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Choi EH, Lee Y, Heo J, Ihee H. Reaction dynamics studied via femtosecond X-ray liquidography at X-ray free-electron lasers. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8457-8490. [PMID: 35974755 PMCID: PMC9337737 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00502f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) provide femtosecond X-ray pulses suitable for pump–probe time-resolved studies with a femtosecond time resolution. Since the advent of the first XFEL in 2009, recent years have witnessed a great number of applications with various pump–probe techniques at XFELs. Among these, time-resolved X-ray liquidography (TRXL) is a powerful method for visualizing structural dynamics in the liquid solution phase. Here, we classify various chemical and biological molecular systems studied via femtosecond TRXL (fs-TRXL) at XFELs, depending on the focus of the studied process, into (i) bond cleavage and formation, (ii) charge distribution and electron transfer, (iii) orientational dynamics, (iv) solvation dynamics, (v) coherent nuclear wavepacket dynamics, and (vi) protein structural dynamics, and provide a brief review on each category. We also lay out a plausible roadmap for future fs-TRXL studies for areas that have not been explored yet. Femtosecond X-ray liquidography using X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) visualizes various aspects of reaction dynamics.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hyuk Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunbeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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2
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Shen X, Nunes JPF, Yang J, Jobe RK, Li RK, Lin MF, Moore B, Niebuhr M, Weathersby SP, Wolf TJA, Yoneda C, Guehr M, Centurion M, Wang XJ. Femtosecond gas-phase mega-electron-volt ultrafast electron diffraction. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:054305. [PMID: 31649964 PMCID: PMC6796191 DOI: 10.1063/1.5120864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of ultrafast gas electron diffraction with nonrelativistic electrons has enabled the determination of molecular structures with atomic spatial resolution. It has, however, been challenging to break the picosecond temporal resolution barrier and achieve the goal that has long been envisioned-making space- and-time resolved molecular movies of chemical reaction in the gas-phase. Recently, an ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) apparatus using mega-electron-volt (MeV) electrons was developed at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory for imaging ultrafast structural dynamics of molecules in the gas phase. The SLAC gas-phase MeV UED has achieved 65 fs root mean square temporal resolution, 0.63 Å spatial resolution, and 0.22 Å-1 reciprocal-space resolution. Such high spatial-temporal resolution has enabled the capturing of real-time molecular movies of fundamental photochemical mechanisms, such as chemical bond breaking, ring opening, and a nuclear wave packet crossing a conical intersection. In this paper, the design that enables the high spatial-temporal resolution of the SLAC gas phase MeV UED is presented. The compact design of the differential pump section of the SLAC gas phase MeV UED realized five orders-of-magnitude vacuum isolation between the electron source and gas sample chamber. The spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and long-term stability of the apparatus are systematically characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J. P. F. Nunes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | | | - R. K. Jobe
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R. K. Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ming-Fu Lin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B. Moore
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - M. Niebuhr
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - S. P. Weathersby
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T. J. A. Wolf
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C. Yoneda
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Markus Guehr
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - X. J. Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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3
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Abela R, Beaud P, van Bokhoven JA, Chergui M, Feurer T, Haase J, Ingold G, Johnson SL, Knopp G, Lemke H, Milne CJ, Pedrini B, Radi P, Schertler G, Standfuss J, Staub U, Patthey L. Perspective: Opportunities for ultrafast science at SwissFEL. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:061602. [PMID: 29376109 PMCID: PMC5758366 DOI: 10.1063/1.4997222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the main specifications of the newly constructed Swiss Free Electron Laser, SwissFEL, and explore its potential impact on ultrafast science. In light of recent achievements at current X-ray free electron lasers, we discuss the potential territory for new scientific breakthroughs offered by SwissFEL in Chemistry, Biology, and Materials Science, as well as nonlinear X-ray science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Abela
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Paul Beaud
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, and Department of Chemistry, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Majed Chergui
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-FSB, Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Feurer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Haase
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, and Department of Chemistry, ETH-Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Ingold
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Steven L Johnson
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Knopp
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Lemke
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Chris J Milne
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Bill Pedrini
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Peter Radi
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Standfuss
- Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Urs Staub
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Luc Patthey
- SwissFEL, Paul-Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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4
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Chergui M, Collet E. Photoinduced Structural Dynamics of Molecular Systems Mapped by Time-Resolved X-ray Methods. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11025-11065. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majed Chergui
