulation of specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Getzenberg
- Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pennsylvania 15213-2582
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5
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The ht beta gene encodes a novel CACCC box-binding protein that regulates T-cell receptor gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 1993. [PMID: 8355710 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.9.5691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene encoding a novel CACCC box-binding protein that binds to the promoter region of the human T-cell receptor (TCR) V beta 8.1 gene and the mouse TCR alpha gene silencer has been cloned. This gene, termed ht beta, contains four zinc fingers of the class Cys2-X12-His2 that may be responsible for DNA binding and a highly negatively charged region that defines a putative transcriptional activation domain. Analysis of the expression of ht beta mRNA revealed similar expression levels and patterns in various cell lines. The bacterially expressed ht beta protein can bind to the CACCC box in both the human TCR V beta 8.1 gene promoter and the mouse TCR alpha gene silencer. The CACCC box is essential for efficient transcription of the V beta 8.1 promoter. Cotransfection with an ht beta expression plasmid and a reporter vector indicated that ht beta can activate human TCR V beta 8.1 gene transcription. ht beta also is able to counteract the silencing effect of the mouse TCR alpha gene silencer. The CACCC box has been found in almost all V beta 8.1 gene subfamily members and in both TCR alpha and beta gene enhancers in humans and mice. These results suggest that the CACCC box-binding protein may have an important regulatory function for TCR gene expression in alpha beta T cells versus gamma delta T cells.
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6
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Wang Y, Kobori JA, Hood L. The ht beta gene encodes a novel CACCC box-binding protein that regulates T-cell receptor gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:5691-701. [PMID: 8355710 PMCID: PMC360303 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.9.5691-5701.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A gene encoding a novel CACCC box-binding protein that binds to the promoter region of the human T-cell receptor (TCR) V beta 8.1 gene and the mouse TCR alpha gene silencer has been cloned. This gene, termed ht beta, contains four zinc fingers of the class Cys2-X12-His2 that may be responsible for DNA binding and a highly negatively charged region that defines a putative transcriptional activation domain. Analysis of the expression of ht beta mRNA revealed similar expression levels and patterns in various cell lines. The bacterially expressed ht beta protein can bind to the CACCC box in both the human TCR V beta 8.1 gene promoter and the mouse TCR alpha gene silencer. The CACCC box is essential for efficient transcription of the V beta 8.1 promoter. Cotransfection with an ht beta expression plasmid and a reporter vector indicated that ht beta can activate human TCR V beta 8.1 gene transcription. ht beta also is able to counteract the silencing effect of the mouse TCR alpha gene silencer. The CACCC box has been found in almost all V beta 8.1 gene subfamily members and in both TCR alpha and beta gene enhancers in humans and mice. These results suggest that the CACCC box-binding protein may have an important regulatory function for TCR gene expression in alpha beta T cells versus gamma delta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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7
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Abstract
The expression of functional T cell receptor-beta (TCR-beta) transcripts requires the activation of programmed DNA rearrangement events. It is not clear whether other mechanisms dictate TCR-beta mRNA levels during thymic ontogeny. We examined the potential role of RNA splicing as a regulatory mechanism. As a model system, we used an immature T cell clone, SL12.4, that transcribes a fully rearranged TCR-beta gene but essentially lacks mature 1.3-kb TCR-beta transcripts in the cytoplasm. Abundant TCR-beta splicing intermediates accumulate in the nucleus of this cell clone. These splicing intermediates result from inefficient or inhibited excision of four of the five TCR-beta introns; the only intron that is efficiently spliced is the most 5' intron, IVSL. The focal point for the regulation appears to be IVS1C beta 1 and IVS2C beta 1, since unusual splicing intermediates that have cleaved the 5' splice site but not the 3' splice site of these two introns accumulate in vivo. The block in 3' splice site cleavage is of interest since sequence analysis reveals that these two introns possess canonical splice sites. A repressional mechanism involving a labile repressor protein may be responsible for the inhibition of RNA splicing since treatment of SL12.4 cells with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide reversibly induces a rapid and dramatic accumulation of fully spliced TCR-beta transcripts in the cytoplasm, concomitant with a decline in TCR-beta pre-mRNAs in the nucleus. This inducible system may be useful for future studies analyzing the underlying molecular mechanisms that regulate RNA splicing.
