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The Modes of Dysregulation of the Proto-Oncogene T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 1A. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215455. [PMID: 34771618 PMCID: PMC8582492 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1A (TCL1A) is a proto-oncogene that is mainly expressed in embryonic and fetal tissues, as well as in some lymphatic cells. It is frequently overexpressed in a variety of T- and B-cell lymphomas and in some solid tumors. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia and in T-prolymphocytic leukemia, TCL1A has been implicated in the pathogenesis of these conditions, and high-level TCL1A expression correlates with more aggressive disease characteristics and poorer patient survival. Despite the modes of TCL1A (dys)regulation still being incompletely understood, there are recent advances in understanding its (post)transcriptional regulation. This review summarizes the current concepts of TCL1A’s multi-faceted modes of regulation. Understanding how TCL1A is deregulated and how this can lead to tumor initiation and sustenance can help in future approaches to interfere in its oncogenic actions. Abstract Incomplete biological concepts in lymphoid neoplasms still dictate to a large extent the limited availability of efficient targeted treatments, which entertains the mostly unsatisfactory clinical outcomes. Aberrant expression of the embryonal and lymphatic TCL1 family of oncogenes, i.e., the paradigmatic TCL1A, but also TML1 or MTCP1, is causally implicated in T- and B-lymphocyte transformation. TCL1A also carries prognostic information in these particular T-cell and B-cell tumors. More recently, the TCL1A oncogene has been observed also in epithelial tumors as part of oncofetal stemness signatures. Although the concepts on the modes of TCL1A dysregulation in lymphatic neoplasms and solid tumors are still incomplete, there are recent advances in defining the mechanisms of its (de)regulation. This review presents a comprehensive overview of TCL1A expression in tumors and the current understanding of its (dys)regulation via genomic aberrations, epigenetic modifications, or deregulation of TCL1A-targeting micro RNAs. We also summarize triggers that act through such transcriptional and translational regulation, i.e., altered signals by the tumor microenvironment. A refined mechanistic understanding of these modes of dysregulations together with improved concepts of TCL1A-associated malignant transformation can benefit future approaches to specifically interfere in TCL1A-initiated or -driven tumorigenesis.
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TCL1A, B Cell Regulation and Tolerance in Renal Transplantation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061367. [PMID: 34206047 PMCID: PMC8230170 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite much progress in the management of kidney transplantation, the need for life-long immunosuppressive therapies remains a major issue representing many risks for patients. Operational tolerance, defined as allograft acceptance without immunosuppression, has logically been subject to many investigations with the aim of a better understanding of post-transplantation mechanisms and potentially how it would be induced in patients. Among proposed biomarkers, T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma protein 1A (TCL1A) has been observed as overexpressed in the peripheral blood of operational tolerant patients in several studies. TCL1A expression is restricted to early B cells, also increased in the blood of tolerant patients, and showing regulatory properties, notably through IL-10 secretion for some subsets. TCL1A has first been identified as an oncogene, overexpression of which is associated to the development of T and B cell cancer. TCL1A acts as a coactivator of the serine threonine kinase Akt and through other interactions favoring cell survival, growth, and proliferation. It has also been identified as interacting with others major actors involved in B cells differentiation and regulation, including IL-10 production. Herein, we reviewed known interactions and functions of TCL1A in B cells which could involve its potential role in the set up and maintenance of renal allograft tolerance.
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3
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Shanmugam V, Kim AS. Lymphomas. Genomic Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22922-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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4
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Paduano F, Gaudio E, Mensah AA, Pinton S, Bertoni F, Trapasso F. T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 1 (TCL1): An Oncogene Regulating Multiple Signaling Pathways. Front Oncol 2018; 8:317. [PMID: 30151355 PMCID: PMC6099186 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 30 years ago, Carlo Croce's group discovered the T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma 1A oncogene (TCL1A or TCL1). TCL1 protein is normally expressed in fetal tissues and early developmental stage lymphocytes. Its expression is deregulated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and most lymphomas. TCL1 plays a central role in lymphomagenesis as a co-activator of AKT kinases and other recently elucidated interacting protein partners. These include ATM, HSP70 and TP63, which were all confirmed as binding partners of TCL1 from co-immunoprecipitation experiments utilizing endogenously expressed proteins. The nature of these interactions highlighted the role of TCL1 in enhancing multiple signaling pathways, including PI3K and NF-κB. Based on its role in the aforementioned pathways and, despite the lack of a well-defined enzymatic activity, TCL1 is considered a potential therapeutic target for TCL1-positive hematological malignancies. This perspective will provide an overview of TCL1A and its interacting partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paduano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Biomedical Section, Tecnologica Research Institute, Crotone, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Afua A Mensah
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Pinton
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Trapasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
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5
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Integrated genomic sequencing reveals mutational landscape of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2014; 124:1460-72. [PMID: 24825865 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-03-559542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive genetic alterations underlying the pathogenesis of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) are unknown. To address this, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS), whole-exome sequencing (WES), high-resolution copy-number analysis, and Sanger resequencing of a large cohort of T-PLL. WGS and WES identified novel mutations in recurrently altered genes not previously implicated in T-PLL including EZH2, FBXW10, and CHEK2. Strikingly, WGS and/or WES showed largely mutually exclusive mutations affecting IL2RG, JAK1, JAK3, or STAT5B in 38 of 50 T-PLL genomes (76.0%). Notably, gain-of-function IL2RG mutations are novel and have not been reported in any form of cancer. Further, high-frequency mutations in STAT5B have not been previously reported in T-PLL. Functionally, IL2RG-JAK1-JAK3-STAT5B mutations led to signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) hyperactivation, transformed Ba/F3 cells resulting in cytokine-independent growth, and/or enhanced colony formation in Jurkat T cells. Importantly, primary T-PLL cells exhibited constitutive activation of STAT5, and targeted pharmacologic inhibition of STAT5 with pimozide induced apoptosis in primary T-PLL cells. These results for the first time provide a portrait of the mutational landscape of T-PLL and implicate deregulation of DNA repair and epigenetic modulators as well as high-frequency mutational activation of the IL2RG-JAK1-JAK3-STAT5B axis in the pathogenesis of T-PLL. These findings offer opportunities for novel targeted therapies in this aggressive leukemia.
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6
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Cao D, Lane Z, Allan RW, Wang P, Guo CC, Peng Y, Li J. TCL1 is a diagnostic marker for intratubular germ cell neoplasia and classic seminoma. Histopathology 2010; 57:152-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is noted for its transforming potential. Yet, it also acts as a cytostatic and growth-relenting factor in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms of the growth inhibitory property of LMP1 have remained largely unknown. In this study, we show that LMP1 negatively regulates a major oncogene, TCL1, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and BL cells. MicroRNA (miR) profiling of LMP1 transfectants showed that among others, miR-29b, is upregulated. LMP1 diminished TCL1 by inducing miR-29b through C-terminus activation region 1 (CTAR1) and CTAR2. miR-29b locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense oligonucleotide transfection into LMP1-expressing cells reduced miR-29b expression and consequently reconstituted TCL1, suggesting that LMP1 negatively regulates TCL1 through miR-29b upregulation. The miR-29b increase by LMP1 was due to an increase in the cluster pri-miR-29b1-a transcription, derived from human chromosome 7. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we found that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-activating function of LMP1 is important for this effect. The ability of LMP1 to negatively regulate TCL1 through miR-29b might underlie its B-cell lymphoma growth antagonistic property. As LMP1 is also important for B-cell transformation, we suggest that the functional dichotomy of this viral protein may depend on a combination of levels of its expression, lineage and differentiation of the target cells and regulation of miRs, which then directs the outcome of the cellular response.
