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Wan L, Xia X, Hong D, Yang G. Molecular analysis and expression of a floral organ-specific polygalacturonase gene isolated from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:3851-62. [PMID: 20213507 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High throughput screening of stage-specific differentially expressed genes in a Brassica napus two-line Rs1046A/B subtractive library was used to identify the BnQRT3 gene associated with cell wall metabolism. Phylogenetic analysis indicates the protein product of BnQRT3 is polygalacturonase. According to cytological comparisons of Rs1046 sterile and fertile anthers, RT-PCR studies and in situ hybridizations, BnQRT3 is expressed most strongly in floral organs and may play an essential role in pollen maturation. Analysis of the histological staining pattern of BnQRT3 promoter-GUS constructs in transgenic Arabidopsis and Brassica napus revealed that proximal part of 5'-flanking region directed expression in the vascular tissue of filaments, veins in sepal and petals, stigma, branch connective and the floral organ abscission zone during the open flower stage. In the meanwhile, Activity of BnQRT3 was detected in the anthers, which commences at the microsporocyte stage and persists as anther approaches dehiscence. Strong GUS expression also can be observed in the vascular tissue of leaves and stem by compression with forceps or excision, suggesting that the BnQRT3 promoter is responsive to wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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2
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Skirpan A, Wu X, McSteen P. Genetic and physical interaction suggest that BARREN STALK 1 is a target of BARREN INFLORESCENCE2 in maize inflorescence development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 55:787-797. [PMID: 18466309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organogenesis in plants is controlled by polar auxin transport. In maize (Zea mays), barren inflorescence2 (bif2) encodes a co-ortholog of the serine/threonine protein kinase PINOID (PID), which regulates auxin transport in Arabidopsis. In this paper, we report that the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor BARREN STALK1 (BA1) is a putative target of BIF2, revealing a previously unknown function of BIF2 in the nucleus. Both bif2 and ba1 are required for axillary meristem initiation during inflorescence and vegetative development in maize. Using a yeast two-hybrid approach, we identified BA1 as an interacting partner with BIF2. We confirmed the interaction by in vitro pull-down assays, and demonstrated that BIF2 phosphorylates BA1 in vitro. Previously, RNA in situ hybridization showed that bif2 and ba1 are both expressed during axillary meristem initiation. Here, we heterologously expressed BIF2 and BA1, and found that they co-localize in the nucleus. Based on these findings, we propose that in addition to regulating auxin transport at the cell periphery, BIF2 also functions in the nucleus by interacting with BA1 to promote axillary meristem initiation. Double mutant analysis is consistent with these results, showing that bif2 and ba1 have overlapping as well as unique roles in inflorescence development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Skirpan
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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3
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Galván-Ampudia CS, Offringa R. Plant evolution: AGC kinases tell the auxin tale. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2007; 12:541-7. [PMID: 18024140 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The signaling molecule auxin is a central regulator of plant development, which instructs tissue and organ patterning, and couples environmental stimuli to developmental responses. Here, we discuss the function of PINOID (PID) and the phototropins, members of the plant specific AGCVIII protein kinases, and their role in triggering and regulating development by controlling PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transporter-generated auxin gradients and maxima. We propose that the AGCVIII kinase gene family evolved from an ancestral phototropin gene, and that the co-evolution of PID-like and PIN gene families marks the transition of plants from water to land. We hypothesize that the PID-like kinases function in parallel to, or downstream of, the phototropins to orient plant development by establishing the direction of polar auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S Galván-Ampudia
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology, Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Clusius Laboratory, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
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Santner AA, Watson JC. The WAG1 and WAG2 protein kinases negatively regulate root waving in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 45:752-64. [PMID: 16460509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The WAG1 and WAG2 genes of Arabidopsis thaliana encode protein-serine/threonine kinases that are closely related to PINOID. In order to determine what roles WAG1 and WAG2 play in seedling development, we used a reverse genetics approach to study the wag1, wag2 and wag1/wag2 mutant phenotypes for clues. Although the wag mutants do not contain detectable amounts of the corresponding mRNA, they are wild type in most respects. However, wag1/wag2 double mutants exhibit a pronounced wavy root phenotype when grown vertically on agar plates, a phenotype observed in wild-type plants only on plates inclined to angles less than 90 degrees. The wag1 and wag2 mutants also demonstrate enhanced root waving, but to a lesser extent. Moreover, the double mutant roots are more resistant to the effects of N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid on the inhibition of root curling, raising the possibility that transport of auxin is affected in the wag mutants. Promoter fusions to the gusA reporter gene demonstrate that the WAG promoters are most active in root tips, consistent with the observed phenotypes in the wag mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Santner