- Laboratoire
de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU), ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for
Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Faculté des Sciences de Base, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Eric Collet
- Univ Rennes 1, CNRS, Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 6251, UBL, Rennes F-35042, France
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Zandi O, Wilkin KJ, Xiong Y, Centurion M. High current table-top setup for femtosecond gas electron diffraction. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:044022. [PMID: 28529963 PMCID: PMC5422208 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed an experimental setup for gas phase electron diffraction with femtosecond resolution and a high average beam current. While gas electron diffraction has been successful at determining molecular structures, it has been a challenge to reach femtosecond resolution while maintaining sufficient beam current to retrieve structures with high spatial resolution. The main challenges are the Coulomb force that leads to broadening of the electron pulses and the temporal blurring that results from the velocity mismatch between the laser and electron pulses as they traverse the sample. We present here a device that uses pulse compression to overcome the Coulomb broadening and deliver femtosecond electron pulses on a gas target. The velocity mismatch can be compensated using laser pulses with a tilted intensity front to excite the sample. The temporal resolution of the setup was determined with a streak camera to be better than 400 fs for pulses with up to half a million electrons and a kinetic energy of 90 keV. The high charge per pulse, combined with a repetition rate of 5 kHz, results in an average beam current that is between one and two orders of magnitude higher than previously demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Zandi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Kyle J Wilkin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Yanwei Xiong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Martin Centurion
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
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6
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Chergui M, Thomas JM. From structure to structural dynamics: Ahmed Zewail's legacy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:043802. [PMID: 28868324 PMCID: PMC5562505 DOI: 10.1063/1.4998243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this brief tribute to Ahmed Zewail, we highlight and place in the historical context, several of the major achievements that he and his colleagues have made in Femtochemistry (of which he was the principal instigator) and his introduction of ultrafast electron scattering, diffraction, microscopy and spectroscopy. By achieving a sub-picosecond temporal resolution, coupled with a picometer spatial resolution, he revolutionised our understanding of the corpus of chemical, physical, biological and materials science systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Chergui
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), ISIC, Faculté des Sciences de Base, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Meurig Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB30FS, United Kingdom
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7
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Shorokhov D, Zewail AH. Perspective: 4D ultrafast electron microscopy--Evolutions and revolutions. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:080901. [PMID: 26931672 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this Perspective, the evolutionary and revolutionary developments of ultrafast electron imaging are overviewed with focus on the "single-electron concept" for probing methodology. From the first electron microscope of Knoll and Ruska [Z. Phys. 78, 318 (1932)], constructed in the 1930s, to aberration-corrected instruments and on, to four-dimensional ultrafast electron microscopy (4D UEM), the developments over eight decades have transformed humans' scope of visualization. The changes in the length and time scales involved are unimaginable, beginning with the micrometer and second domains, and now reaching the space and time dimensions of atoms in matter. With these advances, it has become possible to follow the elementary structural dynamics as it unfolds in real time and to provide the means for visualizing materials behavior and biological functions. The aim is to understand emergent phenomena in complex systems, and 4D UEM is now central for the visualization of elementary processes involved, as illustrated here with examples from past achievements and future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shorokhov
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory for Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Ahmed H Zewail
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory for Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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8
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Bhattacherjee A, Attar AR, Leone SR. Transition state region in the A-Band photodissociation of allyl iodide—A femtosecond extreme ultraviolet transient absorption study. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:124311. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4944930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhattacherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andrew R. Attar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stephen R. Leone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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9
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Vogelsang J, Robin J, Nagy BJ, Dombi P, Rosenkranz D, Schiek M, Groß P, Lienau C. Ultrafast Electron Emission from a Sharp Metal Nanotaper Driven by Adiabatic Nanofocusing of Surface Plasmons. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:4685-91. [PMID: 26061633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report photoelectron emission from the apex of a sharp gold nanotaper illuminated via grating coupling at a distance of 50 μm from the emission site with few-cycle near-infrared laser pulses. We find a fifty-fold increase in electron yield over that for direct apex illumination. Spatial localization of the electron emission to a nanometer-sized region is demonstrated by point-projection microscopic imaging of a silver nanowire. Our results reveal negligible plasmon-induced electron emission from the taper shaft and thus efficient nanofocusing of few-cycle plasmon wavepackets. This novel, remotely driven emission scheme offers a particularly compact source of ultrashort electron pulses of immediate interest for miniaturized electron microscopy and diffraction schemes with ultrahigh time resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vogelsang
