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Dunce JM, Davies OR. BRCA2 stabilises RAD51 and DMC1 nucleoprotein filaments through a conserved interaction mode. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8292. [PMID: 39333100 PMCID: PMC11436757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52699-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BRCA2 is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination in mitosis and meiosis. It interacts with recombinases RAD51 and DMC1 to facilitate the formation of nucleoprotein filaments on resected DNA ends that catalyse recombination-mediated repair. BRCA2's BRC repeats bind and disrupt RAD51 and DMC1 filaments, whereas its PhePP motifs bind recombinases and stabilise their nucleoprotein filaments. However, the mechanism of filament stabilisation has hitherto remained unknown. Here, we report the crystal structure of a BRCA2-DMC1 complex, revealing how core interaction sites of PhePP motifs bind to recombinases. The interaction mode is conserved for RAD51 and DMC1, which selectively bind to BRCA2's two distinct PhePP motifs via subtly divergent binding pockets. PhePP motif sequences surrounding their core interaction sites protect nucleoprotein filaments from BRC-mediated disruption. Hence, we report the structural basis of how BRCA2's PhePP motifs stabilise RAD51 and DMC1 nucleoprotein filaments for their essential roles in mitotic and meiotic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Dunce
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Owen R Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.
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2
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Serio VB, Rosati D, Maffeo D, Rina A, Ghisalberti M, Bellan C, Spiga O, Mari F, Palmieri M, Frullanti E. The Personalized Inherited Signature Predisposing to Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer in Non-Smokers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2887. [PMID: 39199663 PMCID: PMC11352340 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16162887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) continues to be an important public health problem, being the most common form of cancer and a major cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Despite the great bulk of research to identify genetic susceptibility genes by genome-wide association studies, only few loci associated to nicotine dependence have been consistently replicated. Our previously published study in few phenotypically discordant sib-pairs identified a combination of germline truncating mutations in known cancer susceptibility genes in never-smoker early-onset LC patients, which does not present in their healthy sib. These results firstly demonstrated the presence of an oligogenic combination of disrupted cancer-predisposing genes in non-smokers patients, giving experimental support to a model of a "private genetic epidemiology". Here, we used a combination of whole-exome and RNA sequencing coupled with a discordant sib's model in a novel cohort of pairs of never-smokers early-onset LC patients and in their healthy sibs used as controls. We selected rare germline variants predicted as deleterious by CADD and SVM bioinformatics tools and absent in the healthy sib. Overall, we identified an average of 200 variants per patient, about 10 of which in cancer-predisposing genes. In most of them, RNA sequencing data reinforced the pathogenic role of the identified variants showing: (i) downregulation in LC tissue (indicating a "second hit" in tumor suppressor genes); (ii) upregulation in cancer tissue (likely oncogene); and (iii) downregulation in both normal and cancer tissue (indicating transcript instability). The combination of the two techniques demonstrates that each patient has an average of six (with a range from four to eight) private mutations with a functional effect in tumor-predisposing genes. The presence of a unique combination of disrupting events in the affected subjects may explain the absence of the familial clustering of non-small-cell lung cancer. In conclusion, these findings indicate that each patient has his/her own "predisposing signature" to cancer development and suggest the use of personalized therapeutic strategies in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Bianca Serio
- Cancer Genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (V.B.S.); (D.R.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Centre, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Diletta Rosati
- Cancer Genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (V.B.S.); (D.R.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Centre, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Debora Maffeo
- Cancer Genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (V.B.S.); (D.R.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Centre, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Angela Rina
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Centre, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Marco Ghisalberti
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Cristiana Bellan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Ottavia Spiga
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Francesca Mari
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Centre, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.)
- UOC Laboratorio di Assistenza e Ricerca Traslazionale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Palmieri
- Cancer Genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (V.B.S.); (D.R.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Centre, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.)
| | - Elisa Frullanti
- Cancer Genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (V.B.S.); (D.R.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Centre, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.)
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Kutashev K, Meschichi A, Reeck S, Fonseca A, Sartori K, White CI, Sicard A, Rosa S. Differences in RAD51 transcriptional response and cell cycle dynamics reveal varying sensitivity to DNA damage among Arabidopsis thaliana root cell types. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:966-980. [PMID: 38840557 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Throughout their lifecycle, plants are subjected to DNA damage from various sources, both environmental and endogenous. Investigating the mechanisms of the DNA damage response (DDR) is essential to unravel how plants adapt to the changing environment, which can induce varying amounts of DNA damage. Using a combination of whole-mount single-molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (WM-smFISH) and plant cell cycle reporter lines, we investigated the transcriptional activation of a key homologous recombination (HR) gene, RAD51, in response to increasing amounts of DNA damage in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. The results uncover consistent variations in RAD51 transcriptional response and cell cycle arrest among distinct cell types and developmental zones. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DNA damage induced by genotoxic stress results in RAD51 transcription throughout the whole cell cycle, dissociating its traditional link with S/G2 phases. This work advances the current comprehension of DNA damage response in plants by demonstrating quantitative differences in DDR activation. In addition, it reveals new associations with the cell cycle and cell types, providing crucial insights for further studies of the broader response mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Kutashev
- Plant Biology Department, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, Uppsala, 756 51, Sweden
| | - Anis Meschichi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Reeck
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alejandro Fonseca
- Plant Biology Department, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, Uppsala, 756 51, Sweden
| | - Kevin Sartori
- Plant Biology Department, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, Uppsala, 756 51, Sweden
| | - Charles I White
- Institut Génétique Reproduction et Développement (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 6293, CNRS, U1103 INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, 63001, France
| | - Adrien Sicard
- Plant Biology Department, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, Uppsala, 756 51, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Rosa
- Plant Biology Department, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, Uppsala, 756 51, Sweden
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Kojak N, Kuno J, Fittipaldi KE, Khan A, Wenger D, Glasser M, Donnianni RA, Tang Y, Zhang J, Huling K, Ally R, Mujica AO, Turner T, Magardino G, Huang PY, Kerk SY, Droguett G, Prissette M, Rojas J, Gomez T, Gagliardi A, Hunt C, Rabinowitz JS, Gong G, Poueymirou W, Chiao E, Zambrowicz B, Siao CJ, Kajimura D. Somatic and intergenerational G4C2 hexanucleotide repeat instability in a human C9orf72 knock-in mouse model. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:5732-5755. [PMID: 38597682 PMCID: PMC11162798 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Expansion of a G4C2 repeat in the C9orf72 gene is associated with familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD). To investigate the underlying mechanisms of repeat instability, which occurs both somatically and intergenerationally, we created a novel mouse model of familial ALS/FTD that harbors 96 copies of G4C2 repeats at a humanized C9orf72 locus. In mouse embryonic stem cells, we observed two modes of repeat expansion. First, we noted minor increases in repeat length per expansion event, which was dependent on a mismatch repair pathway protein Msh2. Second, we found major increases in repeat length per event when a DNA double- or single-strand break (DSB/SSB) was artificially introduced proximal to the repeats, and which was dependent on the homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway. In mice, the first mode primarily drove somatic repeat expansion. Major changes in repeat length, including expansion, were observed when SSB was introduced in one-cell embryos, or intergenerationally without DSB/SSB introduction if G4C2 repeats exceeded 400 copies, although spontaneous HDR-mediated expansion has yet to be identified. These findings provide a novel strategy to model repeat expansion in a non-human genome and offer insights into the mechanism behind C9orf72 G4C2 repeat instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Kojak
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Junko Kuno
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | - David Wenger