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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5
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Platten JD, Shabala SN, Elliott RC, Reid JB. A novel mutant with modified tropic responses in Pisum sativum L. PLANTA 2004; 220:222-9. [PMID: 15517358 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A single-gene recessive mutant which displays increased phototropic and gravitropic responses has been isolated in Pisum sativum L. cv. Torsdag and is provisionally named mtr-1, for its modified tropic response. Mutant plants attain a greater degree of bending during both phototropic and gravitropic induction due to an extension of the curvature phase. In addition to their increase in tropic curvature, mutant plants have longer and narrower leaves as mature plants, attenuated blue-light-induced ion flux responses, and lower levels of PsPK5 mRNA (a PHOT1 orthologue). Possible causes of these effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Damien Platten
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, 7001 Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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6
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Abstract
The natural occurrence of cyclic nucleotides in higher plants, formerly a topic of fierce debate, is now established, as is the presence of nucleotidyl cyclases and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases capable of their synthesis and breakdown. Here we describe the significant properties of cyclic nucleotides, also outlining their second messenger functions and the history of plant cyclic nucleotide research over its first three decades. Findings of the last five years are detailed within the context of the functional role of cyclic nucleotides in higher plants, with particular emphasis upon nucleotidyl cyclases and cyclic nucleotide-responsive protein kinases, -binding proteins and -gated ion channels, with future objectives and strategies discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Newton
- Biochemistry Group, School of Biological Sciences, Wallace Building, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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7
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Elliott RC, Platten JD, Watson JC, Reid JB. Phytochrome regulation of pea phototropin. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 161:265-70. [PMID: 15077624 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 phototropin, one of the blue light receptors responsible for phototropism, is encoded in peas by at least two genes, PsPHOT1A and PsPHOT1B (formerly PsPK4 and PsPK5), both of which are more similar to Arabidopsis PHOT1 than to Arabidopsis PHOT2. We show here that PsPHOT1B encodes a full-length phototropin, whose expression pattern suggests that Psphot1b is the predominant phot1-type phototropin in etiolated seedlings. The gene encoding the other type 1 phototropin, PsPHOT1A, is expressed at low levels, with its highest levels in the leaves and stems of more mature, light-grown plants. Studies with phyA, phyB and the phyAphyB double mutants show that phyA and phyB have partially redundant roles in the reduction of PsPHOT1B expression under red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Elliott
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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8
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Day IS, Miller C, Golovkin M, Reddy AS. Interaction of a kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein with a protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:13737-45. [PMID: 10788494 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.18.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein (KCBP) is a novel member of the kinesin superfamily that is involved in cell division and trichome morphogenesis. KCBP is unique among all known kinesins in having a myosin tail homology-4 region in the N-terminal tail and a calmodulin-binding region following the motor domain. Calcium, through calmodulin, has been shown to negatively regulate the interaction of KCBP with microtubules. Here we have used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify the proteins that interact with the tail region of KCBP. A protein kinase (KCBP-interacting protein kinase (KIPK)) was found to interact specifically with the tail region of KCBP. KIPK is related to a group of protein kinases specific to plants that has an additional sequence between subdomains VII and VIII of the conserved C-terminal catalytic domain and an extensive N-terminal region. The catalytic domain alone of KIPK interacted weakly with the N-terminal KCBP protein but strongly with full-length KCBP, whereas the noncatalytic region did not interact with either protein. The interaction of KCBP with KIPK was confirmed using coprecipitation assays. Using bacterially expressed full-length and truncated proteins, we have shown that the catalytic domain is capable of phosphorylating itself. The association of KIPK with KCBP suggests regulation of KCBP or KCBP-associated proteins by phosphorylation and/or that KCBP is involved in targeting KIPK to its proper cellular location.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Day
- Department of Biology and Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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9
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Abstract
In the past few years great progress has been made in identifying and characterizing plant photoreceptors active in the blue/UV-A regions of the spectrum. These photoreceptors include cryptochrome 1 and cryptochrome 2, which are similar in structure and chromophore composition to the prokaryotic DNA photolyases. However, they have a C-terminal extension that is not present in photolyases and lack photolyase activity. They are involved in regulation of cell elongation and in many other processes, including interfacing with circadian rhythms and activating gene transcription. Animal cryptochromes that play a photoreceptor role in circadian rhythms have also been characterized. Phototropin, the protein product of the NPH1 gene in Arabidopsis, likely serves as the photoreceptor for phototropism and appears to have no other role. A plasma membrane protein, it serves as photoreceptor, kinase, and substrate for light-activated phosphorylation. The carotenoid zeaxanthin may serve as the chromophore for a photoreceptor involved in blue-light-activated stomatal opening. The properties of these photoreceptors and some of the downstream events they are known to activate are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Briggs