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8
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Qian L, Theodor L, Carter M, Vu MN, Sasaki AW, Wilkinson MF. T cell receptor-beta mRNA splicing: regulation of unusual splicing intermediates. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:1686-96. [PMID: 8441406 PMCID: PMC359481 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.3.1686-1696.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of functional T cell receptor-beta (TCR-beta) transcripts requires the activation of programmed DNA rearrangement events. It is not clear whether other mechanisms dictate TCR-beta mRNA levels during thymic ontogeny. We examined the potential role of RNA splicing as a regulatory mechanism. As a model system, we used an immature T cell clone, SL12.4, that transcribes a fully rearranged TCR-beta gene but essentially lacks mature 1.3-kb TCR-beta transcripts in the cytoplasm. Abundant TCR-beta splicing intermediates accumulate in the nucleus of this cell clone. These splicing intermediates result from inefficient or inhibited excision of four of the five TCR-beta introns; the only intron that is efficiently spliced is the most 5' intron, IVSL. The focal point for the regulation appears to be IVS1C beta 1 and IVS2C beta 1, since unusual splicing intermediates that have cleaved the 5' splice site but not the 3' splice site of these two introns accumulate in vivo. The block in 3' splice site cleavage is of interest since sequence analysis reveals that these two introns possess canonical splice sites. A repressional mechanism involving a labile repressor protein may be responsible for the inhibition of RNA splicing since treatment of SL12.4 cells with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide reversibly induces a rapid and dramatic accumulation of fully spliced TCR-beta transcripts in the cytoplasm, concomitant with a decline in TCR-beta pre-mRNAs in the nucleus. This inducible system may be useful for future studies analyzing the underlying molecular mechanisms that regulate RNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Qian
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Vollum Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, Portland, Oregon
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9
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Li Y, Wong A, Szabo P, Posnett DN. Human Tcrb-V6.10 is a pseudogene with Alu repetitive sequences in the promoter region. Immunogenetics 1993; 37:347-55. [PMID: 8381389 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tcrb-V6.10 represents an abnormal human V gene with an Alu insertion in the promoter, a point mutation of a conserved Cys at position 23, and a missing nonamer within the usually conserved recombinase signal sequence. Here it is shown that b-V6.10 is found in the genome of most individuals, is normally located in the Tcrb-V locus on chromosome 7, but is not rearranged or transcribed. Thus, it is likely that the abnormal signal sequence precludes recombination and that the Alu insertion results in a disabled promoter, indicating the functional importance of the affected regions. Tcrb-V6.10 probably evolved by duplication of an ancestral Tcrb V13-V6-V5 cassette, like other members of the large b-V6 subfamily, and more recently became inactivated into a pseudogene.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
- DNA Transposable Elements/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Pseudogenes/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021
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10
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Abstract
Six genomic clones were characterized containing members of the human V beta 6 subfamily of T cell antigen receptor genes. There were four major findings. (a) New V beta genes were discovered, including V beta 6.10, V beta 13.4, V beta 13.5, and V beta 5.5. (b) Members of the V beta 13, V beta 6, and V beta 5 subfamilies cluster together in the V beta locus and may have evolved through multiple duplication events of an ancestral cassette containing V beta 13-V beta 6-V beta 5 genes. These V beta subfamilies are used by an estimated one-third of T cells in humans and probably represent a highly useful component of the V beta repertoire. (c) The promoters of V beta 13, V beta 6, and V beta 5 genes contain conserved decamer motifs, but discrete differences were observed between promoters of different V beta subfamilies, raising the question of different transcriptional control depending on V beta subfamily usage. (d) The new V beta 6.10 gene is probably a pseudogene, which may have been inactivated due to retrotransposition of Alu elements into its promoter region, a mutation affecting a highly conserved cysteine residue or mutations of the 3' recombinase signal sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
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11