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | - Yajun Tang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jade Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Katie Huling
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Roxanne Ally
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pei Yi Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Sze Yen Kerk
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | - Jose Rojas
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Guochun Gong
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | - Eric Chiao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
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Zhang J, Sun P, Wu Z, Wu J, Jia J, Zou H, Mo Y, Zhou Z, Liu B, Ao Y, Wang Z. Targeting CK2 eliminates senescent cells and prolongs lifespan in Zmpste24-deficient mice. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:380. [PMID: 38816370 PMCID: PMC11139886 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Senescent cell clearance is emerging as a promising strategy for treating age-related diseases. Senolytics are small molecules that promote the clearance of senescent cells; however, senolytics are uncommon and their underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether genomic instability is a potential target for senolytic. We screened small-molecule kinase inhibitors involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) in Zmpste24-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts, a progeroid model characterized with impaired DDR and DNA repair. 4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-2-azabenzamidazole (TBB), which specifically inhibits casein kinase 2 (CK2), was selected and discovered to preferentially trigger apoptosis in Zmpste24-/- cells. Mechanistically, inhibition of CK2 abolished the phosphorylation of heterochromatin protein 1α (HP1α), which retarded the dynamic HP1α dissociation from repressive histone mark H3K9me3 and its relocalization with γH2AX to DNA damage sites, suggesting that disrupting heterochromatin remodeling in the initiation of DDR accelerates apoptosis in senescent cells. Furthermore, feeding Zmpste24-deficient mice with TBB alleviated progeroid features and extended their lifespan. Our study identified TBB as a new class senolytic compound that can reduce age-related symptoms and prolong lifespan in progeroid mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systemic Aging and Intervention, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhuping Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiali Jia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Haoman Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanzhen Mo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Baohua Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systemic Aging and Intervention, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ying Ao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systemic Aging and Intervention, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Zimei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systemic Aging and Intervention, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Sahota JS, Thakur RS, Guleria K, Sambyal V. RAD51 and Infertility: A Review and Case-Control Study. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:1216-1230. [PMID: 37563467 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
RAD51 is a highly conserved recombinase involved in the strand invasion/exchange of double-stranded DNA by homologous single-stranded DNA during homologous recombination repair. Although a majority of existing literature associates RAD51 with the pathogenesis of various types of cancer, recent reports indicate a role of RAD51 in maintenance of fertility. The present study reviews the role of RAD51 and its interacting proteins in spermatogenesis/oogenesis and additionally reports the findings from the molecular genetic screening of RAD51 135 G > C polymorphism in infertile cases and controls. Fifty-nine articles from PubMed and Google Scholar related to the reproductive role of RAD51 were reviewed. For case-control study, the PCR-RFLP method was used to screen the RAD51 135 G > C polymorphism in 201 infertile cases (100 males, 101 females) and 201 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (100 males, 101 females) from Punjab, North-West India. The review of literature shows that RAD51 is indispensable for spermatogenesis and oogenesis in animal models. Reports on the role of RAD51 in human fertility are limited, however it is involved in the pathogenesis of infertility in both males and females. Molecular genetic analyses in the infertile cases and healthy controls showed no statistically significant difference in the genotypic and allelic frequencies for RAD51 135 G > C polymorphism, even after segregation of the cases by type of infertility (primary/secondary). Therefore, the present study concluded that the RAD51 135 G > C polymorphism was neither associated with male nor female infertility in North-West Indians. This is the first report on RAD51 135 G > C polymorphism and infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh Sahota
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU), Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Ranveer Singh Thakur
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU), Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Kamlesh Guleria
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU), Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Vasudha Sambyal
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU), Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
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Takahashi M, Ito K, Iwasaki H, Norden B. Linear dichroism reveals the perpendicular orientation of DNA bases in the RecA and Rad51 recombinase filaments: A possible mechanism for the strand exchange reaction. Chirality 2024; 36:e23664. [PMID: 38561319 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Linear dichroism spectroscopy is used to investigate the structure of RecA family recombinase filaments (RecA and Rad51 proteins) with DNA for clarifying the molecular mechanism of DNA strand exchange promoted by these proteins and its activation. The measurements show that the recombinases promote the perpendicular base orientation of single-stranded DNA only in the presence of activators, indicating the importance of base orientation in the reaction. We summarize the results and discuss the role of DNA base orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Takahashi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ito
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwasaki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Innovative Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Bengt Norden
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Her J, Zheng H, Bunting SF. RNF4 sustains Myc-driven tumorigenesis by facilitating DNA replication. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e167419. [PMID: 38530355 PMCID: PMC11093604 DOI: 10.1172/jci167419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian SUMO-targeted E3 ubiquitin ligase Rnf4 has been reported to act as a regulator of DNA repair, but the importance of RNF4 as a tumor suppressor has not been tested. Using a conditional-knockout mouse model, we deleted Rnf4 in the B cell lineage to test the importance of RNF4 for growth of somatic cells. Although Rnf4-conditional-knockout B cells exhibited substantial genomic instability, Rnf4 deletion caused no increase in tumor susceptibility. In contrast, Rnf4 deletion extended the healthy lifespan of mice expressing an oncogenic c-myc transgene. Rnf4 activity is essential for normal DNA replication, and in its absence, there was a failure in ATR-CHK1 signaling of replication stress. Factors that normally mediate replication fork stability, including members of the Fanconi anemia gene family and the helicases PIF1 and RECQL5, showed reduced accumulation at replication forks in the absence of RNF4. RNF4 deficiency also resulted in an accumulation of hyper-SUMOylated proteins in chromatin, including members of the SMC5/6 complex, which contributes to replication failure by a mechanism dependent on RAD51. These findings indicate that RNF4, which shows increased expression in multiple human tumor types, is a potential target for anticancer therapy, especially in tumors expressing c-myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyoung Her
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Renodon-Corniere A, Mikawa T, Kuwabara N, Ito K, Levitsky D, Iwasaki H, Takahashi M. Human Rad51 Protein Requires Higher Concentrations of Calcium Ions for D-Loop Formation than for Oligonucleotide Strand Exchange. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3633. [PMID: 38612444 PMCID: PMC11011376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Rad51 protein (HsRad51)-promoted DNA strand exchange, a crucial step in homologous recombination, is regulated by proteins and calcium ions. Both the activator protein Swi5/Sfr1 and Ca2+ ions stimulate different reaction steps and induce perpendicular DNA base alignment in the presynaptic complex. To investigate the role of base orientation in the strand exchange reaction, we examined the Ca2+ concentration dependence of strand exchange activities and structural changes in the presynaptic complex. Our results show that optimal D-loop formation (strand exchange with closed circular DNA) required Ca2+ concentrations greater than 5 mM, whereas 1 mM Ca2+ was sufficient for strand exchange between two oligonucleotides. Structural changes indicated by increased fluorescence intensity of poly(dεA) (a poly(dA) analog) reached a plateau at 1 mM Ca2+. Ca2+ > 2 mM was required for saturation of linear dichroism signal intensity at 260 nm, associated with rigid perpendicular DNA base orientation, suggesting a correlation with the stimulation of D-loop formation. Therefore, Ca2+ exerts two different effects. Thermal stability measurements suggest that HsRad51 binds two Ca2+ ions with KD values of 0.2 and 2.5 mM, implying that one step is stimulated by one Ca2+ bond and the other by two Ca2+ bonds. Our results indicate parallels between the Mg2+ activation of RecA and the Ca2+ activation of HsRad51.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsutomu Mikawa
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;
| | - Naoyuki Kuwabara
- Structural Biology Research Center, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan;
| | - Kentaro Ito
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;
| | - Dmitri Levitsky
- Nantes Université, CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, F-44000 Nantes, France; (A.R.-C.); (D.L.)