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Sayah DN, Soo C, Shaw WW, Watson J, Messadi D, Longaker MT, Zhang X, Ting K. Downregulation of apoptosis-related genes in keloid tissues. J Surg Res 1999; 87:209-16. [PMID: 10600351 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1999.5761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiologically programmed cell death or apoptosis occurs during the natural balance between cellular proliferation and demise. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared the expression of 64 apoptosis-related genes in keloids and normal scars to investigate the potential role of apoptosis in keloid formation. Two sets of mRNA were isolated from keloids excised from four previously untreated patients and four normal scar patients separately. Human cDNA arrayed hybridization was performed to compare the apoptosis-related gene expression between these two groups. In addition, TUNEL assays were performed to evaluate the percentage of apoptotic cells in keloids (center and periphery) versus normal scars. RESULTS Eight of the sixty-four apoptosis-related genes studied were significantly underexpressed in keloid tissue. The underexpressed genes and their relative expression compared with normal scar were defender against cell death 1 (DAD-1) (34.1% of normal scar); nucleoside diphosphate kinase B (c-myc transcription factor) (24.7%); glutathione S-transferase (17.9%); glutathione S-transferase microsomal (28.1%); glutathione peroxidase (47.2%); tumor necrosis factor receptor 1-associated protein (TRADD) (51.0%); 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (NIP3) (36.0%); and cytoplasmic dynein light chain 1 (HDLC1) (47.7%). Spatial analysis of apoptosis using TUNEL assays revealed apoptosis indices of 0.83 for keloid periphery and 0.63 for keloid center. CONCLUSIONS In this study we demonstrated underexpression of apoptosis-related genes in human keloid tissue and decreased apoptotic activity in fibroblasts derived from keloids versus normal scars. We hypothesized that keloid fibroblasts fail to undergo physiologically programmed cell death and, thus, continue to produce and secrete connective tissue beyond the period expected in normal scar formation, accounting for the progressive and hypertrophic nature of keloids. This mechanism leads to new possibilities for treatment of keloids through induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Sayah
- Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
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11
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Abstract
PAS domains are newly recognized signaling domains that are widely distributed in proteins from members of the Archaea and Bacteria and from fungi, plants, insects, and vertebrates. They function as input modules in proteins that sense oxygen, redox potential, light, and some other stimuli. Specificity in sensing arises, in part, from different cofactors that may be associated with the PAS fold. Transduction of redox signals may be a common mechanistic theme in many different PAS domains. PAS proteins are always located intracellularly but may monitor the external as well as the internal environment. One way in which prokaryotic PAS proteins sense the environment is by detecting changes in the electron transport system. This serves as an early warning system for any reduction in cellular energy levels. Human PAS proteins include hypoxia-inducible factors and voltage-sensitive ion channels; other PAS proteins are integral components of circadian clocks. Although PAS domains were only recently identified, the signaling functions with which they are associated have long been recognized as fundamental properties of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA.
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12
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Khanna R, Lin X, Watson JC. Photoregulated expression of the PsPK3 and PsPK5 genes in pea seedlings. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 39:231-42. [PMID: 10080691 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006154203639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The PsPK3 and PsPK5 genes of the garden pea encode protein-serine/threonine kinases whose catalytic domains are closely related to known signal transducing kinases from animals and fungi. The PsPK3 polypeptide is predicted to be located in the nucleus, whereas PsPK5 is a homologue of NPH1, the probable blue light receptor for phototropism from Arabidopsis. We found previously that when etiolated pea seedlings are illuminated with continuous white light, PsPK3 and PsPK5 transcript levels within apical buds decline substantially, reaching their minimum levels within one day of exposure to light. The role of light in regulating the expression of the PsPK3 and PsPK5 genes was investigated further. To gain insight into the rapidity with which expression changes, 6-day old, dark-grown pea seedlings were transferred to continuous white light, and PsPK3 and PsPK5 RNA levels monitored over the ensuing 24 h. While transcripts from the RbcS gene family increase, the PsPK3 and PsPK5 mRNAs decline rapidly to their minimum levels. PsPK5 mRNA declines 10-fold in ca. 2 h, whereas PsPK3 mRNA declines 4-fold in ca. 8 h. We used single pulses of light to elucidate which photoreceptor triggers the negative regulation of PsPK3 and PsPK5 gene expression. To assess phytochrome involvement, etiolated seedlings were treated with single pulses of red light, red followed by far-red light, or far-red light alone. RbcS induction by a red light pulse is reversible with a subsequent