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Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Multifidene, a Sex Pheromone of Brown Algae. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The total synthesis of multifidene, a sex pheromone found in brown algae, is described. The synthesis features the highly enantioselective and diastereoselective addition reaction of an aldehyde to a nitroolefin in the presence of a Hayashi–Jørgensen catalyst and a Nef reaction initiated by visible light irradiation. These key reactions enabled the 11-step synthesis from commercially available compounds. The synthetic pheromones are examined with gametes.
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In Vivo and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Less Polar Fractions of Dasycladus vermicularis (Scopoli) Krasser 1898 and the Chemical Composition of Fractions and Macroalga Volatilome. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060743. [PMID: 35745662 PMCID: PMC9229249 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research is a comprehensive investigation of Dasycladus vermicularis (Scopoli) Krasser 1898 from the Adriatic Sea (Croatia) regarding volatilome-volatile organic compounds (VOCs, mostly nonpolar compounds) and less polar nonvolatile compounds for the first time. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and hydrodistillation (HD) were used showing the great volatilome variability among fresh (HS-FrDV and HD-FrDV) and dried (HS-DrDV and HD-DrDV) samples after GC-MS analysis. Aromatic aldehydes were dominant in both fresh and air-dried HS samples with benzaldehyde as the most abundant in fresh samples and decreasing 2.7-3.7 times after drying together with 2-phenylbut-2-enal that was not present after drying. Aliphatic compounds (unsaturated hydrocarbons in HS-FrDV; saturated hydrocarbons in HS-DrDV) were also present. C11-hydrocarbons (dictyopterpene C' and dictyopterpene D') were detected in HS-FrDV. (E)-Phytol was the most dominant compound in HD-FrDV and HD-DrDV. Diterpene alcohols (cembra-4,7,11,15-tetraen-3-ol and (Z)-falcarinol) and sesquiterpene alcohol, cubenol, were dominant in HD-FrDV, and their abundance decreased after drying. C13-norisoprenoides (α-ionone and β-ionone) increased after drying. Aliphatic compounds were present in both HD-FrDV and HD-DrDV samples. The less polar nonvolatile compounds in the obtained fractions F3 and F4 were analysed and identified by UHPLC-ESI(+)-HRMS. Identified compounds belonged to a group of pigments (7 compounds), fatty acid derivatives (13 compounds), as well as steroids and terpenes (10 compounds). Porphyrin-based compounds (C55H74N4O5-7), xanthophylls, sphingolipid compounds, fatty acid amides, and phytosterols represented the majority of identified compounds. By implementing both in vitro and in vivo assays for antioxidant activity determination, F3 showed a higher activity than F4. Inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for F3 and F4 were 498.00 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 798.00 ± 0.81 µg/mL, respectively, while a 1.5-fold reduction in the ROS level was observed after pre-treatment of zebrafish larvae with 45 µg/mL of F3.
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Contribution to the chemodiversity of ex Cystoseira sp. - Gongolaria barbata and Ericaria crinita from the Adriatic Sea: Volatiles, fatty acids and major pigments. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The fragrance field of perfumes has attracted considerable scientific, industrial, cultural, and civilizational interest. The marine odor is characterized by the specific smell of sea breeze, seashore, algae, and oyster, among others. Marine odor is a more recent fragrance and is considered as one of the green and modern fragrances. The smells reproducing the marine environment are described due to their content of Calone 1951 (7-methyl-2H-1,5-benzodioxepin-3(4H)-one), which is a synthetic compound. In addition to the synthetic group of benzodioxepanes, such as Calone 51 and its derivatives, three other groups of chemical compounds seem to represent the marine smell. The first group includes the polyunsaturated cyclic ((+)-Dictyopterene A) and acyclic (giffordene) hydrocarbons, acting as pheromones. The second group corresponds to polyunsaturated aldehydes, such as the (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadienal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, which are most likely derived from the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The third group is represented by small molecules such as sulfur compounds and halogenated phenols which are regarded as the main flavor compounds of many types of seafood. This review exposes, most notably, the knowledge state on the occurrence of marine ingredients in fragrance. We also provide a detailed discussion on several aspects of essential oils, which are the most natural ingredients from various marine sources used in fragrance and cosmetics, including synthetic and natural marine ingredients.