| | - Hiroshi Iwasaki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan;
- Innovative Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan;
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Bu W, Sun X, Xue X, Geng S, Yang T, Zhang J, Li Y, Feng C, Liu Q, Zhang X, Li P, Liu Z, Shi Y, Shao C. Early onset of pathological polyploidization and cellular senescence in hepatocytes lacking RAD51 creates a pro-fibrotic and pro-tumorigenic inflammatory microenvironment. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00800. [PMID: 38466833 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS RAD51 recombinase (RAD51) is a highly conserved DNA repair protein and is indispensable for embryonic viability. As a result, the role of RAD51 in liver development and function is unknown. Our aim was to characterize the function of RAD51 in postnatal liver development. APPROACH AND RESULTS RAD51 is highly expressed during liver development and during regeneration following hepatectomy and hepatic injury, and is also elevated in chronic liver diseases. We generated a hepatocyte-specific Rad51 deletion mouse model using Alb -Cre ( Rad51 -conditional knockout (CKO)) and Adeno-associated virus 8-thyroxine-binding globulin-cyclization recombination enzyme to evaluate the function of RAD51 in liver development and regeneration. The phenotype in Rad51 -CKO mice is dependent on CRE dosage, with Rad51fl/fl ; Alb -Cre +/+ manifesting a more severe phenotype than the Rad51fl/fl ; Alb -Cre +/- mice. RAD51 deletion in postnatal hepatocytes results in aborted mitosis and early onset of pathological polyploidization that is associated with oxidative stress and cellular senescence. Remarkable liver fibrosis occurs spontaneously as early as in 3-month-old Rad51fl/fl ; Alb -Cre +/+ mice. While liver regeneration is compromised in Rad51 -CKO mice, they are more tolerant of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury and resistant to diethylnitrosamine/carbon tetrachloride-induced HCC. A chronic inflammatory microenvironment created by the senescent hepatocytes appears to activate ductular reaction the transdifferentiation of cholangiocytes to hepatocytes. The newly derived RAD51 functional immature hepatocytes proliferate vigorously, acquire increased malignancy, and eventually give rise to HCC. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a novel function of RAD51 in liver development, homeostasis, and tumorigenesis. The Rad51 -CKO mice represent a unique genetic model for premature liver senescence, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Suzhou Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Suzhou Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaotong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Suzhou Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengmiao Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Suzhou Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Suzhou Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Suzhou Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Suzhou Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Suzhou Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peishan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Suzhou Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaojian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Suzhou Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University Suzhou Medical College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Woo SM, Yang SG, Kim YW, Koo DB, Park HJ. Ochratoxin A triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress through PERK/NRF2 signaling and DNA damage during early embryonic developmental competence in pigs. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115757. [PMID: 38064788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin found in foods, has a deleterious effect on female reproduction owing to its endocrine-disrupting activity mediated through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, the mechanisms of OTA-induced ER stress in pig embryos during in vitro culture (IVC) are not yet fully understood. In the present study, porcine embryos were cultured for two days in an IVC medium supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 μM OTA, which led to an OTA-induced reduction in the developmental rate of blastocysts. The mRNA-seq transcriptome analysis revealed that the reduced blastocyst development ability of OTA-exposed porcine embryos was caused by ER stress, ultimately resulting in the accumulation of ROS and the occurrence of apoptosis. The expression levels of some UPR/PERK signaling-related genes (DDIT3, EIF2AK3, EIF2S1, NFE2L2, ATF4, EIF2A, and KEAP1) were found to differ in OTA-exposed pig embryos. OTA induces DNA damage by triggering an increase in RAD51/γ-H2AX levels and suppressing p-NRF2 activity. This effect is mediated through intracellular ROS and superoxide accumulation in the nuclei of porcine embryos. The cytotoxicity of OTA increased the activation of the PERK signal pathways (p-PERK, PERK, p-eIF2α, eIF2α, ATF4, and CHOP) in porcine embryos, with abnormal distribution of the ER observed around the nucleus. Collectively, our findings indicate that ER stress is a major cause of decline in the development of porcine embryos exposed to OTA. Therefore, OTA exposure induces ER stress and DNA damage via oxidative stress by disrupting PERK/NRF2 signaling activity in the developmental competence of porcine embryos during IVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Min Woo
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea; Institute of Infertility, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Gi Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea; Institute of Infertility, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Won Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea; Institute of Infertility, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog-Bon Koo
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea; Institute of Infertility, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea; Department of Companion Animal Industry, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Jin Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea; Institute of Infertility, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Kim S, Kim Y, Lee JY. Real-time single-molecule visualization using DNA curtains reveals the molecular mechanisms underlying DNA repair pathways. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 133:103612. [PMID: 38128155 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The demand for direct observation of biomolecular interactions provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying many biological processes. Single-molecule imaging techniques enable real-time visualization of individual biomolecules, providing direct observations of protein machines. Various single-molecule imaging techniques have been developed and have contributed to breakthroughs in biological research. One such technique is the DNA curtain, a novel, high-throughput, single-molecule platform that integrates lipid fluidity, nano-fabrication, microfluidics, and fluorescence imaging. Many DNA metabolic reactions, such as replication, transcription, and chromatin dynamics, have been studied using DNA curtains. In particular, the DNA curtain platform has been intensively applied in investigating the molecular details of DNA repair processes. This article reviews DNA curtain techniques and their applications for imaging DNA repair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Youngseo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Ja Yil Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.
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13
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Xu J, Guo Y, Tan Z, Ban W, Tian J, Chen K, Xu H. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of rad51 gene associated with gametogenesis in Chinese soft-shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). Gene 2023; 887:147729. [PMID: 37619650 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Rad51 is a recA-like recombinase that plays a crucial role in repairing DNA double-strand breaks through homologous recombination during mitosis and meiosis in mammals and other organisms. However, its role in reptiles remains largely unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the physiological role of the rad51 gene in reptiles, particularly in Pelodiscus sinensis. Firstly, the cDNA of rad51 gene was cloned and analyzed in P. sinensis. The cloned cDNA contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 1020 bp and encodeed a peptide of 339 amino acids. The multiple alignments and phylogenetic tree analysis of Rad51 showed that P. sinensis shares the high identity with Chelonia mydas (97.95%) and Mus musculus (95.89%). Secondly, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that rad51 mRNA was highly expressed in both ovary and testis, while being weak in the somatic tissues examined in this study. Furthermore, chemical in situ hybridization (CISH) was performed to examine the expression profile of rad51 mRNA in germ cells at different stages. In the testis, rad51 mRNA expression was found to be stronger in the germ cells at early stages, specifically in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, but it was undetectable in spermatids. In the ovary, rad51 mRNA exhibited a uniform distribution in the cytoplasm of oocytes at early stages. The signal intensity of rad51 mRNA was highest in primary oocytes and gradually declined during oogenesis as the oocytes developed. These results suggest that rad51 plays a vital role in the development of germ cells, particularly during the early stages of gametogenesis in P. sinensis. The dynamic expression pattern of rad51 mRNA provides insights into the mechanisms underlying germ cell development and differentiation into gametes in turtles, even in reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Yonglin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Zhimin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Wenzhuo Ban
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Jiaming Tian
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Kaili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Sciences of Chongqing, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.