far-red light pulse, clearly showing that phytochrome mediates its induction. Likewise, RbcS expression is induced with a single pulse of blue light or a dichromatic pulse of red+blue light. However, none of these pulses trigger the PsPK3 and PsPK5 mRNA levels to decline. Given the lack of effectiveness of light pulses, etiolated seedlings were transferred to continuous light of three different qualities to determine the spectral sensitivity of PsPK3 and PsPK5 gene expression. Exposure to continuous red, continuous far-red, or continuous blue light causes the PsPK3 and PsPK5 mRNAs to decline and transcripts from the RbcS and Cab gene families to increase. One likely explanation is that phytochrome A mediates the responses of these genes to continuous far-red light. The effectiveness of continuous red light and blue light in triggering the reduction in PsPK3 and PsPK5 mRNA levels and the increase in RbcS and Cab mRNAs may imply the participation of additional phytochromes and/or cryptochromes. Thus, the PsPK3 and PsPK5 genes exhibit responsiveness to continuous light, but a lack of responsiveness to single light pulses that is unusual, and perhaps unique, among light-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Khanna
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, 46202-5132, USA
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Huala E, Oeller PW, Liscum E, Han IS, Larsen E, Briggs WR. Arabidopsis NPH1: a protein kinase with a putative redox-sensing domain. Science 1997; 278:2120-3. [PMID: 9405347 DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5346.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The NPH1 (nonphototropic hypocotyl 1) gene encodes an essential component acting very early in the signal-transduction chain for phototropism. Arabidopsis NPH1 contains a serine-threonine kinase domain and LOV1 and LOV2 repeats that share similarity (36 to 56 percent) with Halobacterium salinarium Bat, Azotobacter vinelandii NIFL, Neurospora crassa White Collar-1, Escherichia coli Aer, and the Eag family of potassium-channel proteins from Drosophila and mammals. Sequence similarity with a known (NIFL) and a suspected (Aer) flavoprotein suggests that NPH1 LOV1 and LOV2 may be flavin-binding domains that regulate kinase activity in response to blue light-induced redox changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Huala
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Chory J, Chatterjee M, Cook RK, Elich T, Fankhauser C, Li J, Nagpal P, Neff M, Pepper A, Poole D, Reed J, Vitart V. From seed germination to flowering, light controls plant development via the pigment phytochrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:12066-71. [PMID: 8901532 PMCID: PMC37942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.22.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and development are regulated by interactions between the environment and endogenous developmental programs. Of the various environmental factors controlling plant development, light plays an especially important role, in photosynthesis, in seasonal and diurnal time sensing, and as a cue for altering developmental pattern. Recently, several laboratories have devised a variety of genetic screens using Arabidopsis thaliana to dissect the signal transduction pathways of the various photoreceptor systems. Genetic analysis demonstrates that light responses are not simply endpoints of linear signal transduction pathways but are the result of the integration of information from a variety of photoreceptors through a complex network of interacting signaling components. These signaling components include the red/far-red light receptors, phytochromes, at least one blue light receptor, and negative regulatory genes (DET, COP, and FUS) that act downstream from the photoreceptors in the nucleus. In addition, a steroid hormone, brassinolide, also plays a role in light-regulated development and gene expression in Arabidopsis. These molecular and genetic data are allowing us to construct models of the mechanisms by which light controls development and gene expression in Arabidopsis. In the future, this knowledge can be used as a framework for understanding how all land plants respond to changes in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chory
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Lu YT, Hidaka H, Feldman LJ. Characterization of a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase homolog from maize roots showing light-regulated gravitropism. PLANTA 1996; 199:18-24. [PMID: 8680305 DOI: 10.1007/bf00196876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Roots of many species respond to gravity (gravitropism) and grow downward only if illuminated. This light-regulated root gravitropism is phytochrome-dependent, mediated by calcium, and inhibited by KN-93, a specific inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II). A cDNA encoding MCK1, a maize homolog of mammalian CaMK, has been isolated from roots of maize (Zea mays L.). The MCK1 gene is expressed in root tips, the site of perception for both light and gravity. Using the [35S]CaM gel-overlay assay we showed that calmodulin-binding activity of the MCK1 is abolished by 50 microM KN-93, but binding is not affected by 5 microM KN-93, paralleling physiological findings that light-regulated root gravitropism is inhibited by 50 microM KN-93, but not by 5 microM KN-93. KN-93 inhibits light-regulated gravitropism by interrupting transduction of the light signal, not light perception, suggesting that MCK1 may play a role in transducing light. This is the first report suggesting a physiological function for a CaMK homolog in light signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Lu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
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Thümmler F, Kirchner M, Teuber R, Dittrich P. Differential accumulation of the transcripts of 22 novel protein kinase genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 29:551-565. [PMID: 8534852 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