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Weisskopf L, Schulz S, Garbeva P. Microbial volatile organic compounds in intra-kingdom and inter-kingdom interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:391-404. [PMID: 33526910 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms produce and excrete a versatile array of metabolites with different physico-chemical properties and biological activities. However, the ability of microorganisms to release volatile compounds has only attracted research attention in the past decade. Recent research has revealed that microbial volatiles are chemically very diverse and have important roles in distant interactions and communication. Microbial volatiles can diffuse fast in both gas and water phases, and thus can mediate swift chemical interactions. As well as constitutively emitted volatiles, microorganisms can emit induced volatiles that are triggered by biological interactions or environmental cues. In this Review, we highlight recent discoveries concerning microbial volatile compounds and their roles in intra-kingdom microbial interactions and inter-kingdom interactions with plants and insects. Furthermore, we indicate the potential biotechnological applications of microbial volatiles and discuss challenges and perspectives in this emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Weisskopf
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universitat Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Natural Products of Marine Macroalgae from South Eastern Australia, with Emphasis on the Port Phillip Bay and Heads Regions of Victoria. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18030142. [PMID: 32121043 PMCID: PMC7143075 DOI: 10.3390/md18030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine macroalgae occurring in the south eastern region of Victoria, Australia, consisting of Port Phillip Bay and the heads entering the bay, is the focus of this review. This area is home to approximately 200 different species of macroalgae, representing the three major phyla of the green algae (Chlorophyta), brown algae (Ochrophyta) and the red algae (Rhodophyta), respectively. Over almost 50 years, the species of macroalgae associated and occurring within this area have resulted in the identification of a number of different types of secondary metabolites including terpenoids, sterols/steroids, phenolic acids, phenols, lipids/polyenes, pheromones, xanthophylls and phloroglucinols. Many of these compounds have subsequently displayed a variety of bioactivities. A systematic description of the compound classes and their associated bioactivities from marine macroalgae found within this region is presented.
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Riad N, Zahi MR, Trovato E, Bouzidi N, Daghbouche Y, Utczás M, Mondello L, El Hattab M. Chemical screening and antibacterial activity of essential oil and volatile fraction of Dictyopteris polypodioides. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Enzyme-mediated cascade reactions are widespread in biosynthesis. To facilitate comparison with the mechanistic categorizations of cascade reactions by synthetic chemists and delineate the common underlying chemistry, we discuss four types of enzymatic cascade reactions: those involving nucleophilic, electrophilic, pericyclic, and radical reactions. Two subtypes of enzymes that generate radical cascades exist at opposite ends of the oxygen abundance spectrum. Iron-based enzymes use O2 to generate high valent iron-oxo species to homolyze unactivated C-H bonds in substrates to initiate skeletal rearrangements. At anaerobic end, enzymes reversibly cleave S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to generate the 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical as a powerful oxidant to initiate C-H bond homolysis in bound substrates. The latter enzymes are termed radical SAM enzymes. We categorize the former as "thwarted oxygenases".