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Mansouri MR, Sevov M, Aleskog A, Jondal M, Merup M, Sundström C, Osorio L, Rosenquist R. IGHV3-21 gene usage is associated with high TCL1 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2009; 84:109-16. [PMID: 19889012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 1 (TCL1) was recently shown to display an expression pattern in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) corresponding to molecular subtypes, where poor-risk patients demonstrated higher expression levels. Here, we examined the mRNA expression pattern of TCL1 in 144 patients with CLL, including 67 immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable (IGHV) mutated, 58 IGHV unmutated and 19 patients with IGHV3-21 usage. A higher TCL1 expression level was detected in patients with CLL with unmutated vs. mutated IGHV genes (P < 0.001), whereas no difference was demonstrated within the IGHV3-21 cohort (i.e., mutated vs. unmutated and stereotyped vs. non-stereotyped complementarity determining region 3). The IGHV3-21 subgroup displayed high TCL1 mRNA expression, differing significantly from other IGHV mutated cases (P < 0.001), although 11/19 had mutated IGHV genes. Furthermore, high TCL1 expression levels were associated with significantly shorter overall survival (P < 0.001). Altogether, we show that TCL1 mRNA expression may predict clinical outcome in CLL and that the IGHV3-21 subset, regardless of mutational status, displays high TCL1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Mansouri
- Dept of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Callén E, Bunting S, Huang CY, Difilippantonio MJ, Wong N, Khor B, Mahowald G, Kruhlak MJ, Ried T, Sleckman BP, Nussenzweig A. Chimeric IgH-TCRalpha/delta translocations in T lymphocytes mediated by RAG. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:2408-12. [PMID: 19556863 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.15.9085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocations involving the T cell receptor alpha/delta (TCRalpha/delta) chain locus, which bring oncogenes in the proximity of the TCRalpha enhancer, are one of the hallmark features of human T cell malignancies from ataxia telangiectasia (AT) and non-AT patients. These lesions are frequently generated by the fusion of DNA breaks at the TCRalpha/delta locus to a disperse region centromeric of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus. Aberrant VDJ joining accounts for TCRalpha/delta associated DNA cleavage, but the molecular mechanism that leads to generation of the "oncogene partner" DNA break is unclear. Here we show that in ATM deficient primary mouse T cells, IgH/TCRalpha/delta fusions arise at a remarkably similar frequency as in human AT lymphocytes. Recombinase-activating gene (RAG) is responsible for both TCRalpha/delta as well as IgH associated breaks on chromosome 12 (Chr12), which are subject to varying degrees of chromosomal degradation. We suggest a new model for how oncogenic translocations can arise from two non-concerted physiological DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Callén
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- I.R. Kirsch
- Navy Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20889-5105, U.S.A
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Herling M, Patel KA, Hsi ED, Chang KC, Rassidakis GZ, Ford R, Jones D. TCL1 in B-cell tumors retains its normal b-cell pattern of regulation and is a marker of differentiation stage. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31:1123-9. [PMID: 17592280 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31802e2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The high expression of the T-cell oncogene TCL1 in B-cell tumors and the emergence of B-cell lymphomas in TCL1-transgenic mice suggest a pathogenetic role for this kinase coregulator in B-cell malignancies. We compared the expression of TCL1 in B-cell tumors with their differentiation stage. As with normal B-cell subsets, uniform TCL1 expression was characteristic of tumors of pregerminal center derivation such as precursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (85%, 47/55) and mantle cell lymphoma (84%, 49/58), and was more variable in follicular lymphoma (57%, 28/49). Large B-cell lymphoma was less frequently positive for TCL1 (36%, 18/50), especially among cases of the activated B-cell type. All types of Hodgkin lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, and post-germinal center-derived tumors, including plasma cell myeloma and MALT lymphoma, were negative for TCL1, except for 1 case. In nearly all TCL1-expressing tumors, as with normal B cells, variations in cellular TCL1 levels were related to the proliferation and microenvironmental factors. In normal B cells, cell lines and primary B-cell tumor samples, TCL1 downmodulation occurred after prolonged cytokine treatment and/or B-cell receptor stimulation. In contrast to mature T-cell tumors where TCL1 expression is always indicative of an activating TCL1 gene translocation, TCL1 expression in B-cell tumors parallels its regulation in non-neoplastic B cells. Therefore, TCL1 expression can be used diagnostically as an indicator of the differentiation stage of a given B-cell tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Herling
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Koo JY, Sohn I, Kim S, Lee JW. Structured polychotomous machine diagnosis of multiple cancer types using gene expression. Bioinformatics 2006; 22:950-8. [PMID: 16452113 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The problem of class prediction has received a tremendous amount of attention in the literature recently. In the context of DNA microarrays, where the task is to classify and predict the diagnostic category of a sample on the basis of its gene expression profile, a problem of particular importance is the diagnosis of cancer type based on microarray data. One method of classification which has been very successful in cancer diagnosis is the support vector machine (SVM). The latter has been shown (through simulations) to be superior in comparison with other methods, such as classical discriminant analysis, however, SVM suffers from the drawback that the solution is implicit and therefore is difficult to interpret. In order to remedy this difficulty, an analysis of variance decomposition using structured kernels is proposed and is referred to as the structured polychotomous machine. This technique utilizes Newton-Raphson to find estimates of coefficients followed by the Rao and Wald tests, respectively, for addition and deletion of import vectors. RESULTS The proposed method is applied to microarray data and simulation data. The major breakthrough of our method is efficiency in that only a minimal number of genes that accurately predict the classes are selected. It has been verified that the selected genes serve as legitimate markers for cancer classification from a biological point of view. AVAILABILITY All source codes used are available on request from the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Yong Koo
- Department of Statistics, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea.
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13
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Pekarsky Y, Calin GA, Aqeilan R. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: molecular genetics and animal models. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 294:51-70. [PMID: 16323427 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-29933-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia accounts for almost 30% of all adult leukemia cases in the United States and Western Europe. Although several common genomic abnormalities in CLL have been identified, mutational and functional analysis of corresponding genes so far have not proved their involvement in CLL. Our latest studies demonstrated functional involvement of Tcl1 oncoprotein and microRNA genes in the pathogenesis of CLL. Deregulated expression of Tcl1 in transgenic mice resulted in CLL. These CLL tumors showed abnormalities in expression of murine microRNA genes mmu-mir-15a and mmu-mir-16-1. Interestingly, human homologs of these genes, mir-15a and mir-16-1, located at the chromosome 13q14 are also deleted in human CLL samples. In this review we summarize and discuss these new developments. These recently emerged insights into the molecular mechanisms of CLL will allow for the development of new approaches to treat this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Leukemia, Experimental/etiology
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Mice
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Biology
- Oncogene Protein v-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pekarsky
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Herling M, Patel KA, Khalili J, Schlette E, Kobayashi R, Medeiros LJ, Jones D. TCL1 shows a regulated expression pattern in chronic lymphocytic leukemia that correlates with molecular subtypes and proliferative state. Leukemia 2005; 20:280-5. [PMID: 16341048 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the human oncogene TCL1 in transgenic mice produces B-cell tumors that resemble chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) suggesting its role in B-cell tumorigenesis. To clarify the expression pattern and regulation of TCL1 in CLL, we assessed 213 primary tumors by immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow-cytometry and/or Western blot, using a new monoclonal antibody. TCL1 protein was detectable in the majority of CLL (90% by IHC) but showed marked variations across cases with virtual absence in approximately 10% of tumors. Higher TCL1 levels correlated with markers of the 'pre-germinal center' CLL subtype including unmutated VH status (P=0.005), ZAP70 expression (P=0.007), and presence of chromosome 11q22-23 deletions (P=0.04). Intratumoral heterogeneity in TCL1 levels was also prominent and explained in part by markedly lower TCL1 expression in proliferating tumor cells. In vitro exposure of CLL cells to interleukin-4 (but not other growth factors) produced progressive and irreversible decrease in TCL1 protein levels in association with the onset of proliferation. TCL1 expression patterns in CLL are complex and highly dynamic and appear to reflect both the histogenetic subtypes of the disease and the growth parameters of individual tumors. The observed regulation pattern suggests that TCL1 may exert its effects predominantly in the unmutated/ZAP70-positive tumor subset.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interleukin-4/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Oncogenes/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herling
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ravandi F, O'Brien S. Chronic lymphoid leukemias other than chronic lymphocytic leukemia: diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80:1660-74. [PMID: 16342661 DOI: 10.4065/80.12.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization classification divides lymphoid malignancies into precursor B-cell and T-cell neoplasms as well as mature B-cell and T-cell neoplasms. Mature B-cell neoplasms comprise more than 85% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas worldwide and can be further subclassified according to the postulated cell of origin by using specific morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular characteristics. Similarly, the more uncommon mature T-cell neoplasms have been better characterized to include numerous distinct entities with widely varying natural histories. The distinction between lymphoma and leukemia is somewhat arbitrary and is based on variable involvement of the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and lymphatic system. In this article, we review the diagnostic and clinical features of mature B-cell and T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders that commonly have a leukemic presentation.