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Lanier ER, Brown RM, Kraig E. Binding of thymic factors to the conserved decanucleotide promoter element of the T-cell receptor V beta gene is developmentally regulated and is absent in SCID mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:8131-5. [PMID: 1832773 PMCID: PMC52460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.18.8131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene segments encoding the beta chain of the T-cell antigen receptor undergo rearrangement in a precise developmental order: a D beta gene segment joins to a J beta gene segment prior to the rearrangement of a V beta gene segment to join the D/J beta fusion. Current evidence suggests that the rearrangement of V beta is restricted to T cells, whereas D-to-J beta rearrangements may occur in both B and T cells. Thus, the T-cell specificity seems to be regulated by the V beta coding region or its 5' flanking sequence. In support of this hypothesis, evidence is provided for thymus-specific factors that bind a highly conserved 10-base-pair (decamer) sequence that is an essential promoter element in mouse and human V beta genes. The presence of decamer-binding activities was assayed by gel mobility-shift analysis using protein extracts from thymus, spleen, and nonlymphoid organs of adult mice. Two shifted complexes, designated T2 and T3, were seen only when the decamer was incubated with extracts from thymus. When extracts from mice of various gestational ages were tested for decamer-binding activity, one of the thymus-specific complexes, T2, was first detected at day 16; this coincides with the time of initial activation of the V beta locus. No decamer-binding activity was detected in extracts prepared from the thymuses of SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice, which characteristically fail to rearrange these genes. Moreover, neither T2 nor T3 was detectable with extracts from spleen or from two T-cell lines that express the beta chain; this suggests that the presence of these two complexes is not absolutely required for transcription of the T-cell receptor beta locus. We conclude that there are tissue-specific and developmentally regulated factors that form complexes with the decamer sequence 5' of V beta; these may represent initiation factors that control the activation of germ-line T-cell receptor V beta genes for transcription and/or rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Lanier
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7762
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12
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Paillard F, Vaquero C. Down-regulation of lck mRNA by T cell activation involves transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:4655-61. [PMID: 1832493 PMCID: PMC328705 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.17.4655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The p56lck tyrosine kinase is most likely to be involved in signal transduction of T lymphocyte activation. After full activation through the TcR/CD3 complex lck mRNA is transiently down-modulated. This down-modulation was due to an early decrease of both transcription and stability of the lck mRNA. To study the involvement of transcriptional and post-transcriptional factors in this regulations, we have analysed the effect of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, on the steady-state of the lck mRNA. Cycloheximide superinduced lck mRNA by increasing its stability, although cycloheximide concomitantly decreased lck transcription. This suggests that the constitutive level of lck mRNA observed prior to activation is controlled by transcriptional activator(s) and post-transcriptional destabilizing factor(s). Second, lck mRNA down-modulation observed after full activation was inhibited by cycloheximide. It increased lck mRNA stability whereas lck transcription remained low. Therefore, full activation might increase the synthesis and/or activity of destabilizing factor(s). Cyclosporin A also inhibited the down-modulation of lck mRNA by increasing its transcription with no effect on its stability. Since, lck mRNA down-modulation was always associated with lymphokine mRNA induction, and since CsA blocks both lymphokine transcription and lck decrease of transcription, this indicates that these genes might share common regulatory pathways leading to their inverse transcriptional regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Blotting, Northern
- CD3 Complex
- Cells, Cultured
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Cyclosporins/pharmacology
- Dactinomycin/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional/drug effects
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- F Paillard
- U 152 INSERM, ICGM, Hopital Cochin, Paris, France
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13
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Transcription from a murine T-cell receptor V beta promoter depends on a conserved decamer motif similar to the cyclic AMP response element. Mol Cell Biol 1990. [PMID: 2557542 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.11.4835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a regulatory region of the murine V beta promoter by both in vivo and in vitro analyses. The results of transient transfection assays indicated that the dominant transcription-activating element within the V beta 8.3 promoter is the palindromic motif identified previously as the conserved V beta decamer. Elimination of this element, by linear deletion or specific mutation, reduced transcriptional activity from this promoter by 10-fold. DNase I footprinting, gel mobility shift, and methylation interference assays confirmed that the palindrome acts as the binding site of a specific nuclear factor. In particular, the V beta promoter motif functioned in vitro as a high-affinity site for a previously characterized transcription activator, ATF. A consensus cyclic AMP response element (CRE) but not a consensus AP-1 site, can substitute for the decamer in vivo. These data suggest that cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (ATF/CREB) or related proteins activate V beta transcription.