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14
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Davies B, Zhang G, Moralli D, Alghadban S, Biggs D, Preece C, Donnelly P, Hinch AG. Characterization of meiotic recombination intermediates through gene knockouts in founder hybrid mice. Genome Res 2023; 33:2018-2027. [PMID: 37977820 PMCID: PMC10760447 DOI: 10.1101/gr.278024.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian meiotic recombination proceeds via repair of hundreds of programmed DNA double-strand breaks, which requires choreographed binding of RPA, DMC1, and RAD51 to single-stranded DNA substrates. High-resolution in vivo binding maps of these proteins provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. When assayed in F1-hybrid mice, these maps can distinguish the broken chromosome from the chromosome used as template for repair, revealing more mechanistic detail and enabling the structure of the recombination intermediates to be inferred. By applying CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis directly on F1-hybrid embryos, we have extended this approach to explore the molecular detail of recombination when a key component is knocked out. As a proof of concept, we have generated hybrid biallelic knockouts of Dmc1 and built maps of meiotic binding of RAD51 and RPA in them. DMC1 is essential for meiotic recombination, and comparison of these maps with those from wild-type mice is informative about the structure and timing of critical recombination intermediates. We observe redistribution of RAD51 binding and complete abrogation of D-loop recombination intermediates at a molecular level in Dmc1 mutants. These data provide insight on the configuration of RPA in D-loop intermediates and suggest that stable strand exchange proceeds via multiple rounds of strand invasion with template switching in mouse. Our methodology provides a high-throughput approach for characterization of gene function in meiotic recombination at low animal cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Gang Zhang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Moralli
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Samy Alghadban
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Biggs
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Preece
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
- Genomics PLC, Oxford OX1 1JD, United Kingdom
| | - Anjali Gupta Hinch
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom;
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15
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Takahashi M, Norden B. Linear Dichroism Measurements for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16092. [PMID: 38003280 PMCID: PMC10671323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Linear dichroism (LD) is a differential polarized light absorption spectroscopy used for studying filamentous molecules such as DNA and protein filaments. In this study, we review the applications of LD for the analysis of DNA-protein interactions. LD signals can be measured in a solution by aligning the sample using flow-induced shear force or a strong electric field. The signal generated is related to the local orientation of chromophores, such as DNA bases, relative to the filament axis. LD can thus assess the tilt and roll of DNA bases and distinguish intercalating from groove-binding ligands. The intensity of the LD signal depends upon the degree of macroscopic orientation. Therefore, DNA shortening and bending can be detected by a decrease in LD signal intensity. As examples of LD applications, we present a kinetic study of DNA digestion by restriction enzymes and structural analyses of homologous recombination intermediates, i.e., RecA and Rad51 recombinase complexes with single-stranded DNA. LD shows that the DNA bases in these complexes are preferentially oriented perpendicular to the filament axis only in the presence of activators, suggesting the importance of organized base orientation for the reaction. LD measurements detect DNA bending by the CRP transcription activator protein, as well as by the UvrB DNA repair protein. LD can thus provide information about the structures of protein-DNA complexes under various conditions and in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Takahashi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Bengt Norden
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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16
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Ito M, Furukohri A, Matsuzaki K, Fujita Y, Toyoda A, Shinohara A. FIGNL1 AAA+ ATPase remodels RAD51 and DMC1 filaments in pre-meiotic DNA replication and meiotic recombination. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6857. [PMID: 37891173 PMCID: PMC10611733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42576-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of RAD51/DMC1 filaments on single-stranded (ss)DNAs essential for homology search and strand exchange in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is tightly regulated. FIGNL1 AAA+++ ATPase controls RAD51-mediated recombination in human cells. However, its role in gametogenesis remains unsolved. Here, we characterized a germ line-specific conditional knockout (cKO) mouse of FIGNL1. Fignl1 cKO male mice showed defective chromosome synapsis and impaired meiotic DSB repair with the accumulation of RAD51/DMC1 on meiotic chromosomes, supporting a positive role of FIGNL1 in homologous recombination at a post-assembly stage of RAD51/DMC1 filaments. Fignl1 cKO spermatocytes also accumulate RAD51/DMC1 on chromosomes in pre-meiotic S-phase. These RAD51/DMC1 assemblies are independent of meiotic DSB formation. We also showed that purified FIGNL1 dismantles RAD51 filament on double-stranded (ds)DNA as well as ssDNA. These results suggest an additional role of FIGNL1 in limiting the non-productive assembly of RAD51/DMC1 on native dsDNAs during pre-meiotic S-phase and meiotic prophase I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ito
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Asako Furukohri
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Matsuzaki
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Yurika Fujita
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Akira Shinohara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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17
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Matos‐Rodrigues G, Barroca V, Muhammad A, Dardillac E, Allouch A, Koundrioukoff S, Lewandowski D, Despras E, Guirouilh‐Barbat J, Frappart L, Kannouche P, Dupaigne P, Le Cam E, Perfettini J, Romeo P, Debatisse M, Jasin M, Livera G, Martini E, Lopez BS. In vivo reduction of RAD51-mediated homologous recombination triggers aging but impairs oncogenesis. EMBO J 2023; 42:e110844. [PMID: 37661798 PMCID: PMC10577633 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a prominent DNA repair pathway maintaining genome integrity. Mutations in many HR genes lead to cancer predisposition. Paradoxically, the implication of the pivotal HR factor RAD51 on cancer development remains puzzling. Particularly, no RAD51 mouse models are available to address the role of RAD51 in aging and carcinogenesis in vivo. We engineered a mouse model with an inducible dominant-negative form of RAD51 (SMRad51) that suppresses RAD51-mediated HR without stimulating alternative mutagenic repair pathways. We found that in vivo expression of SMRad51 led to replicative stress, systemic inflammation, progenitor exhaustion, premature aging and reduced lifespan, but did not trigger tumorigenesis. Expressing SMRAD51 in a breast cancer predisposition mouse model (PyMT) decreased the number and the size of tumors, revealing an anti-tumor activity of SMRAD51. We propose that these in vivo phenotypes result from chronic endogenous replication stress caused by HR decrease, which preferentially targets progenitors and tumor cells. Our work underlines the importance of RAD51 activity for progenitor cell homeostasis, preventing aging and more generally for the balance between cancer and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Matos‐Rodrigues
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut CochinEquipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerParisFrance
- Université de Paris and Université Paris‐Saclay, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, IRCM/IBFJ CEA, UMR Genetic Stability Stem Cells and RadiationFontenay aux RosesFrance
| | - Vilma Barroca
- Université de Paris and Université Paris‐Saclay, Inserm, IRCM/IBFJ CEAUMR Genetic Stability Stem Cells and RadiationFontenay aux RosesFrance
| | - Ali‐Akbar Muhammad
- Genome Maintenance and Molecular Microscopy UMR8126 CNRSUniversité Paris‐Sud, Université Paris‐Saclay, Gustave RoussyVillejuif CedexFrance
| | - Elodie Dardillac
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut CochinEquipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Awatef Allouch
- Cell Death and Aging Team, INSERM U1030, Laboratory of Molecular RadiotherapyUniversity Paris‐Sud and Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | - Stephane Koundrioukoff
- CNRS UMR8200 Sorbonne UniversitésUPMC UniversityParisFrance
- Institut Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | - Daniel Lewandowski
- Université de Paris and Université Paris‐Saclay, Inserm, IRCM/IBFJ CEAUMR Genetic Stability Stem Cells and RadiationFontenay aux RosesFrance
| | - Emmanuelle Despras
- CNRS UMR8200, Laboratory of Genetic Instability and OncogenesisUniversity Paris‐Sud and Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | - Josée Guirouilh‐Barbat
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut CochinEquipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Lucien Frappart
- Leibniz Institute on Aging‐Fritz Lipmann InstituteJenaGermany
| | - Patricia Kannouche
- CNRS UMR8200, Laboratory of Genetic Instability and OncogenesisUniversity Paris‐Sud and Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | - Pauline Dupaigne
- Genome Maintenance and Molecular Microscopy UMR8126 CNRSUniversité Paris‐Sud, Université Paris‐Saclay, Gustave RoussyVillejuif CedexFrance
| | - Eric Le Cam
- Genome Maintenance and Molecular Microscopy UMR8126 CNRSUniversité Paris‐Sud, Université Paris‐Saclay, Gustave RoussyVillejuif CedexFrance
| | - Jean‐Luc Perfettini
- Cell Death and Aging Team, INSERM U1030, Laboratory of Molecular RadiotherapyUniversity Paris‐Sud and Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | - Paul‐Henri Romeo
- Université de Paris and Université Paris‐Saclay, Inserm, IRCM/IBFJ CEAUMR Genetic Stability Stem Cells and RadiationFontenay aux RosesFrance
| | - Michelle Debatisse
- CNRS UMR8200 Sorbonne UniversitésUPMC UniversityParisFrance
- Institut Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology ProgramMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Gabriel Livera
- Université de Paris and Université Paris‐Saclay, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, IRCM/IBFJ CEA, UMR Genetic Stability Stem Cells and RadiationFontenay aux RosesFrance
| | - Emmanuelle Martini
- Université de Paris and Université Paris‐Saclay, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, IRCM/IBFJ CEA, UMR Genetic Stability Stem Cells and RadiationFontenay aux RosesFrance
| | - Bernard S Lopez
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut CochinEquipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerParisFrance
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18