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Walsh
- Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (CheM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Walsh
- Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (CheM-H)Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and BiomedicineScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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Jerković I, Marijanović Z, Roje M, Kuś PM, Jokić S, Čož-Rakovac R. Phytochemical study of the headspace volatile organic compounds of fresh algae and seagrass from the Adriatic Sea (single point collection). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196462. [PMID: 29738535 PMCID: PMC5940206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Performed phytochemical study contributes to the knowledge of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Halopteris filicina (Grateloup) Kützing, Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) J. V. Lamouroux, Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile and Flabellia petiolata (Turra) Nizamuddin from the Adriatic Sea (single point collection). VOCs were investigated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analysed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS/FID). H. filicina headspace contained dimethyl sulfide (DMS; 12.8%), C8-compounds (e.g. fucoserratene (I; 9.5%)), benzaldehyde (II; 8.7%), alkane C17, dictyopterene D and C (III, IV), tribromomethane (V), 1-iodopentane, others. F. petiolata headspace was characterized by DMS (22.2%), 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one (9.5%), C17 (9.1%), II (6.5%), compounds I-V. DMS (59.3%), C15 (14.5%), C17 (7.2%) and C19 (6.3%) dominated in P. oceanica headspace. Sesquiterpenes were found in D. dichotoma, predominantly germacrene D (28.3%) followed by other cadinenyl (abundant), muurolenyl and amorphenyl structures. Determined VOCs may be significant for chemosystematics and chemical communications in marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Jerković
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, HR Split, Croatia
| | - Zvonimir Marijanović
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, HR Split, Croatia
| | - Marin Roje
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Piotr M. Kuś
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stela Jokić
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR Osijek, Croatia
| | - Rozelinda Čož-Rakovac
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR Zagreb, Croatia
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Asakawa Y, Ludwiczuk A. Chemical Constituents of Bryophytes: Structures and Biological Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:641-660. [PMID: 29019405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Comparatively little attention has been paid to the bryophytes for use in the human diet or medicine in spite of the presence of 23 000 species globally. Several hundred new compounds have been isolated from the liverworts (Marchantiophyta), and more than 40 new carbon skeletons of terpenoids and aromatic compounds were found. Most of the liverworts studied elaborate characteristic odiferous, pungent, and bitter-tasting compounds, of which many show antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, allergic contact dermatitis, cytotoxic, insecticidal, anti-HIV, plant growth regulatory, neurotrophic, NO production and superoxide anion radical release inhibitory, muscle relaxing, antiobesity, piscicidal, and nematocidal activities. The biological effects ascribed to the liverworts are mainly due to lipophilic sesqui- and diterpenoids, phenolic compounds, and polyketides, which are the principal constituents of their oil bodies. Some mosses and liverworts produce significant levels of vitamin B2 and tocopherols, as well as prostaglandin-like highly unsaturated fatty acids. The most characteristic chemical phenomenon of the liverworts is that most of the sesqui- and diterpenoids are enantiomers of those found in higher plants. In this review, the chemical constituents and potential medicinal uses of bryophytes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Asakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tokushima Bunri University , Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514 , Japan
| | - Agnieszka Ludwiczuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit , Medical University of Lublin , 20-093 Lublin , Poland
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Zatelli GA, Philippus AC, Falkenberg M. An overview of odoriferous marine seaweeds of the Dictyopteris genus: insights into their chemical diversity, biological potential and ecological roles. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Harig T, Schlawis C, Ziesche L, Pohlner M, Engelen B, Schulz S. Nitrogen-Containing Volatiles from Marine Salinispora pacifica and Roseobacter-Group Bacteria. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:3289-3295. [PMID: 29192774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria can produce a wide variety of volatile compounds. Many of these volatiles carry oxygen, while nitrogen-containing volatiles are less frequently observed. We report here on the identification and synthesis of new nitrogen-containing volatiles from Salinispora pacifica CNS863 and explore the occurrence in another bacterial lineage, exemplified by Roseobacter-group bacteria. Several compound classes not reported before from bacteria were identified, such as dialkyl ureas and oxalamides. Sulfinamides have not been reported before as natural products. The actinomycete S. pacifica CNS863 produces, for example, sulfinamides N-isobutyl- and N-isopentylmethanesulfinamide (5, 6), urea N,N'-diisobutylurea (16), and oxalamide N,N'-diisobutyloxalamide (17). In addition, new imines such as (E)-1-(furan-2-yl)-N-(2-methylbutyl)methanimine (8) and (E)-2-((isobutylimino)methyl)phenol (13) were identified together with several other imines, acetamides, and formamides. Some of these compounds including the sulfinamides were also released by the Roseobacter-group bacteria Roseovarius pelophilus G5II, Pseudoruegeria sp. SK021, and Phaeobacter gallaeciensis BS107, although generally fewer compounds were detected. These nitrogen-containing volatiles seem to originate from biogenic amines derived from the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Harig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Schlawis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa Ziesche