22 novel members of the Arabidopsis thaliana protein kinase family (AKs) were identified by using degenerate oligonucleotide primers directed to highly conserved amino acid sequences of the protein kinase (PK) catalytic domain. Of these 22 genes, 16 turned out to carry intron sequences. Homologies of AK sequences were detected to S-locus receptor protein kinases (SRKs) from Brassica spp., to SRK-like PKs from maize and A. thaliana and to several other receptor PKs from A. thaliana. Sequence similarity was also detected to Ca(2+)-dependent PKs (CDPKs) from rape and soybean, to SNF1 and to CDC2 homologues. The genomic organization and the accumulation of the mRNAs from these 22 AK genes were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Thümmler
- Botanisches Institut, Universität München, Germany
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18
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Elich TD, Chory J. Initial events in phytochrome signalling: still in the dark. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 26:1315-1327. [PMID: 7858193 DOI: 10.1007/bf00016477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T D Elich
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA 92186-5800
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Zhao Y, Feng XH, Watson JC, Bottino PJ, Kung SD. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of a receptor-like serine/threonine kinase from rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 26:791-803. [PMID: 7999995 DOI: 10.1007/bf00028849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A receptor-like protein kinase, OsPK10, has been cloned from rice (Oryza sativa). The 2.8 kb cDNA contains an open reading frame capable of encoding a peptide sequence of 824 amino acids. The topological features of the predicted OsPK10 protein include an N-terminal signal peptide, a cysteine-rich extracellular ligand-binding domain, a membrane-spanning segment, and a cytoplasmic domain possessing all the hallmarks of catalytic domains of eukaryotic protein kinases. The cytoplasmic domain was selectively expressed in Escherichia coli and assayed for kinase activity. The results show the protein is capable of autophosphorylation using either ATP or GTP as the phosphate donor. Phosphoamino acid analysis reveals phosphorylation of threonines, consistent with the substrate specificity indicated by sequence motifs in the catalytic core. A single amino acid substitution of Glu for Lys-528 completely abolishes autophosphorylation activity. DNA gel blot analyses suggest that the haploid rice genome contains a single copy of the OsPK10 gene. OsPK10 transcripts appear to be more abundant in shoots than in roots of rice seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park 20742-5815
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Urao T, Katagiri T, Mizoguchi T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Hayashida N, Shinozaki K. Two genes that encode Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases are induced by drought and high-salt stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1994; 244:331-40. [PMID: 8078458 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Two cDNA clones, cATCDPK1 and cATCDPK2, encoding Ca(2+)-dependent, calmodulin-independent protein kinases (CDPK) were cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana and their nucleotide sequences were determined. Northern blot analysis indicated that the mRNAs corresponding to the ATCDPK1 and ATCDPK2 genes are rapidly induced by drought and high-salt stress but not by low-temperature stress or heat stress. Treatment of Arabidopsis plants with exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) had no effect on the induction of ATCDPK1 or ATCDPK2. These findings suggest that a change in the osmotic potential of the environment can serve as a trigger for the induction of ATCDPK1 and ATCDPK2. Putative proteins encoded by ATCDPK1 and ATCDPK2 which contain open reading frames of 1479 and 1488 bp, respectively, are designated ATCDPK1 and ATCDPK2 and show 52% identity at the amino acid sequence level. ATCDPK1 and ATCDPK2 exhibit significant similarity to a soybean CDPK (51% and 73%, respectively). Both proteins contain a catalytic domain that is typical of serine/threonine protein kinases and a regulatory domain that is homologous to the Ca(2+)-binding sites of calmodulin. Genomic Southern blot analysis suggests the existence of a few additional genes that are related to ATCDPK1 and ATCDPK2 in the Arabidopsis genome. The ATCDPK2 protein expressed in Escherichia coli was found to phosphorylate casein and myelin basic protein preferentially, relative to a histone substrate, and required Ca2+ for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Urao
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Tsukuba Life Science Center, Ibaraki, Japan
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21
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Sano H, Youssefian S. Light and nutritional regulation of transcripts encoding a wheat protein kinase homolog is mediated by cytokinins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:2582-6. [PMID: 8146158 PMCID: PMC43413 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.7.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many metabolic processes in plants are regulated by phosphorylation of proteins by kinases, but little is known of the roles that specific protein kinase play in the various signal transduction pathways or the mechanisms by which these kinases themselves are regulated. We report here the isolation of a gene, wpk4, encoding a putative protein kinase from wheat that appears to belong to the SNF1 kinase subfamily and that shows increased transcript levels in response to multiple stimuli: light, nutrient deprivation, and cytokinin application. Although wpk4 mRNA is undetectable in etiolated seedlings, it rapidly accumulates within 1 hr of illumination. General nutrient deprivation also increases wpk4 mRNA levels, but only under light conditions. In addition, of the various phytohormones tested, cytokinin (N6-benzylaminopurine) specifically increases wpk4 mRNA levels regardless of the light conditions, whereas in the presence of a cytokinin antagonist the level of wpk4 mRNA is not increased by either light or nutrient deprivation. These results suggest that the light and nutrient signals that induce wpk4 mRNA accumulation may be mediated through cytokinins and provide a strong basis for examining the coordinated regulation of protein phosphorylation by light, cytokinins, and nutritional cues in a single transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sano