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Antoniuk-Majchrzak J, Enkhbaatar T, Długajczyk A, Kaminska J, Skoneczny M, Klionsky DJ, Skoneczna A. Stability of Rad51 recombinase and persistence of Rad51 DNA repair foci depends on post-translational modifiers, ubiquitin and SUMO. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119526. [PMID: 37364618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The DNA double-strand breaks are particularly deleterious, especially when an error-free repair pathway is unavailable, enforcing the error-prone recombination pathways to repair the lesion. Cells can resume the cell cycle but at the expense of decreased viability due to genome rearrangements. One of the major players involved in recombinational repair of DNA damage is Rad51 recombinase, a protein responsible for presynaptic complex formation. We previously showed that an increased level of this protein promotes the usage of illegitimate recombination. Here we show that the level of Rad51 is regulated via the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway. The ubiquitination of Rad51 depends on multiple E3 enzymes, including SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases. We also demonstrate that Rad51 can be modified by both ubiquitin and SUMO. Moreover, its modification with ubiquitin may lead to opposite effects: degradation dependent on Rad6, Rad18, Slx8, Dia2, and the anaphase-promoting complex, or stabilization dependent on Rsp5. We also show that post-translational modifications with SUMO and ubiquitin affect Rad51's ability to form and disassemble DNA repair foci, respectively, influencing cell cycle progression and cell viability in genotoxic stress conditions. Our data suggest the existence of a complex E3 ligases network that regulates Rad51 recombinase's turnover, its molecular activity, and access to DNA, limiting it to the proportions optimal for the actual cell cycle stage and growth conditions, e.g., stress. Dysregulation of this network would result in a drop in cell viability due to uncontrolled genome rearrangement in the yeast cells. In mammals would promote the development of genetic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuguldur Enkhbaatar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Anna Długajczyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Joanna Kaminska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Marek Skoneczny
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Adrianna Skoneczna
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 02-106, Poland.
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19
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Zhang Q, Fan J, Xu W, Cao H, Qiu C, Xiong Y, Zhao H, Wang Y, Huang J, Yu C. The FLIP-FIGNL1 complex regulates the dissociation of RAD51/DMC1 in homologous recombination and replication fork restart. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:8606-8622. [PMID: 37439366 PMCID: PMC10484675 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of RAD51 and/or DMC1 recombinases to single-strand DNA is indispensable for homology search and strand invasion in homologous recombination (HR) and for protection of nascent DNA strands at stalled replication forks. Thereafter RAD51/DMC1 dissociate, actively or passively, from these joint molecules upon DNA repair or releasing from replication stress. However, the mechanism that regulates RAD51/DMC1 dissociation and its physiological importance remain elusive. Here, we show that a FLIP-FIGNL1 complex regulates RAD51 and DMC1 dissociation to promote meiotic recombination and replication fork restart in mammals. Mice lacking FLIP are embryonic lethal, while germline-specific deletion of FLIP leads to infertility in both males and females. FLIP-null meiocytes are arrested at a zygotene-like stage with massive RAD51 and DMC1 foci, which frequently co-localize with SHOC1 and TEX11. Furthermore, FLIP interacts with FIGNL1. Depletion of FLIP or FIGNL1 in cell lines destabilizes each other and impairs RAD51 dissociation. Thus, the active dissociation of RAD51/DMC1 by the FLIP-FIGNL1 complex is a crucial step required for HR and replication fork restart, and represents a conserved mechanism in somatic cells and germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Jiayi Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiwen Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Qiu
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Huacun Zhao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics and Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Dysfunction Management of Zhejiang Province; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhejiang, China
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20
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Saha LK, Saha S, Yang X, Huang SYN, Sun Y, Jo U, Pommier Y. Replication-associated formation and repair of human topoisomerase IIIα cleavage complexes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1925. [PMID: 37024461 PMCID: PMC10079683 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase IIIα (TOP3A) belongs to the conserved Type IA family of DNA topoisomerases. Here we report that human TOP3A is associated with DNA replication forks and that a "self-trapping" TOP3A mutant (TOP3A-R364W) generates cellular TOP3A DNA cleavage complexes (TOP3Accs). We show that trapped TOP3Accs that interfere with replication, induce DNA damage and genome instability. To elucidate how TOP3Accs are repaired, we explored the role of Spartan (SPRTN), the metalloprotease associated with DNA replication, which digests proteins forming DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs). We find that SPRTN-deficient cells show elevated TOP3Accs, whereas overexpression of SPRTN lowers cellular TOP3Accs. SPRTN is deubiquitinated and epistatic with TDP2 in response to TOP3Accs. In addition, we found that MRE11 can excise TOP3Accs, and that cell cycle determines the preference for the SPRTN-TDP2 vs. the ATM-MRE11 pathways, in S vs. G2, respectively. Our study highlights the prevalence of TOP3Accs repair mechanisms to ensure normal DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liton Kumar Saha
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sourav Saha
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shar-Yin Naomi Huang
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yilun Sun
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ukhyun Jo
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch & Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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21
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Zhang W, Wang M, Song Z, Fu Q, Chen J, Zhang W, Gao S, Sun X, Yang G, Zhang Q, Yang J, Tang H, Wang H, Kou X, Wang H, Mao Z, Xu X, Gao S, Jiang Y. Farrerol directly activates the deubiqutinase UCHL3 to promote DNA repair and reprogramming when mediated by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1838. [PMID: 37012254 PMCID: PMC10070447 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Farrerol, a natural flavanone, promotes homologous recombination (HR) repair to improve genome-editing efficiency, but the specific protein that farrerol directly targets to regulate HR repair and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been determined. Here, we find that the deubiquitinase UCHL3 is the direct target of farrerol. Mechanistically, farrerol enhanced the deubiquitinase activity of UCHL3 to promote RAD51 deubiquitination, thereby improving HR repair. Importantly, we find that embryos of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) exhibited defective HR repair, increased genomic instability and aneuploidy, and that the farrerol treatment post nuclear transfer enhances HR repair, restores transcriptional and epigenetic network, and promotes SCNT embryo development. Ablating UCHL3 significantly attenuates farrerol-mediated stimulation in HR and SCNT embryo development. In summary, we identify farrerol as an activator of the deubiquitinase UCHL3, highlighted the importance of HR and epigenetic changes in SCNT reprogramming and provide a feasible method to promote SCNT efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
- Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
- Jiaxing University Affiliated Women and Children Hospital, 314000, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zhiwei Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianzheng Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Weitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the MARA, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the MARA, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanyin Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Kou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, 266071, Qingdao, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Tichy ED. Specialized Circuitry of Embryonic Stem Cells Promotes Genomic Integrity. Crit Rev Oncog 2023; 27:1-15. [PMID: 36734869 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2022042332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) give rise to all cell types of the organism. Given the importance of these cells in this process, ESCs must employ robust mechanisms to protect genomic integrity or risk catastrophic propagation of mutations throughout the organism. Should such an event occur in daughter cells that will eventually contribute to the germline, the overall species health could dramatically decline. This review describes several key mechanisms employed by ESCs that are unique to these cells, in order to maintain their genomic integrity. Additionally, the contributions of cell cycle regulators in modulating ESC differentiation, after DNA damage exposure, are also examined. Where data are available, findings reported in ESCs are extended to include observations described in induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisia D Tichy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 371 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081
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23
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OsRAD51 Plays a Vital Role in Promoting Homologous Recombination in Rice Meiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179906. [PMID: 36077304 PMCID: PMC9456343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic recombination plays a pivotal role in achieving accurate chromosomal segregation and increasing genetic diversity. In the homologous recombination pathway, the detailed mechanisms of how OsRAD51 and OsDMC1 work in rice meiosis remain to be explored. Here, we obtained different types of mutants for Osrad51a1, Osrad51a2, Osdmc1a, and Osdmc1b through CRISPR/Cas9. Both Osrad51a1 and Osrad51a2 exhibited normal vegetative growth and fertility. Osrad51 (Osrad51a1 Osrad51a2) mutant plants show normal vegetative growth but exhibit complete sterility, indicating that OsRAD51A1 and OsRAD51A2 are functionally redundant in rice fertility. In contrast to the wild type, Osrad51 chromosomes are not paired perfectly at pachytene and synaptonemal complex (SC) formation is deficient. Moreover, univalents and multivalent associations were observed at metaphase I, chromosome fragments presented at anaphase I, and crossover formation is basically suppressed in Osrad51 pollen mother cells (PMCs). OsRAD51 foci emerge at leptotene and disappear from late pachytene and chromosome localization of OsRAD51 depends on the formation of double-strand breaks (DSBs). Most OsRAD51 foci can co-localize with OsDMC1 signals. OsRAD51 is essential for the loading of OsDMC1 onto chromosomes, and vice versa. In addition, both OsRAD51 and OsDMC1 can interact with OsFIGL1 and OsBRCA2, two important components in rice meiosis. Moreover, the Osrad51 Osdmc1 (Osrad51a1 Osrad51a2 Osdmc1a Osdmc1b) quadruple mutant PMCs exhibited similar defective phenotypes as Osrad51 in homologous pairing, synapsis, and DSB repair. Taken together, our results suggest that the recombinases DMC1 and RAD51 may functionally depend on each other and play important roles in meiotic recombination during meiosis in rice.