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marion Pohlner
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Carl von Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Bert Engelen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Carl von Ossietzky Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Charrier B, Abreu MH, Araujo R, Bruhn A, Coates JC, De Clerck O, Katsaros C, Robaina RR, Wichard T. Furthering knowledge of seaweed growth and development to facilitate sustainable aquaculture. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:967-975. [PMID: 28800196 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgae (seaweeds) are the subject of increasing interest for their potential as a source of valuable, sustainable biomass in the food, feed, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Compared with microalgae, the pace of knowledge acquisition in seaweeds is slower despite the availability of whole-genome sequences and model organisms for the major seaweed groups. This is partly a consequence of specific hurdles related to the large size of these organisms and their slow growth. As a result, this basic scientific field is falling behind, despite the societal and economic importance of these organisms. Here, we argue that sustainable management of seaweed aquaculture requires fundamental understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms controlling macroalgal life cycles - from the production of germ cells to the growth and fertility of the adult organisms - using diverse approaches requiring a broad range of technological tools. This Viewpoint highlights several examples of basic research on macroalgal developmental biology that could enable the step-changes which are required to adequately meet the demands of the aquaculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Charrier
- Morphogenesis of Macroalgae, UMR8227, CNRS-UPMC, Station Biologique, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Maria Helena Abreu
- Travessa Alexandre da Conceição, ALGAplus Lda, Ílhavo, 3830-196, Portugal
| | - Rita Araujo
- Water and Marine Resources Unit, Joint Research Centre - Directorate for Sustainable Resources, European Commission, via E. Fermi, Ispra (VA), 2749-21027, Italy
| | - Annette Bruhn
- Department of BioScience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg, 8600, Denmark
| | - Juliet C Coates
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Christos Katsaros
- Department of Biology, Morphogenesis of Macroalgae, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 157 84, Greece
| | - Rafael R Robaina
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain
| | - Thomas Wichard
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, Jena, 07743, Germany
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Kinoshita N, Nagasato C, Motomura T. Chemotactic movement in sperm of the oogamous brown algae, Saccharina japonica and Fucus distichus. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:547-555. [PMID: 27108001 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In oogamous species of brown algae such as Saccharina japonica and Fucus distichus, the sperm possess an unusual long posterior flagellum, which oscillates actively and produces a propulsive force during swimming. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the effect of chemotactic responses on sperm swimming and flagellar waveforms by high-speed video recordings. We found that the thigmotactic response to the chemo-attractant was not enhanced during chemotactic swimming and that the swimming velocity of sperm did not decrease. As concentration of the chemo-attractant decreased, the sperm performed drastic U-turn movements, which was caused by a rapid and large bend of the posterior flagellum. Unilateral bending of the posterior flagellum when sensing a decrease in the concentration of the chemo-attractant may be a common response in male gametes during fertilization of brown algae both oogamous and isogamous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chikako Nagasato
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taizo Motomura
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Asakawa Y, Ludwiczuk A, Nagashima F. Phytochemical and biological studies of bryophytes. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 91:52-80. [PMID: 22652242 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The bryophytes contain the Marchantiophyta (liverworts), Bryophyta (mosses) and Anthocerotophyta (hornworts). Of these, the Marchantiophyta have a cellular oil body which produce a number of mono-, sesqui- and di-terpenoids, aromatic compounds like bibenzyl, bis-bibenzyls and acetogenins. Most sesqui- and di-terpenoids obtained from liverworts are enantiomers of those found in higher plants. Many of these compounds display a characteristic odor, and can have interesting biological activities. These include: allergenic contact dermatitis, antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral, cytotoxic, insecticidal, insect antifeedant, superoxide anion radical release, 5-lipoxygenase, calmodulin, hyaluronidase, cyclooxygenase, DNA polymerase β, and α-glucosidase and NO production inhibitory, antioxidant, piscicidal, neurotrophic and muscle relaxing activities among others. Each liverwort biosynthesizes unique components, which are valuable for their chemotaxonomic classification. Typical chemical structures and biological activity of the selected liverwort constituents as well as the hemi- and total synthesis of some biologically active compounds are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Asakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, Japan.