- Biotechnology Institute, Akita Prefectural College of Agriculture, Japan
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22
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Bolander FF. Molecular Evolution of the Endocrine System. Mol Endocrinol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-111231-8.50020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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23
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Yang Z, Watson JC. Molecular cloning and characterization of rho, a ras-related small GTP-binding protein from the garden pea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:8732-6. [PMID: 8378356 PMCID: PMC47432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.18.8732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The rho proteins, members of the ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins, play a central role in the modulation of cellular functions involving the actin cytoskeleton such as in the establishment of cell polarity and morphology. As a first step in elucidating signal transduction pathways leading to processes mediated by the actin cytoskeleton in plants, we initiated cloning and characterization of rho proteins from pea. One rho-related, partial cDNA clone of 167 bp was isolated utilizing a polymerase chain reaction-based cloning strategy, using degenerate primers that correspond to conserved domains within the rho proteins. A full-length cDNA was isolated by screening a pea cDNA library using the 167-bp cDNA as a probe. The Rho1Ps cDNA contains an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide (Rho1Ps) of 197 amino acids that shows 45-64% sequence identity to members of the rho family and about 30% identity to other members of the ras superfamily. In addition to the nucleotide-binding and GTPase domains, Rho1Ps shares conserved residues and motifs unique to the rho proteins. Purified Rho1Ps protein expressed in Escherichia coli retains specific GTP-binding activity. These data indicate that Rho1Ps encodes a small GTP-binding protein of the rho family. The Rho1Ps transcript is expressed in all organs of pea seedlings, being more abundant in root tips and apical buds. DNA gel blot analyses show that the rho proteins in pea are encoded by a multigene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park 20742-5815
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Palmer JM, Short TW, Gallagher S, Briggs WR. Blue Light-Induced Phosphorylation of a Plasma Membrane-Associated Protein in Zea mays L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 102:1211-1218. [PMID: 12231896 PMCID: PMC158907 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.4.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Blue light induces a variety of photomorphogenic responses in higher plants, among them phototropic curvature, the bending of seedlings toward a unidirectional light source. In dark-grown coleoptiles of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings, blue light induces rapid phosphorylation of a 114-kD protein at fluence levels that are sufficient to stimulate phototropic curvature. Phosphorylation in response to blue light can be detected in vivo in coleoptile tips preincubated in 32Pi or in vitro in isolated membranes supplemented with [[gamma]-32P]ATP. Phosphorylation reaches a maximum level in vitro within 2 min following an inductive light pulse, but substantial labeling occurs within the first 15 s. Isolated membranes remain activated for several minutes following an in vitro blue light stimulus, even in the absence of exogenous ATP. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the 114-kD protein detected phosphoserine and a trace of phosphothreonine. The kinase involved in phosphorylating the protein in vitro is not dependent on calcium. The 114-kD protein itself has an apparent binding site for ATP, detected by incubating with the nonhydrolyzable analog, 5[prime]-p-fluorosulfonyl-benzoyladenosine. This result suggests that the 114-kD protein, which becomes phosphorylated in response to blue light, may also be capable of kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Palmer
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, California 94305
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Yoshida K, Nagano Y, Murai N, Sasaki Y. Phytochrome-regulated expression of the genes encoding the small GTP-binding proteins in peas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:6636-40. [PMID: 11607412 PMCID: PMC46987 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.14.6636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of light on the mRNA levels of 11 genes (pra1-pra9A, pra9B, and pra9C) encoding the small GTP-binding proteins that belong to the ras superfamily in Pisum sativum. When the dark-grown seedlings were exposed to continuous white light for 24 hr, the levels of several pra mRNAs in the pea buds decreased: pra2 and pra3 mRNAs decreased markedly; pra4, pra6, and pra9A mRNAs decreased slightly; the other 6 pra mRNAs did not decrease. We studied the kinetics of mRNA accumulation for pra2, pra3, and pra9B in detail during white light illumination and compared them with those of the phytochrome gene and the small subunit gene of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase: mRNA levels of pra2 and pra3 decreased in a manner similar to that of phytochrome while that of the small subunit increased as was expected. The decreases were triggered by a 2-min monochromatic red light (660 nm) irradiation. The effect of red light was reversed by subsequent exposure to far-red light, indicating an involvement of phytochrome as a photoreceptor in this light-regulated event. This work reports negative regulation of mRNA levels of small GTP-binding proteins by light, mediated by phytochrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshida