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MESH Headings
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Humans
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Hairy Cell/therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Leukemia, T-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, T-Cell/therapy
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
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Ravandi F, O'Brien S, Jones D, Lerner S, Faderl S, Ferrajoli A, Wierda W, Garcia-Manero G, Thomas D, Koller C, Verstovsek S, Giles F, Cortes J, Herling M, Kantarjian H, Keating M. T-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia: A Single-Institution Experience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 6:234-9. [PMID: 16354329 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2005.n.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia is an uncommon, aggressive, mature T-cell leukemia characterized by proliferation of T-cell lymphocytes. The recent availability of modern immunophenotypic and molecular tools has allowed a better distinction of this disorder from its B-cell counterpart and other mature T-cell leukemias. PATIENTS AND METHODS The clinical, pathologic, and cytogenetic features of 57 patients with T-PLL who were evaluated at the Department of Leukemia, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) from 1986 to 2004 were examined. RESULTS The most common cytogenetic abnormality was inv(14)(q11;q32), which was present in 7 patients. In all 7 patients, this abnormality was associated with other chromosomal aberrations. Patients treated with alemtuzumab at MDACC had a significantly better response rate (P = 0.02) and survival rate (P = 0.002). There were no significant differences in survival based on Tcl-1 expression or different patterns of CD4 and CD8 expression. CONCLUSION Treatment with alemtuzumab results in higher response rates and a better survival rate in patients with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Abstract
B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clinically heterogeneous disease characterized by accumulation of malignant CD5+ B cells. Multiple molecular events likely contribute to malignant transformation; no single genetic abnormality or event has been shown to be responsible for development of the disease. Significant advances have recently been made towards understanding the genetic and molecular basis for the etiology and clinical course of CLL. Our current understanding is only now bringing us to the point where we can use this information in management and in developing new therapies for patients with CLL. Familial clustering of CLL cases is not uncommon and implicates a genetic basis for the development of the disease in some individuals. Potential interventions in this instance could employ strategies of gene transfer or gene therapy to correct genetic defects or strategies of chemoprevention, none of which is currently under investigation. Greater potential for therapeutic intervention rests with targeting molecular aberrations and altered gene expression in leukemia cells, for example, over expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family. CLL follows a variable clinical course, with some patients not needing treatment for many years and responding to therapy completely and repeatedly. Other patients have rapidly progressive disease that is refractory to currently available agents and they quickly succumb to their disease. One major recent advance has been the identification of molecular and genetic prognostic factors that can be used in early-stage patients to identify those likely to rapidly progress. This affords the opportunity to tailor management for patients based on the predictable aggressiveness of their disease. Molecular and genetic findings are increasingly influencing management decisions in CLL. Bone marrow transplantation may be considered for a patient with unfavorable prognostic features earlier than for a patient with favorable features and same clinical stage of disease. It is likely that these genetic and molecular-based factors will be targets of new treatment modalities that fundamentally change the management of this disease. In this review we detail the current understanding of the genetics and molecular biology of CLL and introduce potentials for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Carney
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 428, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
Mature T-cell and NK-cell leukemias are a group of relatively uncommon neoplasms derived from mature or postthymic T-cells accounting for a relatively small percentage of lymphoid malignancies. The recent availability of modern immunophenotypic and molecular tools has allowed a better distinction of these disorders from their B-cell counterparts. Similarly, identification of recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities, as well as plausible mechanisms through which these molecular events influence cellular signaling pathways, have created further insight into the pathogenesis of these disorders. Furthermore, the availability of new agents such as alemtuzumab has generated significant interest in devising specific therapeutic strategies for these malignancies. Herein, we review the clinical and pathological features of mature T-cell leukemias.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alemtuzumab
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Lymphoid
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/genetics
- Leukemia, T-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, T-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, T-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/virology
- Middle Aged
- Tumor Virus Infections
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ravandi
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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19
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Kang SM, Narducci MG, Lazzeri C, Mongiovì AM, Caprini E, Bresin A, Martelli F, Rothstein J, Croce CM, Cooper MD, Russo G. Impaired T- and B-cell development in Tcl1-deficient mice. Blood 2004; 105:1288-94. [PMID: 15479728 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TCL1, the overexpression of which may result in T-cell leukemia, is normally expressed in early embryonic tissues, the ovary, and lymphoid lineage cells. Our analysis of mouse B-lineage cells indicates that Tcl1 expression is initiated in pro-B cells and persists in splenic marginal zone and follicular B cells. T-lineage Tcl1 expression begins in thymocyte progenitors, continues in CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes, and is extinguished in mature T cells. In Tcl1-deficient mice, we found B lymphopoiesis to be compromised at the pre-B cell stage and T-cell lymphopoiesis to be impaired at the CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocyte stage. A corresponding increase was observed in thymocyte susceptibility to anti-CD3epsilon-induced apoptosis. Reduced numbers of splenic follicular and germinal center B cells were accompanied by impaired production of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2b antibodies in response to a T-dependent antigen. The marginal zone B cells and T-cell-independent antibody responses were also diminished in Tcl1(-/-) mice. This analysis indicates a significant role for Tcl1, a coactivator of Akt signaling, in normal T- and B-cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Moo Kang
- University of Alabama at Birmingham and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA
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20
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Pekarsky Y, Zanesi N, Aqeilan R, Croce CM. Tcl1 as a model for lymphomagenesis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2004; 18:863-79, ix. [PMID: 15325703 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mature leukemias and lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative neoplasias characterized by the accumulation of mature lymphocytes in lymph nodes, other lymphoid tissues, and peripheral blood. In this article we discuss molecular mechanisms leading to the pathogenesis of two major types of mature leukemias and lymphomas: mature T-cell leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Pekarsky
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1050, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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21
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Pekarsky Y, Hallas C, Croce CM. Targeting mature T cell leukemia: new understanding of molecular pathways. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGENOMICS : GENOMICS-RELATED RESEARCH IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2003; 3:31-6. [PMID: 12562214 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200303010-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The best studied T cell leukemia/lymphoma from a genetic and biochemical point of view is T-cell chronic lymphocytic/prolymphocytic leukemia (T-CLL/T-PLL). This neoplasia commonly shows chromosomal rearrangements at 14q32.1 including translocations [t(14;14)(q11;q32), t(7;14)(q35;q32)], and inversions [inv(14)(q11;q32)]. The investigation of the locus in question at 14q32.1 resulted in the identification of two related genes named T cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 (TCL1) and TCL1b. Both genes are activated in T-CLL/T-PLL by the chromosomal aberrations mentioned above. Mice from a transgenic mouse strain expressing the TCL1 gene under the thymocyte specific lck promoter developed a mature T cell leukemia late in life, thereby demonstrating that over-expression of TCL1 induces the neoplastic transformation of T cells. Biochemically, Tcl1 protein works as a co-factor of the Akt kinase, a key regulator of antiapoptotic and proliferative signals. Tcl1 interacts physically with Akt, increases its kinase activity and facilitates its transport to the nucleus. The pathogenesis of T-CLL/T-PLL may also involve Nur77, a T cell transcription factor required for T cell receptor-mediated apoptosis. Akt phosphorylates Nur77, thereby blocking its DNA-binding ability and rendering the transcription factor inactive. The recently emerged insights into the molecular mechanisms of T cell leukemogenesis will allow for the development of specific pharmacological tools for the treatment of these hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Pekarsky
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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22