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Tellier F, Tapia J, Faugeron S, Destombe C, Valero M. THE LESSONIA NIGRESCENS SPECIES COMPLEX (LAMINARIALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) SHOWS STRICT PARAPATRY AND COMPLETE REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION IN A SECONDARY CONTACT ZONE(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2011; 47:894-903. [PMID: 27020024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
During secondary contact between phylogenetically closely related species (sibling species) having diverged in allopatry, the maintenance of species integrity depends on intrinsic and extrinsic reproductive barriers. In kelps (Phaeophyceae), the observations of hybrids in laboratory conditions suggest that reproductive isolation is incomplete. However, not all interspecific crosses are successful, and very few hybrids have been observed in nature, despite the co-occurrence of many kelp species in sympatry. This suggests that there are reproductive barriers that maintain species integrity. In this study, we characterized the fine genetic structure of a secondary contact zone to clarify the extent of reproductive isolation between two sister species. In Lessonia nigrescens Bory (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) species complex, two cryptic species have been recently found out from gene phylogenies, and-waiting for a formal taxonomic description-we used their geographic distribution to name them (northern and southern species). We studied 12 populations, distributed along 50 km of coastline, and employed two molecular approaches, assigning individuals to phylogenetic species according to a diagnostic mitochondrial marker (351 individuals analyzed) and quantifying interspecific gene flow with four microsatellite markers (248 individuals analyzed). No hybridization or introgression was revealed, indicating complete reproductive isolation in natural conditions. Unexpectedly, our study demonstrated that the two species were strictly segregated in space. This absence of co-occurrence along the contact zone can partially explain the lack of hybridization, raising new interesting questions as to the mechanisms that limit sympatry at small spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Tellier
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, "LIA DIAMS", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Post-code 6513677, Santiago, Chile UPMC Univ. Paris VI, UMR 7144, Equipe "BEDIM", LIA "DIAMS", Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29682 Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29682 Roscoff, France Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte & CEAZA, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileCenter for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, "LIA DIAMS", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Post-code 6513677, Santiago, Chile UPMC Univ. Paris VI, UMR 7144, Equipe "BEDIM", LIA "DIAMS", Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29682 Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29682 Roscoff, France
| | - Javier Tapia
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, "LIA DIAMS", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Post-code 6513677, Santiago, Chile UPMC Univ. Paris VI, UMR 7144, Equipe "BEDIM", LIA "DIAMS", Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29682 Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29682 Roscoff, France Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte & CEAZA, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileCenter for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, "LIA DIAMS", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Post-code 6513677, Santiago, Chile UPMC Univ. Paris VI, UMR 7144, Equipe "BEDIM", LIA "DIAMS", Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29682 Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29682 Roscoff, France
| | - Sylvain Faugeron
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, "LIA DIAMS", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Post-code 6513677, Santiago, Chile UPMC Univ. Paris VI, UMR 7144, Equipe "BEDIM", LIA "DIAMS", Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29682 Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29682 Roscoff, France Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte & CEAZA, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileCenter for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, "LIA DIAMS", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Post-code 6513677, Santiago, Chile UPMC Univ. Paris VI, UMR 7144, Equipe "BEDIM", LIA "DIAMS", Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29682 Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29682 Roscoff, France
| | - Christophe Destombe
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, "LIA DIAMS", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Post-code 6513677, Santiago, Chile UPMC Univ. Paris VI, UMR 7144, Equipe "BEDIM", LIA "DIAMS", Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29682 Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29682 Roscoff, France Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte & CEAZA, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileCenter for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, "LIA DIAMS", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Post-code 6513677, Santiago, Chile UPMC Univ. Paris VI, UMR 7144, Equipe "BEDIM", LIA "DIAMS", Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29682 Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29682 Roscoff, France
| | - Myriam Valero
- Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, "LIA DIAMS", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Post-code 6513677, Santiago, Chile UPMC Univ. Paris VI, UMR 7144, Equipe "BEDIM", LIA "DIAMS", Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29682 Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29682 Roscoff, France Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte & CEAZA, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, ChileCenter for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, "LIA DIAMS", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Post-code 6513677, Santiago, Chile UPMC Univ. Paris VI, UMR 7144, Equipe "BEDIM", LIA "DIAMS", Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29682 Roscoff, France CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29682 Roscoff, France
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Beck JJ, Merrill GB, Palumbo JD, O'Keeffe TL. Strain of Fusarium oxysporum isolated from almond hulls produces styrene and 7-methyl-1,3,5-cyclooctatriene as the principal volatile components. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11392-11398. [PMID: 18998704 DOI: 10.1021/jf802570w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An isolated strain of Fusarium oxysporum from the hulls of Prunus dulcis (sweet almond) was found to produce relatively large quantities of the hydrocarbons styrene and two isomers of 7-methyl-1,3,5- cyclooctatriene (MCOT). Production of styrene and MCOT was reproduced on a small scale using potato dextrose agar as a growth medium and scaled up using 1 L of inoculated potato dextrose broth. The compounds were trapped as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) onto solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for small scale and Tenax for large scale and then isolated using standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. Styrene was authenticated by a comparison to the retention times, fragmentation patterns, and calculated retention indices of a commercially available sample. The identity of MCOT was verified by a short chemical synthesis and a comparison of spectroscopic data to the isolated sample. A biosynthetic scheme of styrene is proposed on the basis of a (13)C-labeling study. This is the first report of MCOT isolated as a natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Beck
- Western Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA.
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19
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Pohnert G. Diatom/copepod interactions in plankton: the indirect chemical defense of unicellular algae. Chembiochem 2005; 6:946-59. [PMID: 15883976 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous coexisting species can be observed in the open oceans. This includes the complex community of the plankton, which comprises all free floating organisms in the sea. Traditionally, nutrient limitation, competition, predation, and abiotic factors have been assumed to shape the community structure in this environment. Only in recent years has the idea arisen that chemical signals and chemical defense can influence species interactions in the plankton as well. Key players at the base of the marine food web are diatoms (unicellular algae with silicified cell walls) and their main predators, the herbivorous copepods. It was assumed that diatoms represent a generally good food source for the grazers but recent work indicates that some species use chemical defenses. Secondary metabolites, released by these algae immediately after wounding, are targeted not against the predators themselves but rather at interfering with their reproductive success. This strategy allows diatoms to reduce the grazer population, thereby influencing the marine food web. This review addresses the chemical ecology of the defensive oxylipins formed by diatoms and the question of how these metabolites can act in such a dilute environment. Aspects of biosynthesis, bioassays, and the possible implications of such a chemical defense for the plankton community structure are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Pohnert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Okologie, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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20
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Yoshida M, Murata M, Inaba K, Morisawa M. A chemoattractant for ascidian spermatozoa is a sulfated steroid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:14831-6. [PMID: 12411583 PMCID: PMC137504 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.242470599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm chemotaxis toward eggs before fertilization has been demonstrated in many animals and plants, and several peptides and small organic compounds acting as chemoattractants have been identified. We previously showed that sperm of the ascidians Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi are activated and then attracted toward the egg by a common factor released from the egg. In this study, we purified sperm-activating and -attracting factor (SAAF) from the egg-conditioning medium of C. intestinalis by using several steps of column chromatography. Determination of the molecular structure by NMR and MS/MS analysis revealed that SAAF is a previously uncharacterized sulfated steroid: 3,4,7,26-tetrahydroxycholestane-3,26-disulfate. Furthermore, it was shown that the SAAF of C. savignyi was indistinguishable from that of C. intestinalis in terms of the chromatographic behavior and molecular weight, indicating that the same compound might be responsible for sperm activation and chemotaxis in both the species. Furthermore, we established a method for quantitative analysis of sperm chemotaxis and showed that the chemotactic behavior of Ciona sperm is controlled by the "chemotactic turn" associated with decrease in the concentration of SAAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yoshida
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan.