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14
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Anderson SJ, Miyake S, Loh DY. Transcription from a murine T-cell receptor V beta promoter depends on a conserved decamer motif similar to the cyclic AMP response element. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:4835-45. [PMID: 2557542 PMCID: PMC363633 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.11.4835-4845.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified a regulatory region of the murine V beta promoter by both in vivo and in vitro analyses. The results of transient transfection assays indicated that the dominant transcription-activating element within the V beta 8.3 promoter is the palindromic motif identified previously as the conserved V beta decamer. Elimination of this element, by linear deletion or specific mutation, reduced transcriptional activity from this promoter by 10-fold. DNase I footprinting, gel mobility shift, and methylation interference assays confirmed that the palindrome acts as the binding site of a specific nuclear factor. In particular, the V beta promoter motif functioned in vitro as a high-affinity site for a previously characterized transcription activator, ATF. A consensus cyclic AMP response element (CRE) but not a consensus AP-1 site, can substitute for the decamer in vivo. These data suggest that cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (ATF/CREB) or related proteins activate V beta transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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15
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Hashimoto Y. T cell receptor beta gene has two downstream DNase I hypersensitive regions. Possible mechanisms of tissue- and stage-specific gene regulation. J Exp Med 1989; 169:2097-107. [PMID: 2525173 PMCID: PMC2189349 DOI: 10.1084/jem.169.6.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two DNase I-hypersensitive regions were identified downstream of the TCR gene constant region. One of these regions is located at the site of a putative enhancer element and was observed only in T cell lines and not in cell lines derived from other tissues. The other DNase-hypersensitive region was also detected only in T cell lines but only in those expressing TCR-beta RNA. Thus, the first region is probably tissue specific, while the second region is probably tissue and stage specific. The DNA sequence of the second DNase I-hypersensitive region revealed several stretches of nucleotides that are characteristic of consensus sequences for regulatory elements. These results, together with the observations in transgenic mice that indicate a requirement for two distinct regions for optimal TCR gene expression, suggest the presence of at least two regulatory regions downstream of the C-beta-2 region; one is an enhancer region and the other is a transcriptionally related regulatory region. The tissue/stage specificity of these DNase I-hypersensitive regions supports the notion that changes in chromatin structure control tissue-specific gene expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Deoxyribonuclease I
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred AKR
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligonucleotide Probes
- Organ Specificity
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Restriction Mapping
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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16
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Abstract
T cell receptors are the antigen-recognizing elements found on the effector cells of the immune system. Two isotypes have been discovered, TCR-gamma delta and TCR-alpha beta, which appear in that order during ontogeny. The maturation of prothymocytes that colonize the thymic rudiment at defined gestational stages occurs principally within the thymus, although some evidence for extrathymic maturation also exists. The maturation process includes the rearrangement and expression of the T cell receptor genes. Determination of these mechanisms, the lineages of the cells, and the subsequent thymic selection that results in self-tolerance is the central problem in developmental immunology and is important for the understanding of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Strominger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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17
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Diamond DJ, Nelson FB, Reinherz EL. Lineage-specific expression of a T cell receptor variable gene promoter controlled by upstream sequences. J Exp Med 1989; 169:1213-31. [PMID: 2522500 PMCID: PMC2189238 DOI: 10.1084/jem.169.4.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have characterized the sequence contribution of DNA 5' of a functionally rearranged TCR promoter (V beta 8.1) on its T lineage-specific expression through the use of the chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) reporter gene. A 230-bp fragment located 570 bp upstream of the determined transcription start site of the V beta 8.1 promoter confers a T lineage specificity of expression to a heterologous promoter. The inability of the V beta 8.1 promoter and its associated elements to function in B cells suggests the existence of a mechanism to prevent inappropriate V beta gene expression in B cells. Of considerable interest is the fact that both a B cell-specific and a nontissue-specific enhancer element were incapable of stimulating significant expression of this promoter in B cells. We discuss the implication of these results on the process of rearrangement of both Ig and TCR genes, and the differentiation of the lymphoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Diamond