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Porcu P, Baiocchi RA, Magro C. Recent developments in the biology and therapy of T-cell and natural killer-cell lymphomas. Curr Opin Oncol 2003; 15:353-62. [PMID: 12960516 DOI: 10.1097/00001622-200309000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW T-cell/natural killer (T/NK)-cell lymphomas represent a group of poor-risk lymphoproliferative disorders that have only recently been recognized as distinct clinicopathologic entities. The average outcome with currently available therapy is substantially inferior to that of aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Significant gaps remain in our knowledge of their origin, diagnosis, and clinical spectrum. This review outlines recent developments in the biology and molecular genetics of these disorders, current diagnostic challenges, and future avenues for therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Several cancer-prone transgenic mouse models that develop predominantly T/NK-cell lymphomas have been produced in the past 2 to 3 years. These models point to an important role for chronic cytokine stimulation and for disruption of genes involved in the control of chromatin remodeling and maintenance of genome integrity in the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphomas. The recognition of T/NK-cell lymphomas has been greatly facilitated by the broad acceptance of standard diagnostic criteria and by the increasing availability of assays for the analysis of T-cell receptor rearrangement and a more precise definition of functional T/NK-cell subsets. New drugs with potential for use in T/NK-cell lymphomas, including monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, synthetic retinoids, immunoconjugates, and immunosuppressive molecules with novel mechanisms of action are in the early phase of clinical investigation. SUMMARY Much remains to be learned in the pathogenesis, clinical spectrum, and optimal therapy of T/NK-cell lymphomas. The availability of animal models of disease, new diagnostic tools, and targeted drugs with novel mechanisms of action should lead to rapid progress in this group of malignancies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Porcu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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23
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Kiss C, Nishikawa J, Takada K, Trivedi P, Klein G, Szekely L. T cell leukemia I oncogene expression depends on the presence of Epstein-Barr virus in the virus-carrying Burkitt lymphoma lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:4813-8. [PMID: 12672960 PMCID: PMC153638 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0730710100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a modified subtractive suppression hybridization to identify cellular genes that show altered expression in Burkitt lymphomas (BLs) in the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Comparison of the gene expression patterns of an EBV-negative clone of the originally EBV-positive BL line Akata, with its Neo(R)-EBV derivative, revealed a significant difference in the expression of the T cell leukemia 1 oncogene (TCL-1). Subsequent expression studies showed that the original EBV-positive Akata line and the EBV-reconstituted derivative expressed high levels of TCL-1, whereas the EBV-negative variant showed only a low level of expression. Two other independently established EBV-positive BLs (Mutu and OMA) that have also thrown off EBV showed a similar decrease in TCL-1 expression after virus loss. Reinfection with Neo(R)-EBV restored the TCL-1 expression levels in the EBV loss variants to as high a level as the originally EBV-positive lines. High-resolution immunostaining showed that TCL-1 was localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Our findings suggest that high expression of TCL-1 is necessary for the development of the BL phenotype. In view of the fact that germinal center B cells, regarded as the progenitors of BL, do not express TCL-1, we suggest that constitutive expression of this oncogene occurs by genetic or epigenetic changes in the EBV-negative BLs. In the originally EBV-positive BLs, the ability of the virus to switch on TCL-1 expression would obviate this need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Kiss
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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24
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Abstract
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a rare mature T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. While the etiology of T-PLL is unknown, recent progress in unraveling the molecular basis of leukemogenesis has been substantial and may yield novel therapeutic targets. T-PLL is a distinct disease entity and the diagnosis can be readily made based on characteristic clinical features and laboratory findings. Prior to the appearance of pentostatin and alemtuzumab in clinical protocols, outcome for T-PLL patients was exceedingly poor with median survival measured in months. While the use of alemtuzumab in particular has improved remissions, the disease remains incurable. Future collaborative efforts investigating novel treatment approaches will be crucial to improving survival for patients with this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Alemtuzumab
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, X/ultrastructure
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/genetics
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic/therapy
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell/classification
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Prolymphocytic, T-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Pentostatin/therapeutic use
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai M Cao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5112, USA
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25
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Fears S, Chakrabarti SR, Nucifora G, Rowley JD. Differential expression of TCL1 during pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia progression. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 135:110-9. [PMID: 12127395 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonrandom, recurring chromosomal translocations are critical events in the pathogenesis of leukemia. The recently identified TEL/AML1 (CBFA2/EVT6) fusion gene occurs as a result of the t(12;21)(p13;q22) in approximately 25% of children with diagnosed pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (PBC-ALL). To identify changes in gene expression patterns that occur during PBC-ALL disease progression, we used cDNA microarrays to compare expressed sequences from the AT-1 and AT-2 cell lines. These cell lines, from the same patient, were established from two distinct stages of PBC-ALL disease progression, namely, first and second relapse. Analysis of both cell lines with spectral karyotying (SKY) revealed an insertion of chromosome 8 into chromosome 5 and a previously undetected translocation in AT-2 involving chromosomes 1 and 17. Hybridization of cDNA microarrays identified the TCL1 transcript as being overexpressed in the AT-2 cell line relative to AT-1. Northern blot analysis showed an eightfold increase of the TCL1 transcript in AT-2 over AT-1 cells. Western blot analysis showed that the TCL1 protein was expressed more than 50-fold higher in AT-2 than AT-1 cells. TCL1 expression was correlated with TEL expression by reintroducing TEL into AT-2 cells and demonstrating that those cells expressing TEL at high levels showed a decreased expression of endogenous TCL1.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Cell Differentiation
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Painting
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/ultrastructure
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Genetic Complementation Test
- Humans
- Male
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/metabolism
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets
- Repressor Proteins/biosynthesis
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/physiology
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- ETS Translocation Variant 6 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fears
- Section of Hematology, Oncology Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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26
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Tsukasaki K. Genetic instability of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma by comparative genomic hybridization analysis. J Clin Immunol 2002; 22:57-63. [PMID: 11998893 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014471500757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a distinct clinicopathological entity, i.e., peripheral T-lymphocytic malignancy caused by human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) with diverse clinical features. High frequency of genetic instability (GIN) in both aggressive and indolent ATL was detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Among GIN, chromosomal instability, i.e., ancuploidy, in indolent ATL was as frequent but less complex and dynamic as compared to those in aggressive ATL. Some of the CGH alterations, including gain of 14q32, appear to be rather ATL specific. Clonal instability of HTLV-1-infected T cells. i.e., emergence of distinct clone, was detected in about one forth of acute crisis from indolent ATL by CGH and Southern blotting for HTLV-1. Taking together with the previous reports of frequent subtle mutations in several tumor suppressor genes in aggressive ATL, GIN in multistep leukemogenesis of ATL is diverse including clonal, chromosomal, and nucleotide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunhiro Tsukasaki
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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27
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Berger R, Busson M, Daniel MT. B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with tandem t(14;14)(q11;q32). CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2001; 130:84-6. [PMID: 11672780 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Translocation (14;14)(q11;q32) was associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a child. The B-cell lineage of the leukemic cells led us to perform FISH studies, which showed that the chromosomal breakpoints were telomeric to TCRA/D and IGH loci. These findings show that FISH analyses are necessary when unusual features are associated with a recurrent translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Berger
- INSERM U 434, SDI 401 No.434 CNRS, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010, Paris, France.