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21
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Van Poecke RM, Posthumus MA, Dicke M. Herbivore-induced volatile production by Arabidopsis thaliana leads to attraction of the parasitoid Cotesia rubecula: chemical, behavioral, and gene-expression analysis. J Chem Ecol 2001; 27:1911-28. [PMID: 11710601 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012213116515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many plant species defend themselves against herbivorous insects indirectly by producing volatiles in response to herbivory. These volatiles attract carnivorous enemies of the herbivores. Research on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. has contributed considerably to the unraveling of signal transduction pathways involved in direct plant defense mechanisms against pathogens. Here, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis is also a good candidate for studying signal transduction pathways involved in indirect defense mechanisms by showing that: (1) Adult females of Cotesia rubecula, a specialist parasitic wasp of Pieris rapae caterpillars, are attracted to P. rapae-infested Arabidopsis plants. (2) Arabidopsis infested by P. rapae emits volatiles from several major biosynthetic pathways, including terpenoids and green leaf volatiles. The blends from herbivore-infested and artificially damaged plants are similar. However, differences can be found with respect to a few components of the blend, such as two nitriles and the monoterpene myrcene, that were produced exclusively by caterpillar-infested plants, and methyl salicylate, that was produced in larger amounts by caterpillar-infested plants. (3) Genes from major biosynthetic pathways involved in volatile production are induced by caterpillar feeding. These include AtTPS10, encoding a terpene synthase involved in myrcene production, AtPAL1, encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase involved in methyl salicylate production, and AtLOX2 and AtHPL, encoding lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase, respectively, both involved in the production of green leaf volatiles. AtAOS, encoding allene oxide synthase, involved in the production of jasmonic acid, also was induced by herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Van Poecke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Activated phagocytes (especially polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs)) by respiratory oxidative/photonic burst (activation of NADPH-oxidase and myeloper-oxidase) generate large amounts of oxidants of the hypochlorite-/chloramine-type, which are physiologic sources for singlet oxygen (1O2), a nonradical-excited (photon (h nu) emitting) oxygen species [Weiss SJ, NEJM 1989;320:365-376]. In vitro experiments show that 1O2 (1) inhibits coagulation by inactivation of thrombocytes, fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII, and factor X and (2) activates fibrinolysis by inactivation of the main fibrinolysis inhibitors plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and alpha-2-antiplasmin, and by activation of single-chain urokinase by plasmin and oxidized fibrin. Additionally, this work suggests that 1O2/h nu acts antithrombotically, inducing selective thrombolysis in vivo (i.e., thrombolysis induced by 0.1 to 0.5 mmol/l chloramine within 30 to 60 minutes without changes of the plasmatic hemostasis system). 1O2 might activate flowing to (on the endothelium) rolling PMN, increasing their chance to get in contact with fibrin/platelet aggregates deposited on the endothelial layer. Via 1O2 generation, the thrombus-activated phagocytes might call for (acute, physiologic) inflammation/fibrinolysis amplification, resulting in the "moving front" of PMN, which infiltrates and destroys the thrombus. 1O2 seems to (partially) participate in the reactivity of nitric oxide, another prooxidative agent. The inhibition of physiologic amounts of 1O2 by blood cholesterol might be involved in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. Consequently, it is suggested that activated PMNs modulate hemostasis, shifting it into an antithrombotic state; this cellular part of fibrinolysis seems to be of greater physiologic importance than the plasmatic one. Impaired PMN function (e.g., as occurring in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies or under cytostatic treatments) often results in serious thrombotic complications. Light is the only signal whose origin can be immediately recognized by a fast moving cell in the (dark) blood stream. The cell signal action of 1O2/h nu (e.g., released by chloramines such as taurine-chloramine or vancomycin, by fiberoptic, by photodynamic therapy, or by so-called redox-cycling drugs such as quinones or tetracyclines) might be a new and physiologic principle for pharmacologic intervention in atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Stief