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24
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Mice lacking DCAF2 in placenta die at the gastrulation stage. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 389:559-572. [PMID: 35711069 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
UV-damaged DNA-binding protein 1 (DDB1) and cullin 4-associated factor 2 (DCAF2, also known as DTL or CDT2) is an evolutionarily highly conserved substrate recognition factor in the cullin 4 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) complex. This complex degrades multiple DNA replication and cell cycle-associated proteins to maintain genome stability. To clarify the function of DCAF2 in vivo, we used Cre recombinase driven by the Elf5 promoter to generate knockout mouse model that was specifically deleted Dcaf2 in the trophoblast lineage (Elf5-Cre; Dcaf2fl/fl, Dcaf2 cKO). Here, we show that mice with the genotype Elf5-Cre; Dcaf2fl/+ are normal and fertile. However, after mating of Elf5-Cre; Dcaf2fl/+ mice with Dcaf2fl/fl, no Dcaf2 cKO pups were born. Timed pregnancy studies have shown that Dcaf2 cKO mice developed abnormally on embryonic day 5.5 and died at gastrulation stage. It is worth noting that the extraembryonic ectoderm of Dcaf2 cKO mice is severely reduced or missing and leading to embryonic death. We also proved that stronger DNA damage accumulated in the trophoblastic cells of Dcaf2 cKO mice at E8.5. In addition, higher expression of Caspase-3 was found in the embryonic and trophoblastic cells of these cKO mice. In general, our research shows that the placental DCAF2 is crucial to the formation of gastrula.
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25
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Qin J, Huang T, Wang J, Xu L, Dang Q, Xu X, Liu H, Liu Z, Shao C, Zhang X. RAD51 is essential for spermatogenesis and male fertility in mice. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:118. [PMID: 35292640 PMCID: PMC8924220 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recombinase RAD51 catalyzes the DNA strand exchange reaction in homologous recombination (HR) during both mitosis and meiosis. However, the physiological role of RAD51 during spermatogenesis remains unclear since RAD51 null mutation is embryonic lethal in mice. In this study, we generated a conditional knockout mouse model to study the role of RAD51 in spermatogenesis. Conditional disruption of RAD51 in germ cells by Vasa-Cre led to spermatogonial loss and Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Furthermore, tamoxifen-inducible RAD51 knockout by UBC-CreERT2 confirmed that RAD51 deletion led to early spermatogenic cells loss and apoptosis. Notably, inducible knockout of RAD51 in adult mice caused defects in meiosis, with accumulated meiotic double-strand breaks (DSBs), reduced numbers of pachytene spermatocytes and less crossover formation. Our study revealed an essential role for Rad51 in the maintenance of spermatogonia as well as meiotic progression in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qianli Dang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiuhua Xu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaojian Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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26
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Xin Y, Wang J, Wu Y, Li Q, Dong M, Liu C, He Q, Wang R, Wang D, Jiang S, Xiao W, Tian Y, Zhang W. Identification of Nanog as a novel inhibitor of Rad51. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:193. [PMID: 35220392 PMCID: PMC8882189 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTo develop inhibitors targeting DNA damage repair pathways is important to improve the effectiveness of chemo- and radiotherapy for cancer patients. Rad51 mediates homologous recombination (HR) repair of DNA damages. It is widely overexpressed in human cancers and overwhelms chemo- and radiotherapy-generated DNA damages through enhancing HR repair signaling, preventing damage-caused cancer cell death. Therefore, to identify inhibitors of Rad51 is important to achieve effective treatment of cancers. Transcription factor Nanog is a core regulator of embryonic stem (ES) cells for its indispensable role in stemness maintenance. In this study, we identified Nanog as a novel inhibitor of Rad51. It interacts with Rad51 and inhibits Rad51-mediated HR repair of DNA damage through its C/CD2 domain. Moreover, Rad51 inhibition can be achieved by nanoscale material- or cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-mediated direct delivery of Nanog-C/CD2 peptides into somatic cancer cells. Furthermore, we revealed that Nanog suppresses the binding of Rad51 to single-stranded DNAs to stall the HR repair signaling. This study provides explanation for the high γH2AX level in unperturbed ES cells and early embryos, and suggests Nanog-C/CD2 as a promising drug candidate applied to Rad51-related basic research and therapeutic application studies.