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28
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Abstract
The TCL1 locus on human chromosome 14q32.1 is activated in T-cell leukemias by translocations and inversions that juxtapose it to regulatory elements of T-cell receptor genes. We isolated and characterized four genes at this locus, TCL1 and TCL1b (T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 and 1b), and TNG1 and TNG2 (TCL neighboring genes 1 and 2) all of which are overexpressed following rearrangements involving 14q32.1. TCL1 and TCL1b show 60% similarity and are represented in the mouse by a cluster of six homologous genes. In humans TCL1 and TCL1b show similar expression patterns: They are expressed mainly in CD4-/CD8- immature T-cells, pre B-cells and virgin B-cells. Expression decreases significantly at more mature stages of B-cell development. Activation of TCL1 and/or TCL1b in mature T-cells causes T-cell leukemia in humans. The oncogenic nature of TCL1 was confirmed by the analysis of a transgenic mouse model. Functional analysis of Tcl1 revealed its involvement in a PI3-kinase dependent Akt (PKB) pro-survival pathway through its interaction with the Akt kinase which increases Akt's enzymatic activity and promotes translocation of Akt to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pekarsky
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19107, USA.
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29
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Tsukasaki K, Krebs J, Nagai K, Tomonaga M, Koeffler HP, Bartram CR, Jauch A. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: correlation with clinical course. Blood 2001; 97:3875-81. [PMID: 11389029 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.12.3875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty-four patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL; 18 patients with indolent subtype and 46 with aggressive subtype) associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) were analyzed using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The most frequent observations were gains at chromosomes 14q, 7q, and 3p and losses at chromosomes 6q and 13q. Chromosome imbalances, losses, and gains were more frequently observed in aggressive ATL than in indolent ATL, with significant differences between the 2 ATL subtypes at gains of 1q and 4q. An increased number of chromosomal imbalances was associated with a significantly shorter survival in all patients. A high number of chromosomal losses was associated with a poor prognosis in indolent ATL, whereas the presence of 7q+ was marginally associated with a good prognosis in aggressive ATL. Paired samples (ie, samples obtained at different sites from 4 patients) and sequential samples from 13 patients (from 6 during both chronic disease and acute crisis and from 7 during both acute onset and relapse) were examined by CGH and Southern blotting for HTLV-1. All but 2 paired samples showed differences on CGH assessment. Two chronic/crisis samples showed distinct results regarding both CGH and HTLV-1 integration sites, indicating clonal changes in ATL at crisis. In 11 patients, the finding of identical HTLV-1 sites and clonally related CGH results suggested a common origin of sequential samples. In contrast to chronic/crisis samples, CGH results with all acute/relapse sample pairs showed the presence of clonally related but not evolutional subclones at relapse, thereby suggesting marked chromosomal instability. In summary, clonal diversity is common during progression of ATL, and CGH alterations are associated with clinical course. (Blood. 2001;97:3875-3881)
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsukasaki
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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30
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Itoyama T, Chaganti RS, Yamada Y, Tsukasaki K, Atogami S, Nakamura H, Tomonaga M, Ohshima K, Kikuchi M, Sadamori N. Cytogenetic analysis and clinical significance in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: a study of 50 cases from the human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 endemic area, Nagasaki. Blood 2001; 97:3612-20. [PMID: 11369658 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.11.3612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of cytogenetic abnormalities is an important clue for the elucidation of carcinogenesis. However, the cytogenetic and clinical significance of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is still unclear. To address this point, cytogenetic findings in 50 cases of ATLL were correlated with clinical characteristics. Karyotypes showed a high degree of diversity and complexity. Aneuploidy and multiple breaks (at least 6) were observed frequently in acute and lymphoma subtypes of ATLL. Breakpoints tended to cluster at specific chromosomal regions, although characteristic cytogenetic subgroups of abnormalities were not found. Of these, aberrations of chromosomes 1p, 1q, 1q10-21, 10p, 10p13, 12q, 14q, and 14q32 correlated with one or more of the following clinical features: hepatosplenomegaly, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, hypercalcemia, and unusual immunophenotype, all indicators of clinical severity of ATLL. Multiple breaks (at least 6); abnormalities of chromosomes 1p, 1p22, 1q, 1q10-21, 2q, 3q, 3q10-12, 3q21, 14q, 14q32, and 17q; and partial loss of chromosomes 2q, 9p, 14p, 14q, and 17q regions correlated with shorter survival. These cytogenetic findings are relevant in predicting clinical outcome and provide useful information to identify chromosomal regions responsible for leukemogenesis. This study also indicates that one model of an oncogenic mechanism, activation of a proto-oncogene by translocation of a T-cell–receptor gene, may not be applicable to the main pathway of development of ATLL and that a multistep process of leukemogenesis is required for the development of ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Itoyama
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA.
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31
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Said JW, Hoyer KK, French SW, Rosenfelt L, Garcia-Lloret M, Koh PJ, Cheng TC, Sulur GG, Pinkus GS, Kuehl WM, Rawlings DJ, Wall R, Teitell MA. TCL1 oncogene expression in B cell subsets from lymphoid hyperplasia and distinct classes of B cell lymphoma. J Transl Med 2001; 81:555-64. [PMID: 11304575 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the TCL1 oncogene has been implicated in T cell leukemias/lymphomas and recently was associated with AIDS diffuse large B cell lymphomas (AIDS-DLBCL). Also, in nonmalignant lymphoid tissues, antibody staining has shown that mantle zone B cells expressed abundant Tcl1 protein, whereas germinal center (GC; centrocytes and centroblasts) B cells showed markedly reduced expression. Here, we analyze isolated B cell subsets from hyperplastic tonsil to determine a more precise pattern of Tcl1 expression with development. We also examine multiple B cell lines and B lymphoma patient samples to determine whether different tumor classes retain or alter the developmental pattern of expression. We show that TCL1 expression is not affected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and is high in naïve B cells, reduced in GC B cells, and absent in memory B cells and plasma cells. Human herpesvirus-8 infected primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) and multiple myelomas are uniformly TCL1 negative, whereas all other transformed B cell lines tested express moderate to abundant TCL1. This observation supports the hypothesis that PEL, like myeloma, usually arise from post-GC stages of B cell development. Tcl1 protein is also detected in most naïve/GC-derived B lymphoma patient samples (23 of 27 [85%] positive), whereas most post-GC-derived B lymphomas lack expression (10 of 41 [24%] positive). These data indicate that the pattern of Tcl1 expression is distinct between naïve/GC and post-GC-derived B lymphomas (P < 0.001) and that the developmental pattern of expression is largely retained. However, post-GC-derived AIDS-DLBCL express TCL1 at a frequency equivalent to naïve/GC-derived B lymphomas in immune-competent individuals (7 of 9 [78%] positive), suggesting that TCL1 down-regulation is adversely affected by severe immune system dysfunction. These findings demonstrate that TCL1 expression in B cell lymphoma usually reflects the stage of B cell development from which they derive, except in AIDS-related lymphomas.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Hyperplasia/genetics
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/genetics
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/classification
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/genetics
- Multiple Myeloma/metabolism
- Palatine Tonsil/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Said
- Department of Pathology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, 90095-1732, USA
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32