- †Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- ‡Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Robin
- †Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- ‡Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Benedek J Nagy
- §Wigner Research Centre for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
- ∥Institute of Physics, University of Pécs, 7622 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Dombi
- §Wigner Research Centre for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Rosenkranz
- †Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Schiek
- †Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Petra Groß
- †Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- ‡Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- †Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- ‡Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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10
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Robinson MS, Lane PD, Wann DA. A compact electron gun for time-resolved electron diffraction. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:013109. [PMID: 25638074 DOI: 10.1063/1.4905335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel compact time-resolved electron diffractometer has been built with the primary goal of studying the ultrafast molecular dynamics of photoexcited gas-phase molecules. Here, we discuss the design of the electron gun, which is triggered by a Ti:Sapphire laser, before detailing a series of calibration experiments relating to the electron-beam properties. As a further test of the apparatus, initial diffraction patterns have been collected for thin, polycrystalline platinum samples, which have been shown to match theoretical patterns. The data collected demonstrate the focusing effects of the magnetic lens on the electron beam, and how this relates to the spatial resolution of the diffraction pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Lane
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Derek A Wann
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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11
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Lin MM, Shorokhov D, Zewail AH. Conformations and coherences in structure determination by ultrafast electron diffraction. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:4075-93. [PMID: 19320469 PMCID: PMC2841986 DOI: 10.1021/jp8104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this article we consider consequences of spatial coherences and conformations in diffraction of (macro)molecules with different potential energy landscapes. The emphasis is on using this understanding to extract structural and temporal information from diffraction experiments. The theoretical analysis of structural interconversions spans an increased range of complexity, from small hydrocarbons to proteins. For each molecule considered, we construct the potential energy landscape and assess the characteristic conformational states available. For molecules that are quasiharmonic in the vicinity of energy minima, we find that the distinct conformer model is sufficient even at high temperatures. If, however, the energy surface is either locally flat around the minima or the molecule includes many degrees of conformational freedom, a Boltzmann ensemble must be used, in what we define as the pseudoconformer approach, to reproduce the diffraction. For macromolecules with numerous energy minima, the ensemble of hundreds of structures is considered, but we also utilize the concept of the persistence length to provide information on orientational coherence and its use to assess the degree of resonance contribution to diffraction. It is shown that the erosion of the resonant features in diffraction which are characteristic of some quasiperiodic structural motifs can be exploited in experimental studies of conformational interconversions triggered by a laser-induced temperature jump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo M. Lin
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory for Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Dmitry Shorokhov
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory for Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Ahmed H. Zewail
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory for Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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12
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Shorokhov D, Zewail AH. 4D electron imaging: principles and perspectives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:2879-93. [DOI: 10.1039/b801626g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Abstract
In this review, we highlight the progress made in the development of 4D ultrafast electron diffraction (UED), crystallography (UEC), and microscopy (UEM) with a focus on concepts, methodologies, and prototypical applications. The joint atomic-scale resolutions in space and time, and sensitivity reached, make it possible to determine complex transient structures and assemblies in different phases. These applications include studies of isolated chemical reactions (molecular beams), interfaces, surfaces and nanocrystals, self-assembly, and 2D crystalline fatty-acid bilayers. In 4D UEM, we are now able, using timed, single-electron packets, to image nano-to-micro scale structures of materials and biological cells. Future applications of these methods are foreseen across areas of physics, chemistry, and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Zewail
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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14