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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Hinkkanen AE, Steimle V, Schlesier M, Peter HH, Epplen JT. The antigen receptor of an autoreactive T-cell clone from human rheumatic synovia. Immunogenetics 1989; 29:131-3. [PMID: 2536639 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A E Hinkkanen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunobiologie, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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McDougall S, Eaton S, Peterson CL, Calame K. Transcriptional regulation of immunoglobulin heavy chain and T-cell receptor beta chain genes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1989; 254:77-86. [PMID: 2530854 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5803-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have identified factors that bind to functionally important regions in IgH chain promoters and enhancer. One promoter factors is identical to u-EBP-E, an enhancer binding protein. Several promoter-binding proteins are present preferentially in either B cells or fibroblasts although most enhancer-binding proteins have a ubiquitous distribution. Additional characterization of these factors will further our understanding of the mechanisms by which IgH promoters and enhancers interact to achieve B-cell restricted and developmental stage-specific expression of IgH genes. The identification of a TCR beta chain enhancer will allow us to pursue similar questions with respect to the regulated expression this locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McDougall
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Environmental Science, UCLA 90024
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Anderson SJ, Chou HS, Loh DY. A conserved sequence in the T-cell receptor beta-chain promoter region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:3551-4. [PMID: 3259318 PMCID: PMC280251 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.10.3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigen-specific receptors of T and B lymphocytes are distinct, though structurally related, molecules. During development, lymphoid cells assemble functional variable (V) region genes for each receptor chain from separate multimember gene families by somatic DNA rearrangements of individual germ-line segments. Transcription may play a role in regulating the tissue and stage specificity of these rearrangements by controlling the accessibility of germ-line loci to the recombinational machinery. Immunoglobulin V-region genes are transcribed from tissue-specific promoters that have been well characterized. We report here the characterization of 14 T-cell receptor beta-chain V-region gene promoters. Sequence analysis indicates that these promoters do not contain the conserved octamer that is located upstream of all immunoglobulin genes. However, a unique decanucleotide sequence, not present in immunoglobulin genes, is conserved in the promoter region of murine and human V beta genes. We identify this sequence as a potential regulatory element, based on its position, conservation, and sequence homology to sites known to bind transcription-activating factors. The possibility that the distinct structures of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene promoters may contribute to the tissue-specific rearrangement and expression of receptor gene families is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Anderson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Shannon MF, Gamble JR, Vadas MA. Nuclear proteins interacting with the promoter region of the human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:674-8. [PMID: 3257571 PMCID: PMC279617 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.3.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene for human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is expressed in a tissue-specific as well as an activation-dependent manner. The interaction of nuclear proteins with the promoter region of the GM-CSF gene that is likely to be responsible for this pattern of GM-CSF expression was investigated. We show that nuclear proteins interact with DNA fragments from the GM-CSF promoter in a cell-specific manner. A region spanning two cytokine-specific sequences, cytokine 1 (CK-1, 5' GAGATTCCAC 3') and cytokine 2 (CK-2, 5' TCAGGTA 3') bound two nuclear proteins [nuclear factor (NF)-GMa and NF-GMb] from GM-CSF-expressing cells in gel retardation assays. NF-GMb was inducible with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and accompanied induction of GM-CSF message. NF-GMb was absent in cell lines not producing GM-CSF, some of which had other distinct binding proteins. NF-GMa and NF-GMb eluted from a heparin-Sepharose column at 0.3 and 0.6 M KCl, respectively. We hypothesize that the sequences CK-1 and CK-2 bind specific proteins and regulate GM-CSF transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Shannon
- Division of Human Immunology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia
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Calame K, Eaton S. Transcriptional controlling elements in the immunoglobulin and T cell receptor loci. Adv Immunol 1988; 43:235-75. [PMID: 3055854 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Calame
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA School of Medicine, 90024
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