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Guignard L, Padilla A, Mispelter J, Yang YS, Stern MH, Lhoste JM, Roumestand C. Backbone dynamics and solution structure refinement of the 15N-labeled human oncogenic protein p13MTCP1: comparison with X-ray data. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2000; 17:215-230. [PMID: 10959629 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008386110930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two related oncogenes, TCL1 and MTCP1, are overexpressed in certain T-cell prolymphocytic leukemias as a result of chromosomal rearrangements that involve the translocation of one T-cell receptor gene to either chromosome 14q32 or Xq28, respectively. The human oncoprotein p13MTCP1 is coded by the MTCP1 gene and its primary sequence is highly and only homologous to that of p14TCL1, the product of TCL1. These two proteins likely represent the first members of a new family of oncogenic proteins. A previous model of the three-dimensional solution structure of p13MTCP1 was determined recently using exclusively homonuclear proton two-dimensional NMR methods and, almost simultaneously, high-resolution crystal structures of p13MTCP1 and p14TCL1 appeared in the literature. In order to gain more insight into the details of the solution structure, we uniformly labeled p13MTCP1 with nitrogen-15. The refined structure benefits from 520 additional NOEs, extracted from either 15N-edited 3D experiments or homonuclear 2D NOESY recorded at 800 MHz, and from a nearly complete set of phi angular restraints. Measurements of 15N spin relaxation times and heteronuclear 15N[1H]NOEs at two magnetic field strengths provided additional insights into the dynamics of the protein backbone. On the basis of these new results, a putative binding surface for this particular class of oncogenes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guignard
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS-UMR 9955, INSERM-U414, Université de Montpellier I, Faculté de Pharmacie, France
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Saitou M, Sugimoto J, Hatakeyama T, Russo G, Isobe M. Identification of the TCL6 genes within the breakpoint cluster region on chromosome 14q32 in T-cell leukemia. Oncogene 2000; 19:2796-802. [PMID: 10851082 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A region on chromosome 14q32.1 is often involved in chromosomal translocations and inversions with one of the T-cell receptor loci in T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases. The breakpoints of the different rearrangements segregate into two clusters; a cluster due to inversion on the centromeric side and a cluster due to simple balanced translocations on the telomeric side. If the target gene activated by these different types of chromosomal rearrangements is the same, the gene must be localized between the two clusters of breakpoints in a region of around 160 kb. Within this breakpoint cluster region, we isolated two genes; namely, TCL1 and TML1/TCL1b genes. In the course of characterizing the TML1 gene, we further identified a third novel gene, which we named TCL6 (T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 6), from a region 7 kb upstream of the TML1 locus. The TCL6 gene expressed at least 11 isoforms through very complex alternative-splicing, including splicing with the TML1 gene. Those isoforms encode at least five open reading frames (ORFs) with no homology to known sequences. The localization of the proteins corresponding to these ORF was determined by fusing green fluorescence protein at the carboxyl terminal of each ORF. ORF141 and ORF72 were observed in the cytoplasmic region, while ORF105, ORF119, and ORF163 were predominantly localized in the nuclear region. Since the TCL6 gene was expressed in T-cell leukemia carrying a t(14;14)(q11;q32.1) chromosome translocation and was not expressed in normal T-cells (just like the TML1 and TCL1 genes), it is also a candidate gene potentially involved in leukemogenesis. Oncogene (2000).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saitou
- Department of Materials and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama University, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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Du Bois GC, Song SP, Kulikovskaya I, Rothstein JL, Germann MW, Croce CM. Purification and characterization of recombinant forms of murine Tcl1 proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2000; 18:277-85. [PMID: 10733880 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1999.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The TCL1 gene, which is located on chromosome 14, plays a major role in human hematopoietic malignancies and encodes a 14-kDa protein whose function has not been determined. This gene is expressed in pre-B cells, in immature thymocytes, and, at low levels, in activated T cells but not in peripheral mature B cells and in normal cells. The Tcl1 protein is similar in its primary structure to a protein encoded by the mature T-cell proliferation gene (MTCP1). The MTCP1 gene is located on the X chromosome and has been shown to be involved in rare chromosomal translocations in T-cell proliferative diseases. The murine TCL1 gene resides on mouse chromosome 12 and is homologous to the human TCL1 and MTCP1 genes. Murine Tcl1 protein has 116 amino acid residues and shares 50% sequence identity with human Tcl1, while the human and mouse Mtcp1 are nearly identical, with conservative differences in only six residues. The TCL1 and MTCP1 genes appear to be members of a family of genes involved in lymphoid proliferation and T-cell malignancies. Our laboratory has undertaken the study of the Tcl1 and Mtcp1 proteins to determine the structure and the function of these related proteins. In the present report, we have produced, using a bacterial expression system, the purified murine Tcl1 protein and a mutant form of murine Tcl1 protein containing a cysteine to alanine mutation at amino acid position 85. The recombinant proteins were purified by chromatography on a Ni-NTA resin followed by reverse-phase FPLC using a buffer system at pH 7.9 and a polymer-based reverse-phase column. The murine Tcl1 recombinant protein displays limited solubility and forms disulfide-linked dimers and oligomers, while the mutant murine Tcl1 C86A protein has increased solubility and does not form higher order oligomers. The purified recombinant murine proteins were characterized by N-terminal sequence analysis, mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Initial results indicate that the mutant murine Tcl1 C86A protein is suitable for both NMR and X-ray crystallographic methods of structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Du Bois
- Department of Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA.
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35
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Nakayama I, Murao S, Kitazawa S, Azumi A, Yamamoto M, Maeda S. Activation of the TCL1 protein in B cell lymphomas. Pathol Int 2000; 50:191-9. [PMID: 10792782 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2000.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The TCL1 gene, localized near the break point of chromosome 14q32.1 often involved in T cell leukemias, is also expressed in normal precursor T and B cells, and B cell lymphoma cell lines. We investigated the expression of the TCL1 protein in various types of B cell lymphomas according to the Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid neoplasms. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections of lymphoma specimens were subjected to TCL1 immunohistochemistry, and positivity was scored on a three-tiered scale: - (< 25% cells), + (25-50% cells), and ++ (> 50% cells). The TCL1 protein was expressed in low-grade B cell lymphomas including mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type in ocular adnexa (18/20, 90%). It was also expressed in follicular, lymphoplasmacytic, and mantle cell lymphoma, but not in high-grade diffuse large B cell lymphoma (2/11, 18%). These data suggest that the expression of the TCL1 gene characterizes low-grade B cell lymphomas, and may be involved in certain processes of lymphomatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nakayama
- Departments of Pathology and; Ophthalmology, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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36
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Hallas C, Pekarsky Y, Itoyama T, Varnum J, Bichi R, Rothstein JL, Croce CM. Genomic analysis of human and mouse TCL1 loci reveals a complex of tightly clustered genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:14418-23. [PMID: 10588720 PMCID: PMC24451 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.25.14418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TCL1 and TCL1b genes on human chromosome 14q23.1 are activated in T cell leukemias by translocations and inversions at 14q32.1, juxtaposing them to regulatory elements of T cell receptor genes. In this report we present the cloning, mapping, and expression analysis of the human and murine TCL1/Tcl1 locus. In addition to TCL1 and TCL1b, the human locus contains two additional genes, TCL1-neighboring genes (TNG) 1 and 2, encoding proteins of 141 and 110 aa, respectively. Both genes show no homology to any known genes, but their expression profiles are very similar to those of TCL1 and TCL1b. TNG1 and TNG2 also are activated in T cell leukemias with rearrangements at 14q32.1. To aid in the development of a mouse model we also have characterized the murine Tcl1 locus and found five genes homologous to human TCL1b. Tcl1b1-Tcl1b5 proteins range from 117 to 123 aa and are 65-80% similar, but they show only a 30-40% similarity to human TCL1b. All five mouse Tcl1b and murine Tcl1 mRNAs are abundant in mouse oocytes and two-cell embryos but rare in various adult tissues and lymphoid cell lines. These data suggest a similar or complementary function of these proteins in early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hallas
- Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Teitell M, Damore MA, Sulur GG, Turner DE, Stern MH, Said JW, Denny CT, Wall R. TCL1 oncogene expression in AIDS-related lymphomas and lymphoid tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:9809-14. [PMID: 10449776 PMCID: PMC22292 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.17.9809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (AIDS NHL) comprises a diverse and heterogeneous group of high-grade B cell tumors. Certain classes of AIDS NHL are associated with alterations in oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes or infections by oncogenic herpesviruses. However, the clinically significant class of AIDS NHL designated immunoblastic lymphoma plasmacytoid (AIDS IBLP) lacks any consistent genetic alterations. We identified the TCL1 oncogene from a set of AIDS IBLP-associated cDNA fragments generated by subtractive hybridization with non-AIDS IBLP. Aberrant TCL1 expression has been implicated in T cell leukemia/lymphoma development, and its expression also has been seen in many established B cell tumor lines. However, TCL1 expression has not been reported in AIDS NHL. We find that TCL1 is expressed in the majority of AIDS IBLP tumors examined. TCL1 protein expression is restricted to tumor cells in AIDS IBLP tissue samples analyzed with immunohistochemical staining. Hyperplastic lymph node and tonsil also exhibit strong TCL1 protein expression in mantle zone B cells and in rare interfollicular zone cells, whereas follicle-center B cells (centroblasts and centrocytes) show weaker expression. These results establish TCL1 as the most prevalent of all of the surveyed oncogenes associated with AIDS IBLP. They also indicate that abundant TCL1 expression in quiescent mantle zone B cells is down-regulated in activated germinal center follicular B cells in parallel to the known expression pattern of BCL-2. High-level expression in nonproliferating B cells suggests that TCL1 may function in protecting naïve preactivated B cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teitell
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Pekarsky Y, Hallas C, Isobe M, Russo G, Croce CM. Abnormalities at 14q32.1 in T cell malignancies involve two oncogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:2949-51. [PMID: 10077617 PMCID: PMC15875 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.6.2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The TCL1 oncogene on human chromosome 14q32.1 is involved in the development of T cell leukemia in humans. Its expression in these leukemias is activated by chromosomal translocations and inversions at 14q32.1. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a new member of the TCL1 gene family, TCL1b, located approximately 16 kb centromeric of TCL1. The 1.2-kb TCL1b cDNA encodes a 14-kDa protein of 128 aa and shows 60% similarity to Tcl1. Expression profiles of TCL1 and TCL1b genes are very similar: both genes are expressed at very low levels in normal bone marrow and peripheral lymphocytes but are activated in T cell leukemia by rearrangements of the 14q32.1 region. Thus, translocations and inversions at 14q32. 1 in T cell malignancies involve two oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pekarsky
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Takizawa J, Suzuki R, Kuroda H, Utsunomiya A, Kagami Y, Joh T, Aizawa Y, Ueda R, Seto M. Expression of the TCL1 gene at 14q32 in B-cell malignancies but not in adult T-cell leukemia. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89:712-8. [PMID: 9738977 PMCID: PMC5921886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb03275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The TCL1 gene was recently cloned as a candidate target within the 14q32.1 breakpoint cluster region observed in T-cell malignancies. We examined the TCL1 gene expression in 21 patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and 5 cell lines, because ATL is reported to have frequent chromosome 14 band q32 aberrations. However, 20 of the ATL patients and all 5 cell lines lacked any TCL1 expression on northern blot analysis, and TCL1 transcripts were only very faintly detected in the remaining one patient. Expansion of our analysis to include other types of hematopoietic malignancies revealed strong expression of the TCL1 gene in almost all tumor cells of B-cell lineage except myelomas. However, no TCL1 signals were encountered in cells of T-cell or myeloid lineages. In normal human tissues TCL1 was found to be expressed in the spleen, lymph nodes and B-lymphocytes of peripheral blood. These results indicate that TCL1 is not a major target gene for ATL, but that it may play a role in B-cell differentiation and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Takizawa
- Laboratory of Chemotherapy, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya
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40
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Yang YS, Guignard L, Padilla A, Hoh F, Strub MP, Stern MH, Lhoste JM, Roumestand C. Solution structure of the recombinant human oncoprotein p13MTCP1. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 1998; 11:337-354. [PMID: 9691281 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008279616063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The human oncoprotein p13MTCP1 is coded by the MTCP1 gene, a gene involved in chromosomal translocations associated with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, a rare form of human leukemia with a mature T-cell phenotype. The primary sequence of p13MTCP1 is highly and only homologous to that of p14TCL1, a product coded by the gene TCL1 which is also involved in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia. These two proteins probably represent the first members of a new family of oncogenic proteins. We present the three-dimensional solution structure of the recombinant p13MTCP1 determined by homonuclear proton two-dimensional NMR methods at 600 MHz. After proton resonance assignments, a total of 1253 distance restraints and 64 dihedral restraints were collected. The solution structure of p13MTCP1 is presented as a set of 20 DYANA structures. The rmsd values with respect to the mean structure for the backbone and all heavy atoms for the conformer family are 1.07 +/- 0.19 and 1.71 +/- 0.17 A, when the structured core of the protein (residues 11-103) is considered. The solution structure of p13MTCP1 consists of an orthogonal beta-barrel, composed of eight antiparallel beta-strands which present an original arrangement. The two beta-pleated loops which emerge from this barrel might constitute the interaction surface with a potential molecular partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Yang
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS-UMR 9955, INSERM-U414, Université de Montpellier I, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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41
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Virgilio L, Lazzeri C, Bichi R, Nibu K, Narducci MG, Russo G, Rothstein JL, Croce CM. Deregulated expression of TCL1 causes T cell leukemia in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:3885-9. [PMID: 9520462 PMCID: PMC19932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The TCL1 oncogene on human chromosome 14q32.1 is involved in the development of T cell leukemia in humans. These leukemias are classified either as T prolymphocytic leukemias, which occur very late in life, or as T chronic lymphocytic leukemias, which often arise in patients with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) at a young age. The TCL1 oncogene is activated in these leukemias by juxtaposition to the alpha or beta locus of the T cell receptor, caused by chromosomal translocations t(14:14)(q11:q32), t(7:14)(q35:q32), or by inversions inv(14)(q11:q32). To show that transcriptional alteration of TCL1 is causally involved in the generation of T cell neoplasia we have generated transgenic mice that carry the TCL1 gene under the transcriptional control of the p56(lck) promoter element. The lck-TCL1 transgenic mice developed mature T cell leukemias after a long latency period. Younger mice presented preleukemic T cell expansions expressing TCL1, and leukemias developed only at an older age. The phenotype of the murine leukemias is CD4-CD8+, in contrast to human leukemias, which are predominantly CD4+CD8-. These studies demonstrate that transcriptional activation of the TCL1 protooncogene can cause malignant transformation of T lymphocytes, indicating the role of TCL1 in the initiation of malignant transformation in T prolymphocytic leukemias and T chronic lymphocytic leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Virgilio
- Kimmel Cancer Institute and Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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42
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Fu ZQ, Du Bois GC, Song SP, Kulikovskaya I, Virgilio L, Rothstein JL, Croce CM, Weber IT, Harrison RW. Crystal structure of MTCP-1: implications for role of TCL-1 and MTCP-1 in T cell malignancies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:3413-8. [PMID: 9520380 PMCID: PMC19850 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two related oncogenes, TCL-1 and MTCP-1, are overexpressed in T cell prolymphocytic leukemias as a result of chromosomal rearrangements that involve the translocation of one T cell receptor gene to either chromosome 14q32 or Xq28. The crystal structure of human recombinant MTCP-1 protein has been determined at 2.0 A resolution by using multiwavelength anomalous dispersion data from selenomethionine-enriched protein and refined to an R factor of 0.21. MTCP-1 folds into a compact eight-stranded beta barrel structure with a short helix between the fourth and fifth strands. The topology is unique. The structure of TCL-1 has been predicted by molecular modeling based on 40% amino acid sequence identity with MTCP-1. The identical residues are clustered inside the barrel and on the surface at one side of the barrel. The overall structure of MTCP-1 superficially resembles the structures of proteins in the lipocalin family and calycin superfamily. These proteins have diverse functions, including transport of retinol, fatty acids, chromophores, pheromones, synthesis of prostaglandin, immune modulation, and cell regulation. However, MTCP-1 differs in the topology of the beta strands. The structural similarity suggests that MTCP-1 and TCL-1 form a unique family of beta barrel proteins that is predicted to bind small hydrophobic ligands and function in cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Fu