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Park YS, Hong SW, Oh SA, Kwak JM, Lee HH, Nam HG. Two putative protein kinases from Arabidopsis thaliana contain highly acidic domains. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 22:615-624. [PMID: 8393717 DOI: 10.1007/bf00047402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two cDNA clones (ASK1 and ASK2) for plant protein kinases were cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana by screening cDNA libraries with a degenerate oligonucleotide probe that corresponds to a highly conserved motif among protein kinases. Sequence analysis shows that the clones contain open reading frames that encode 41.2 kDa (ASK1) and 40.1 kDa (ASK2) proteins, respectively. These coding regions contain all the conserved motifs of protein kinases. Structural analysis of the coding regions revealed that the two protein kinase genes share high sequence similarity to each other (76.6% identity). The catalytic domain located in the amino terminal region is most similar to the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily (47.2% to 54.2% similarity) and the SNF1 kinase subfamily (48.1% to 53.3% similarity). However, the carboxy terminal regions contain distinctive stretches of 21 (ASK1) and 19 (ASK2) acidic amino acids. These clones are the first report of protein kinases with such acidic amino acid regions. The transcripts of both genes are most abundant in leaf but are also expressed in other organs. The expression of the two genes is highly affected by light regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Park
- Department of Life Science, Pohang Institute of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk, South Korea
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Citovsky V, McLean BG, Zupan JR, Zambryski P. Phosphorylation of tobacco mosaic virus cell-to-cell movement protein by a developmentally regulated plant cell wall-associated protein kinase. Genes Dev 1993; 7:904-10. [PMID: 7684009 DOI: 10.1101/gad.7.5.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In host plants, cell-to-cell spread of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) presumably occurs through intercellular connections, the plasmodesmata. TMV movement is mediated by a specific virus-encoded single-strand nucleic acid-binding protein, P30. The mechanism by which P30 operates is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that P30 expressed in transgenic plants is a phosphoprotein. We have developed an assay for in vitro phosphorylation of purified P30 by plant cell wall fractions and have localized the phosphorylation sites to amino acid residues Ser-258, Thr-261, and Ser-265. Interestingly, the P30 phosphorylation sites do not correspond to any known consensus phosphorylation sites for protein kinases. While P30 binding to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) was shown to involve Thr-261, phosphorylation of this residue does not appear to play a role in binding activity. The protein kinase activity contained in the cell wall fractions was developmentally regulated, expressed predominantly in leaves. Within a leaf, this protein kinase activity increased with leaf maturation and correlated with the reported development of secondary plasmodesmata, sites of P30 accumulation. We suggest that phosphorylation may represent a mechanism for the host plant to sequester P30 following its localization to cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Citovsky
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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28
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Harper JF, Binder BM, Sussman MR. Calcium and lipid regulation of an Arabidopsis protein kinase expressed in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 1993; 32:3282-90. [PMID: 7916621 DOI: 10.1021/bi00064a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) represent a new family of protein kinases which are proposed to contain, in a single polypeptide, both a kinase domain and an adjoining calmodulin-like domain with four calcium-binding EF-hand motifs [Harper, J.F., Sussman, M.R., Schaller, G.E., Putnam-Evans, C., Charbonneau, H., & Harmon, A.C. (1991) Science 252, 951-954]. DNA cloning and Western blot analysis indicate that multiple CDPK isoforms are present in the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana. One CDPK gene called AK1 was isolated from Arabidopsis as a full-length cDNA. The predicted AK1 protein has a M(r) of 72,645 and is 116 amino acid residues longer at the amino terminus than the prototype CDPK alpha gene previously identified in soybean. The most highly conserved region between these two CDPKs is a region of 31 amino acids that joins the kinase and calmodulin-like domains. To verify the kinase activity of the enzyme encoded by AK1, a fusion of an amino-terminally truncated AK1 to the C-terminus of glutathione S-transferase was expressed in Escherichia coli. The fusion protein was purified and displayed a maximum kinase activity of 40 nmol of phosphate/(min.mg), using histone IIIs as a substrate. The enzyme activity was stimulated 3-6-fold by calcium and 2-5-fold by crude lipid. However, a synergistic stimulation of 16-30-fold was observed by the addition of both calcium and crude lipid. Lipid stimulation was specific for lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol and did not occur with the addition of phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylcholine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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Yang Z, Cramer CL, Watson JC. Protein farnesyltransferase in plants. Molecular cloning and expression of a homolog of the beta subunit from the garden pea. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 101:667-74. [PMID: 8278509 PMCID: PMC160617 DOI: 10.1104/pp.101.2.