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
Pollen tubes follow a well-defined path to deliver male gametes to female gametes, but the mechanisms they use to locate this path are poorly understood. The major hypothesis is (and long has been) that pollen tubes are guided by chemical gradients and/or physical structures. Recently, parallels have been drawn between chemical mechanisms of guidance in pollen tubes and other cells, such as axons. These comparisons highlight a problem with the current models for pollen tube guidance, namely the distance over which chemical guidance is proposed to occur. Based on this new perspective, some models are either invalid or pollen tubes are uniquely responsive to chemical guidance cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- WM Lush
- School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Gerwick WH, Roberts MA, Vulpanovici A, Ballantine DL. Biogenesis and biological function of marine algal oxylipins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 447:211-8. [PMID: 10086197 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4861-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The biogenetic source of most marine algal oxylipins, which are many and of diverse structure, can logically be unified through a common lipoxygenase-derived hydroperoxide to epoxy allylic carbocation transformation. The biological role of oxylipins in algae remains an enigma, although numerous ideas have been put forth. Herein, we hypothesize and provide some evidence for an osmoregulatory role for these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Gerwick
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA
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Hertweck C, Boland W. Reductive Chloro- and Thioallylations: Stereoselective Two-Step Transformations of Esters and Lactones into Functionalizedcis- andtrans-Vinyloxiranes. European J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199810)1998:10<2143::aid-ejoc2143>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
REVIEW Although fertilization has been studied for more than a century, the cell surface proteins mediating the process are only now becoming known. Gamete interaction in animals appears to be molecularly complex. Although it is difficult to generalize at present, diversity of structure may be a recurring theme in the evolution of fertilization proteins. Examples of rapid evolution of fertilization proteins by positive selection are known, and concerted evolution can influence the differentiation of gamete recognition proteins between closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Vacquier
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA
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Hull WE, Berkessel A, Plaga W. Structure elucidation and chemical synthesis of stigmolone, a novel type of prokaryotic pheromone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:11268-73. [PMID: 9736725 PMCID: PMC21631 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.19.11268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 2 micromol of a novel prokaryotic pheromone, involved in starvation-induced aggregation and formation of fruiting bodies by the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca, were isolated by a large-scale elution procedure. The pheromone was purified by HPLC, and high-resolution MS, IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR were used to identify the active substance as the hydroxy ketone 2,5, 8-trimethyl-8-hydroxy-nonan-4-one, which has been named stigmolone. The analysis was complicated by a solvent-dependent equilibrium between stigmolone and the cyclic enol-ether 3,4-dihydro-2,2, 5-trimethyl-6-(2-methylpropyl)-2H-pyran formed by intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the 8-OH group at the ketone C4 followed by loss of H2O. Both compounds were synthesized chemically, and their structures were confirmed by NMR analysis. Natural and synthetic stigmolone have the same biological activity at ca. 1 nM concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Hull
- Central Spectroscopy Department, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Solid-phase microextraction and determination of the absolute configuration of theLaminaria digitata (laminariales, phaeophyceae) spermatozoid-releasing pheromone. Naturwissenschaften 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01142004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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