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27
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Kouprianov VA, Selmek AA, Ferguson JL, Mo X, Shive HR. brca2-mutant zebrafish exhibit context- and tissue-dependent alterations in cell phenotypes and response to injury. Sci Rep 2022; 12:883. [PMID: 35042909 PMCID: PMC8766490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently co-opt molecular programs that are normally activated in specific contexts, such as embryonic development and the response to injury. Determining the impact of cancer-associated mutations on cellular phenotypes within these discrete contexts can provide new insight into how such mutations lead to dysregulated cell behaviors and subsequent cancer onset. Here we assess the impact of heritable BRCA2 mutation on embryonic development and the injury response using a zebrafish model (Danio rerio). Unlike most mouse models for BRCA2 mutation, brca2-mutant zebrafish are fully viable and thus provide a unique tool for assessing both embryonic and adult phenotypes. We find that maternally provided brca2 is critical for normal oocyte development and embryonic survival in zebrafish, suggesting that embryonic lethality associated with BRCA2 mutation is likely to reflect defects in both meiotic and embryonic developmental programs. On the other hand, we find that adult brca2-mutant zebrafish exhibit aberrant proliferation of several cell types under basal conditions and in response to injury in tissues at high risk for cancer development. These divergent effects exemplify the often-paradoxical outcomes that occur in embryos (embryonic lethality) versus adult animals (cancer predisposition) with mutations in cancer susceptibility genes such as BRCA2. The altered cell behaviors identified in brca2-mutant embryonic and adult tissues, particularly in adult tissues at high risk for cancer, indicate that the effects of BRCA2 mutation on cellular phenotypes are both context- and tissue-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aubrie A Selmek
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jordan L Ferguson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Heather R Shive
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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28
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Boni J, Idani A, Roca C, Feliubadaló L, Tomiak E, Weber E, Foulkes WD, Orthwein A, El Haffaf Z, Lazaro C, Rivera B. A decade of RAD51C and RAD51D germline variants in cancer. Hum Mutat 2021; 43:285-298. [PMID: 34923718 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Defects in DNA repair genes have been extensively associated with cancer susceptibility. Germline pathogenic variants (GPV) in genes involved in homologous recombination repair pathways predispose to cancers arising mainly in the breast and ovary, but also other tissues. The RAD51 paralogs RAD51C and RAD51D were included in this group 10 years ago when germline variants were associated with non-BRCA1/2 familial ovarian cancer. Here, we have reviewed the landscape of RAD51C and RAD51D germline variants in cancer reported in the literature during the last decade, integrating this list with variants identified by in-house patient screening. A comprehensive catalog of 341 variants that have been classified applying ACMG/AMP criteria has been generated pinpointing the existence of recurrent variants in both genes. Recurrent variants have been extensively discussed compiling data on population frequencies and functional characterization if available, highlighting variants that have not been fully characterized yet to properly establish their pathogenicity. Finally, we have complemented this data with relevant information regarding the conservation of mutated residues among RAD51 paralogs and modeling of putative hotspot areas, which contributes to generating an exhaustive update on these two cancer predisposition genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Boni
- Program in Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Idani
- Program in Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Roca
- Program in Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Feliubadaló
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Tomiak
- Department of Genetics, University of Ottawa, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Evan Weber
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Montreal, Canada.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Cancer Research Axis, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Orthwein
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Cancer Research Axis, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zaki El Haffaf
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Quebec, Montreal, Canada
| | - Conxi Lazaro
- Program in Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Rivera
- Program in Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Cancer Research Axis, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Quebec, Montreal, Canada
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29
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Chen WT, Tseng HY, Jiang CL, Lee CY, Chi P, Chen LY, Lo KY, Wang IC, Lin FJ. Elp1 facilitates RAD51-mediated homologous recombination repair via translational regulation. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:81. [PMID: 34819065 PMCID: PMC8613991 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RAD51-dependent homologous recombination (HR) is one of the most important pathways for repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and its regulation is crucial to maintain genome integrity. Elp1 gene encodes IKAP/ELP1, a core subunit of the Elongator complex, which has been implicated in translational regulation. However, how ELP1 contributes to genome maintenance is unclear. Methods To investigate the function of Elp1, Elp1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were generated. Metaphase chromosome spreading, immunofluorescence, and comet assays were used to access chromosome abnormalities and DSB formation. Functional roles of Elp1 in MEFs were evaluated by cell viability, colony forming capacity, and apoptosis assays. HR-dependent DNA repair was assessed by reporter assay, immunofluorescence, and western blot. Polysome profiling was used to evaluate translational efficiency. Differentially expressed proteins and signaling pathways were identified using a label-free liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) proteomics approach. Results Here, we report that Elp1 depletion enhanced genomic instability, manifested as chromosome breakage and genotoxic stress-induced genomic DNA fragmentation upon ionizing radiation (IR) exposure. Elp1-deficient cells were hypersensitive to DNA damage and exhibited impaired cell proliferation and defective HR repair. Moreover, Elp1 depletion reduced the formation of IR-induced RAD51 foci and decreased RAD51 protein levels. Polysome profiling analysis revealed that ELP1 regulated RAD51 expression by promoting its translation in response to DNA damage. Notably, the requirement for ELP1 in DSB repair could be partially rescued in Elp1-deficient cells by reintroducing RAD51, suggesting that Elp1-mediated HR-directed repair of DSBs is RAD51-dependent. Finally, using proteome analyses, we identified several proteins involved in cancer pathways and DNA damage responses as being differentially expressed upon Elp1 depletion. Conclusions Our study uncovered a molecular mechanism underlying Elp1-mediated regulation of HR activity and provides a novel link between translational regulation and genome stability. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-021-00773-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yi Tseng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lin Jiang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Lee
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Peter Chi
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Liuh-Yow Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yin Lo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - I-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jung Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Development Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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30
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Prakash R, Freyer L, Saiz N, Gavrilov S, Wang RQ, Romanienko PJ, Lacy E, Hadjantonakis AK, Jasin M. XRCC3 loss leads to midgestational embryonic lethality in mice. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 108:103227. [PMID: 34601382 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RAD51 paralogs are key components of the homologous recombination (HR) machinery. Mouse mutants have been reported for four of the canonical RAD51 paralogs, and each of these mutants exhibits embryonic lethality, although at different gestational stages. However, the phenotype of mice deficient in the fifth RAD51 paralog, XRCC3, has not been reported. Here we report that Xrcc3 knockout mice exhibit midgestational lethality, with mild phenotypes beginning at about E8.25 but severe developmental abnormalities evident by E9.0-9.5. The most obvious phenotypes are small size and a failure of the embryo to turn to a fetal position. A knockin mutation at a key ATPase residue in the Walker A box results in embryonic lethality at a similar stage. Death of knockout mice can be delayed a few days for some embryos by homozygous or heterozygous Trp53 mutation, in keeping with an important role for XRCC3 in promoting genome integrity. Given that XRCC3 is a unique member of one of two RAD51 paralog complexes with RAD51C, these results demonstrate that both RAD51 paralog complexes are required for mouse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Prakash
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, NY, United States
| | - Laina Freyer
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States; Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Néstor Saiz
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States; Rockefeller University Press, New York, NY, United States
| | - Svetlana Gavrilov
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States; Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raymond Q Wang
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Peter J Romanienko
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States; Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Elizabeth Lacy
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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31
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Wassing IE, Graham E, Saayman X, Rampazzo L, Ralf C, Bassett A, Esashi F. The RAD51 recombinase protects mitotic chromatin in human cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5380. [PMID: 34508092 PMCID: PMC8433380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAD51 recombinase plays critical roles in safeguarding genome integrity, which is fundamentally important for all living cells. While interphase functions of RAD51 in maintaining genome stability are well-characterised, its role in mitosis remains contentious. In this study, we show that RAD51 protects under-replicated DNA in mitotic human cells and, in this way, promotes mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS) and successful chromosome segregation. In cells experiencing mild replication stress, MiDAS was detected irrespective of mitotically generated DNA damage. MiDAS broadly required de novo RAD51 recruitment to single-stranded DNA, which was supported by the phosphorylation of RAD51 by the key mitotic regulator Polo-like kinase 1. Importantly, acute inhibition of MiDAS delayed anaphase onset and induced centromere fragility, suggesting a mechanism that prevents the satisfaction of the spindle assembly checkpoint while chromosomal replication remains incomplete. This study hence identifies an unexpected function of RAD51 in promoting genomic stability in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel E Wassing
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Graham
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xanita Saayman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucia Rampazzo
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christine Ralf
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Fumiko Esashi
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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32
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Robert N, Yan C, Si-Jiu Y, Bo L, He H, Pengfei Z, Hongwei X, Jian Z, Shijie L, Qian Z. Expression of Rad51 and the histo-morphological evaluation of testis of the sterile male cattle-yak. Theriogenology 2021; 172:239-254. [PMID: 34298284 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Meiotic recombination is key to the repair of DNA double-strand break damage, provide a link between homologs for proper chromosome segregation as well as ensure genetic diversity in organisms. Defects in recombination often lead to sterility. The ubiquitously expressed Rad51 and the meiosis-specific DMC1 are two closely related recombinases that catalyze the key strand invasion and exchange step of meiotic recombination. This study cloned and sequenced the coding region of cattle-yak Rad51 and determined its mRNA and protein expression levels, evaluated its molecular and evolutionary relationship as well as evaluated the histo-morphological structure of testes in the yellow cattle, yak and the sterile cattle-yak hybrid. The Rad51 gene was amplified using PCR, cloned and sequenced using testicular cDNA from yak and cattle-yak. Real-time PCR was used to examine the expression levels of Rad51/DMC1 mRNA in the cattle, yak and cattle-yak testis while western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the protein expression and localization of Rad51/DMC1 protein in the testicular tissue sections. The results revealed that the mRNA and protein expression of Rad51 and DMC1 are extremely low in the male cattle-yak testis with a corresponding higher incidence of germ cell apoptosis. There was also thinning of the germinal epithelium possibly due to the depletion of the germ cells leading to the widening of the lumen area of the cattle-yak seminiferous tubule. Our findings provide support for the hypothesis that the low expression of Rad51 and DMC1 may contribute to the male hybrid sterility in the cattle-yak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niayale Robert
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cui Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Yu Si-Jiu
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liao Bo
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Honghong He
- Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhao Pengfei
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xu Hongwei
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhang Jian
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Shijie
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhang Qian
- Laboratory of Animal Anatomy & Tissue Embryology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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33
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Tsubouchi H, Argunhan B, Iwasaki H. Biochemical properties of fission yeast homologous recombination enzymes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 71:19-26. [PMID: 34246071 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a universal phenomenon conserved from viruses to humans. The mechanisms of HR are essentially the same in humans and simple unicellular eukaryotes like yeast. Two highly diverged yeast species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, have proven exceptionally useful in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of eukaryotic HR by serving as a source for unique biological insights and also complementing each other. Here, we will review the features of S. pombe HR mechanisms in comparison to S. cerevisiae and other model organisms. Particular emphasis will be put on the biochemical characterization of HR mechanisms uncovered using S. pombe proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Tsubouchi
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Bilge Argunhan
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwasaki
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan.