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Shorokhov D, Park ST, Zewail AH. Ultrafast Electron Diffraction: Dynamical Structures on Complex Energy Landscapes. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:2228-50. [PMID: 16273578 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we report studies in ultrafast electron diffraction (UED), with the aim of exploring new directions. The main focus is on the determination of complex structures and their dynamics with spatial and temporal resolutions sufficient to give an atomic-scale picture for the evolution in chemical or biological change. We also provide the theoretical framework for UED, and compare the experimental findings of UED to those predicted by density functional and charge density calculations. Selected applications are given in order to highlight phenomena related to concepts such as bifurcation of trajectories in dynamics, far-from-equilibrium coherent structures, and conformational robustness in biological structures. For the former two cases, we consider chemical systems, and, for the latter, we examine proteins of 200 atoms (angiotensin I) or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shorokhov
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bressler
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide, ISIC-FSB-BSP, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Saes M, Gawelda W, Kaiser M, Tarnovsky A, Bressler C, Chergui M, Johnson SL, Grolimund D, Abela R. Ultrafast time‐resolved X‐ray absorption spectroscopy of chemical systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1080/08940880308603029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Goodson BM, Ruan CY, Lobastov VA, Srinivasan R, Zewail AH. Ultrafast electron diffraction: complex landscapes of molecular structures in thermal and light-mediated reactions. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Ihee H, Goodson BM, Srinivasan R, Lobastov VA, Zewail AH. Ultrafast Electron Diffraction and Structural Dynamics: Transient Intermediates in the Elimination Reaction of C2F4I2. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014144r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyotcherl Ihee
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Ramesh Srinivasan
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Vladimir A. Lobastov
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Ahmed H. Zewail
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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19
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Ultrafast electron diffraction of transient cyclopentadienyl radical: A dynamic pseudorotary structure. Chem Phys Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)01476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Lobastov VA, Srinivasan R, Goodson BM, Ruan CY, Feenstra JS, Zewail AH. Ultrafast Diffraction of Transient Molecular Structures in Radiationless Transitions. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013705b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Lobastov
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Ramesh Srinivasan
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Chong-Yu Ruan
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Jonathan S. Feenstra
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Ahmed H. Zewail
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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21
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Dudek RC, Weber PM. Ultrafast Diffraction Imaging of the Electrocyclic Ring-Opening Reaction of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010122t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ray C. Dudek
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Peter M. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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22
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Zewail A. Femtochemie: Studium der Dynamik der chemischen Bindung auf atomarer Skala mit Hilfe ultrakurzer Laserpulse (Nobel-Aufsatz). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20000804)112:15<2688::aid-ange2688>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Lascoux N, Gallot G, Hache F, Gale GM, Bratos S, Leicknam JC. Femtosecond Dynamics of Hydrogen Bonds in Liquid Water: A Real Time Study. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Zewail
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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25
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Bratos S, Gale GM, Gallot G, Hache F, Lascoux N, Leicknam JC. Motion of hydrogen bonds in diluted HDO/D2O solutions: direct probing with 150 fs resolution. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 2000; 61:5211-5217. [PMID: 11031567 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.61.5211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/1999] [Revised: 11/29/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An experiment is described to study temporal variations of the hydrogen bond length in diluted HDO/D2O solutions. The principles of this laser spectroscopic experiment are explained first. The construction of a laser source generating 150 fs pulses in the 2.5-4.5 microns spectral region at a 10 microJ power level is detailed next. The OH stretching band is reproduced for different excitation frequencies and different pump-probe delay times. A theory, based on statistical mechanics of nonlinear optical processes, is proposed to calculate the lowest two spectral moments. An effect is reported, the delay dependent vibrational solvatochromism. It is shown how this effect can be exploited to follow temporal variations of the OH...O bond length directly, in real time. The corresponding time scales are of the order of 700 fs. No bond oscillations are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bratos
- Laboratoire de Physique Theorique des Liquides, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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26
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Cao J, Ihee H, Zewail AH. Ultrafast electron diffraction and direct observation of transient structures in a chemical reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:338-42. [PMID: 9892634 PMCID: PMC15137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.2.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast electron diffraction is a unique method for the studies of structural changes of complex molecular systems. In this contribution, we report direct ultrafast electron diffraction study of the evolution of short-lived intermediates in the course of a chemical change. Specifically, we observe the transient intermediate in the elimination reaction of 1,2-diiodotetrafluoroethane (C2F4I2) to produce the corresponding ethylene derivative by the breakage of two carbon-iodine, C---I, bonds. The evolution of the ground-state intermediate (C2F4I radical) is directly revealed in the population change of a single chemical bond, namely the second C---I bond. The elimination of two iodine atoms was shown to be nonconcerted, with reaction time of the second C---I bond breakage being 17 +/- 2 ps. The structure of the short-lived C2F4I radical is more favorable to the classical radical structure than to the bridged radical structure. This leap in our ability to record structural changes on the ps and shorter time scales bodes well for many future applications in complex molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cao
- Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0339
| | - Kent R. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of CaliforniaSan Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0339
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28
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Cao J, Ihee H, Zewail A. Ultrafast electron diffraction: determination of radical structure with picosecond time resolution. Chem Phys Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(98)00520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Geiser JD, Weber PM. Pump–probe diffraction imaging of vibrational wave functions. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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30
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Ben-Nun M, Cao J, Wilson KR. Ultrafast X-ray and Electron Diffraction: Theoretical Considerations. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp971764c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ben-Nun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0339
| | - Jianshu Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0339
| | - Kent R. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0339
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31
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Stein O, Dabach Y, Hollander G, Ben-Naim M, Halperin G, Breslow JL, Stein Y. Delayed loss of cholesterol from a localized lipoprotein depot in apolipoprotein A-I-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:9820-4. [PMID: 9275209 PMCID: PMC23275 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.18.9820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-atherogenic role of high density lipoprotein is well known even though the mechanism has not been established. In this study, we have used a novel model system to test whether removal of lipoprotein cholesterol from a localized depot will be affected by apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) deficiency. We compared the egress of cholesterol injected in the form of cationized low density lipoprotein into the rectus femoris muscle of apo A-I K-O and control mice. When the injected lipoprotein had been labeled with [3H]cholesterol, the t1/2 of labeled cholesterol loss from the muscle was about 4 days in controls and more than 7 days in apo A-I K-O mice. The loss of cholesterol mass had an initial slow (about 4 days) and a later more rapid component; after day 4, the disappearance curves for apo A-I K-O and controls began to diverge, and by day 7, the loss of injected cholesterol was significantly slower in apo A-I K-O than in controls. The injected lipoprotein cholesterol is about 70% in esterified form and undergoes hydrolysis, which by day 4 was similar in control and apo A-I K-O mice. The efflux potential of serum from control and apo A-I K-O mice was studied using media containing 2% native or delipidated serum. A significantly lower efflux of [3H]cholesterol from macrophages was found with native and delipidated serum from apo A-I K-O mice. In conclusion, these findings show that lack of apo A-I results in a delay in cholesterol loss from a localized depot in vivo and from macrophages in culture. These results provide support for the thesis that anti-atherogenicity of high density lipoprotein is related in part to its role in cholesterol removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Stein
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Cancer Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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32
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Williamson JC, Cao J, Ihee H, Frey H, Zewail AH. Clocking transient chemical changes by ultrafast electron diffraction. Nature 1997. [DOI: 10.1038/386159a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Wang XJ, Qiu X, Ben-Zvi I. Experimental observation of high-brightness microbunching in a photocathode rf electron gun. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1996; 54:R3121-R3124. [PMID: 9965628 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.54.r3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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34
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Krause JL, Whitnell RM, Wilson KR, Yan Y, Mukamel S. Optical control of molecular dynamics: Molecular cannons, reflectrons, and wave‐packet focusers. J Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1063/1.465848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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The information explosion. Nature 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/365296a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Charles Williamson J, Zewail AH. Ultrafast electron diffraction. Velocity mismatch and temporal resolution in crossed-beam experiments. Chem Phys Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)87193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Thiel DJ, Liviņs P, Stern EA, Lewis A. Microsecond-resolved XAFS of the triplet excited state of Pt2(P2O5H2)4(4-). Nature 1993; 362:40-3. [PMID: 8383295 DOI: 10.1038/362040a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the excited-state structures of most inorganic compounds. Time-resolved resonance Raman and time-resolved infrared spectroscopies can provide only indirect structural information for short-lived excited species in solution at room temperature. Time-resolved X-ray diffraction has the potential to give more direct information, but no excited-state structures have yet been reported; picosecond gas-phase electron diffraction has been proposed recently, but not yet demonstrated. Here we report a technique that combines the X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) method with rapid-flow laser spectroscopy to measure structural changes in a solution-phase excited-state transition-metal complex with microsecond resolution. We find that the triplet excited state of Pt2(P2O5H2)4(4-), with a lifetime of about 4 microseconds, undergoes a contraction in the Pt-Pt distance of 0.52 +/- 0.13 A relative to the ground state. We anticipate that time-resolved XAFS will have broad applications in chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Thiel
- Department of Applied Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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