- Kimmel Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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43
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Du Bois GC, Song SP, Kulikovskaya I, Virgilio L, Varnum J, Germann MW, Croce CM. Purification and characterization of recombinant forms of TCL-1 and MTCP-1 proteins. Protein Expr Purif 1998; 12:215-25. [PMID: 9518463 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1997.0822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The TCL-1 gene which is located on chromosome 14 plays a major role in human hematopoeitic malignancies and encodes a 14-kDa protein whose function has not been determined. The TCL-1 gene is expressed in pre-B cells, in immature thymocytes, and at low levels in activated T cells but not in peripheral mature B cells and in normal cells. The TCL-1 protein is similar in its primary structure to a protein encoded by the mature T cell proliferation gene (MTCP-1). The MTCP-1 gene is located on the X chromosome and has been shown to be involved in rare chromosomal translocations in T cell proliferative diseases. The TCL-1 and MTCP-1 genes appear to be members of a family of genes involved in lymphoid proliferation and T cell malignancies. Our laboratory has undertaken the study of the TCL-1 and MTCP-1 proteins to determine the structure and the function of these related proteins. In the present report, we have produced, using a bacterial expression system, both purified TCL-1 and MTCP-1 proteins in forms with and without a six His tag sequence. The recombinant proteins were purified by chromatography on a Ni-NTA resin followed by reverse-phase FPLC using a buffer system at pH 7.9 and a polymeric-based reverse-phase column. The MTCP-1 recombinant proteins display greater solubility, do not form disulfide linked dimers or oligomers, and elute at a lower isopropanol concentration than the corresponding TCL-1 proteins. The purified recombinant TCL-1 and MTCP-1 proteins have been characterized by N-terminal sequence analysis, time of flight mass spectrometry, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Initial results have indicated that the MTCP-1 protein with the His tag removed is suitable for both NMR and X-ray crystallographic methods of structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Du Bois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Hoh F, Yang YS, Guignard L, Padilla A, Stern MH, Lhoste JM, van Tilbeurgh H. Crystal structure of p14TCL1, an oncogene product involved in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, reveals a novel beta-barrel topology. Structure 1998; 6:147-55. [PMID: 9519406 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(98)00017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome rearrangements are frequently involved in the generation of hematopoietic tumors. One type of T-cell leukemia, T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, is consistently associated with chromosome rearrangements characterized by the juxtaposition of the TCRA locus on chromosome 14q11 and either the TCL1 gene on 14q32.1 or the MTCP1 gene on Xq28. The TCL1 gene is preferentially expressed in cells of early lymphoid lineage; its product is a 14 kDa protein (p14TCL1), expressed in the cytoplasm. p14TCL1 has strong sequence similarity with one product of the MTCP1 gene, p13MTCP1 (41% identical and 61% similar). The functions of the TCL1 and MTCP1 genes are not known yet. They have no sequence similarity to any other published sequence, including those of well-documented oncogene families responsible for leukemia. In order to gain a more fundamental insight into the role of this particular class of oncogenes, we have determined the three-dimensional structure of p14TCL1. RESULTS The crystal structure of p14TCL1 has been determined at 2.5 A resolution. The structure was solved by molecular replacement using the solution structure of p13MTCP1, revealing p14TCL1 to be an all-beta protein consisting of an eight-stranded antiparallel beta barrel with a novel topology. The barrel consists of two four-stranded beta-meander motifs, related by a twofold axis and connected by a long loop. This internal pseudo-twofold symmetry was not expected on basis of the sequence alone, but structure-based sequence analysis of the two motifs shows that they are related. The structures of p13MTCP1 and p14TCL1 are very similar, diverging only in regions that are either flexible and/or involved in crystal packing. p14TCL1 forms a tight crystallographic dimer, probably corresponding to the 28 kDa species identified in solution by gel filtration experiments. CONCLUSIONS Structural similarities between p14TCL1 and p13MTCP1 suggest that their (unknown) function may be analogous. This is confirmed by the fact that these proteins are implicated in analogous diseases. Their structure does not show similarity to other oncoproteins of known structure, confirming their classification as a novel class of oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hoh
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
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45
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Metcheva IS, Stedman TT, Buck GA. An arrayed bacteriophage P1 genomic library of Pneumocystis carinii. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1996; 43:171-6. [PMID: 8640187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb01386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed an arrayed, large insert, multiple coverage genomic library of Pneumocystis carinii DNA using the bacteriophage P1 cloning system. The library consists of approximately 4800 independent clones with an average insert size of approximately 55 kbp individually arrayed in 50 microtiter plates, and is readily screened on ten or fewer microtiter plate-sized filters using a high density colony replicating device. Screening of the library for unique P. carinii sequences detected an average of 4-5 positive clones for each, consistent with a several-fold coverage of the approximately 10-mbp P. carinii genome. Restriction and hybridization analyses demonstrated that the P1 clones in this library are quite stable and contain few, if any, chimeric inserts. Thus, this arrayed, large insert library of P. carinii genomic DNA will be a valuable tool in the future genetic dissection of this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Metcheva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA
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46
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Chervinsky DS, Grossi M, Kakati S, Block AW, Aplan PD. Concurrent presence of inv(14)(q11q32) and t(4;11)(q21;q23) in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1995; 12:229-36. [PMID: 7536464 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870120312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The inv(14)(q11q32) is a non-random chromosomal aberration which has been associated with a variety of T-cell malignancies. We have studied a case of inv(14)(q11q32) that is unique in several respects. First, the inversion, which is expressed at the mRNA level, occurred in the context of a pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as opposed to a T-cell malignancy. Second, cloning and sequencing of the inversion revealed that it resulted from a fusion between an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (V) segment and a T-cell receptor delta diversity (D) segment. In addition, the patient had a second chromosomal abnormality at diagnosis, a t(4;11)(q21;q23) which disrupted the MLL gene. The fact that there were two distinct chromosomal abnormalities at diagnosis enabled us to address the question of leukemic clonal evolution during the course of this patient's disease. We present evidence suggesting that the t(4;11)(q21;q23) occurred first, with the inv(14)(q11q32) occurring as a second event.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Base Sequence
- Child
- Chimera
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosome Inversion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Humans
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/blood
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Chervinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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47
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Virgilio L, Narducci MG, Isobe M, Billips LG, Cooper MD, Croce CM, Russo G. Identification of the TCL1 gene involved in T-cell malignancies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:12530-4. [PMID: 7809072 PMCID: PMC45472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.26.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The TCL1 locus on chromosome 14q32.1 is frequently involved in chromosomal translocations and inversions with one of the T-cell receptor loci in human T-cell leukemias and lymphomas. The chromosome 14 region translocated or rearranged involves approximately 350 kb of DNA at chromosome band 14q32.1. Within this region we have identified a gene coding for a 1.3-kb transcript, expressed only in restricted subsets of cells within the lymphoid lineage and expressed at high levels in leukemic cells carrying a t(14;14)(q11;q32) chromosome translocation or a inv(14)(q11;q32) chromosome inversion. The cognate cDNA sequence reveals an open reading frame of 342 nt encoding a protein of 14 kDa. The TCL1 gene sequence, which, to our knowledge, shows no sequence homology with other human genes, is preferentially expressed early in T- and B-lymphocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Virgilio
- Jefferson Cancer Institute, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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