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein farnesyltransferase is a heterodimeric enzyme that attaches a farnesyl moiety to C-terminal cysteine residues. Both the alpha and beta subunits have recently been cloned and sequenced from yeast and rat. Degenerate oligonucleotides, corresponding to conserved regions of the beta subunit, were used as primers for the polymerase chain reaction to amplify cDNA synthesized from total cellular RNA from the apical buds of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. The 171-bp fragment obtained encodes an open reading frame of 57 amino acids showing 65% identity to the rat protein farnesyltransferase beta subunit. Using this fragment to screen a pea cDNA library, one full-length cDNA clone, designated PsFTb, was obtained that contains an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 419 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequence exhibits 48 and 40% identity to the rat and yeast beta subunits, respectively, indicating that this cDNA encodes a pea homolog of the beta subunit of farnesyltransferase. Gel blot hybridizations show that PsFTb is likely to be encoded by a single-copy gene and is expressed as a transcript of approximately 1.7 kb. During photoregulated leaf development in continuous white light, PsFTb transcript levels within apical buds decline by approximately 5-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yang
- Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park 20742-5815
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30
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Mizoguchi T, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Hayashida N, Kamada H, Shinozaki K. Cloning and characterization of two cDNAs encoding casein kinase II catalytic subunits in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 21:279-289. [PMID: 7678767 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two cDNA clones, ATCKA1 and ATCKA2, encoding casein kinase II (CKII) catalytic subunits, were cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana and their nucleotide sequences were determined. Both cDNAs contain 999 bp open reading frames and are 94% identical on the amino acid sequence level. The deduced amino acid sequences of ATCKA1 and ATCKA2 are very similar to that of the human CKII catalytic alpha subunit (72% homology). Northern blot analysis indicates that the ATCKA1 and ATCKA2 mRNAs are present in all plant organs, but that ATCKA1 transcript levels are quite low compared to those of ATCKA2. Genomic Southern blot analysis suggests that there are at least three CKII genes in the A. thaliana genome. We expressed the ATCKA1 and ATCKA2 cDNAs in Escherichia coli using a pET vector derivative and analyzed the expressed protein in vitro. The expressed ATCKA1 protein phosphorylated casein using either ATP or GTP. This activity was inhibited by heparin, indicating that the expressed protein has activity similar to those reported for animal and yeast CKII.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mizoguchi
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Tsukuba Life Science Center, RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Ibaraki, Japan
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31
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Anderberg RJ, Walker-Simmons MK. Isolation of a wheat cDNA clone for an abscisic acid-inducible transcript with homology to protein kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:10183-7. [PMID: 1438207 PMCID: PMC50302 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.21.10183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) initiate water-stress responses in plants. We present evidence that a transcript with homology to protein kinases is induced by ABA and dehydration in wheat. A 1.2-kilobase cDNA clone (PKABA1) was isolated from an ABA-treated wheat embryo cDNA library by screening the library with a probe developed by polymerase chain reaction amplification of serine/threonine protein kinase subdomains VIb to VIII. The deduced amino acid sequence of the PKABA1 clone contains the features of serine/threonine protein kinases, including homology with all 12 conserved regions of the catalytic domain. PKABA1 transcript levels are barely detectable in growing seedlings but are induced dramatically when plants are subjected to dehydration stress. The PKABA1 transcript can also be induced by supplying low concentrations of ABA, and coordinate increases in ABA levels and PKABA1 mRNA occur when seedlings are water-stressed. Identification of this ABA-inducible transcript with homology to protein kinases provides a basis for examining the role of protein phosphorylation in plant responses to dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Anderberg
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6420
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32
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Lin X, Watson JC. cDNA Sequence of PsPK5, a Protein Kinase Homolog from Pisum sativum L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 100:1072-4. [PMID: 16653022 PMCID: PMC1075671 DOI: 10.1104/pp.100.2.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X Lin
- Department of Botany, Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, and Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742-5815
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33
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Feng XH, Bottino PJ, Kung SD. Molecular identification of a soybean protein kinase gene family by using PCR. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1992; 18:581-4. [PMID: 1371408 DOI: 10.1007/bf00040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study we report identification of six members of a protein kinase gene family from soybean (Glycine max L.). Two fully degenerate oligonucleotide primers corresponding to two conserved motifs (DLK-PENV and GTHEYLAPE) in the catalytic domains of eukaryotic protein serine/threonine kinases were used in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify soybean cDNA. Sequence analysis showed that 28 of the PCR sequences represented six different putative protein serine/threonine kinases. These results not only demonstrate that catalytic domains of protein kinases are highly conserved between plants and other eukaryotes but also suggest that there are multiple genes encoding protein kinases in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Feng
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742-5815
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