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34
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Argunhan B, Iwasaki H, Tsubouchi H. Post-translational modification of factors involved in homologous recombination. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 104:103114. [PMID: 34111757 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
DNA is the molecule that stores the chemical instructions necessary for life and its stability is therefore of the utmost importance. Despite this, DNA is damaged by both exogenous and endogenous factors at an alarming frequency. The most severe type of DNA damage is a double-strand break (DSB), in which a scission occurs in both strands of the double helix, effectively dividing a single normal chromosome into two pathological chromosomes. Homologous recombination (HR) is a universal DSB repair mechanism that solves this problem by identifying another region of the genome that shares high sequence similarity with the DSB site and using it as a template for repair. Rad51 possess the enzymatic activity that is essential for this repair but several auxiliary factors are required for Rad51 to fulfil its function. It is becoming increasingly clear that many HR factors are subjected to post-translational modification. Here, we review what is known about how these modifications affect HR. We first focus on cases where there is experimental evidence to support a function for the modification, then discuss speculative cases where a function can be inferred. Finally, we contemplate why such modifications might be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Argunhan
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Iwasaki
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Tsubouchi
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Mhaskar AN, Koornneef L, Zelensky AN, Houtsmuller AB, Baarends WM. High Resolution View on the Regulation of Recombinase Accumulation in Mammalian Meiosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672191. [PMID: 34109178 PMCID: PMC8181746 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A distinguishing feature of meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), compared to DSBs in somatic cells, is the fact that they are induced in a programmed and specifically orchestrated manner, which includes chromatin remodeling prior to DSB induction. In addition, the meiotic homologous recombination (HR) repair process that follows, is different from HR repair of accidental DSBs in somatic cells. For instance, meiotic HR involves preferred use of the homolog instead of the sister chromatid as a repair template and subsequent formation of crossovers and non-crossovers in a tightly regulated manner. An important outcome of this distinct repair pathway is the pairing of homologous chromosomes. Central to the initial steps in homology recognition during meiotic HR is the cooperation between the strand exchange proteins (recombinases) RAD51 and its meiosis-specific paralog DMC1. Despite our understanding of their enzymatic activity, details on the regulation of their assembly and subsequent molecular organization at meiotic DSBs in mammals have remained largely enigmatic. In this review, we summarize recent mouse data on recombinase regulation via meiosis-specific factors. Also, we reflect on bulk “omics” studies of initial meiotic DSB processing, compare these with studies using super-resolution microscopy in single cells, at single DSB sites, and explore the implications of these findings for our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying meiotic HR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya N Mhaskar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lieke Koornneef
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alex N Zelensky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan B Houtsmuller
- Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willy M Baarends
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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36
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Matos-Rodrigues G, Guirouilh-Barbat J, Martini E, Lopez BS. Homologous recombination, cancer and the 'RAD51 paradox'. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab016. [PMID: 34316706 PMCID: PMC8209977 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic instability is a hallmark of cancer cells. Homologous recombination (HR) plays key roles in genome stability and variability due to its roles in DNA double-strand break and interstrand crosslink repair, and in the protection and resumption of arrested replication forks. HR deficiency leads to genetic instability, and, as expected, many HR genes are downregulated in cancer cells. The link between HR deficiency and cancer predisposition is exemplified by familial breast and ovarian cancers and by some subgroups of Fanconi anaemia syndromes. Surprisingly, although RAD51 plays a pivotal role in HR, i.e., homology search and in strand exchange with a homologous DNA partner, almost no inactivating mutations of RAD51 have been associated with cancer predisposition; on the contrary, overexpression of RAD51 is associated with a poor prognosis in different types of tumours. Taken together, these data highlight the fact that RAD51 differs from its HR partners with regard to cancer susceptibility and expose what we call the ‘RAD51 paradox’. Here, we catalogue the dysregulations of HR genes in human pathologies, including cancer and Fanconi anaemia or congenital mirror movement syndromes, and we discuss the RAD51 paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Matos-Rodrigues
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut Cochin, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75014, France
| | - Josée Guirouilh-Barbat
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut Cochin, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75014, France
| | - Emmanuelle Martini
- Université de Paris and Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, IRCM/IBFJ CEA, UMR Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, F-92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Bernard S Lopez
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut Cochin, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75014, France
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37
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Hoppe MM, Jaynes P, Wardyn JD, Upadhyayula SS, Tan TZ, Lie S, Lim DGZ, Pang BNK, Lim S, P S Yeong J, Karnezis A, Chiu DS, Leung S, Huntsman DG, Sedukhina AS, Sato K, Topp MD, Scott CL, Choi H, Patel NR, Brown R, Kaye SB, Pitt JJ, Tan DSP, Jeyasekharan AD. Quantitative imaging of RAD51 expression as a marker of platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13366. [PMID: 33709473 PMCID: PMC8103098 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early relapse after platinum chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) portends poor survival. A-priori identification of platinum resistance is therefore crucial to improve on standard first-line carboplatin-paclitaxel treatment. The DNA repair pathway homologous recombination (HR) repairs platinum-induced damage, and the HR recombinase RAD51 is overexpressed in cancer. We therefore designed a REMARK-compliant study of pre-treatment RAD51 expression in EOC, using fluorescent quantitative immunohistochemistry (qIHC) to overcome challenges in quantitation of protein expression in situ. In a discovery cohort (n = 284), RAD51-High tumours had shorter progression-free and overall survival compared to RAD51-Low cases in univariate and multivariate analyses. The association of RAD51 with relapse/survival was validated in a carboplatin monotherapy SCOTROC4 clinical trial cohort (n = 264) and was predominantly noted in HR-proficient cancers (Myriad HRDscore < 42). Interestingly, overexpression of RAD51 modified expression of immune-regulatory pathways in vitro, while RAD51-High tumours showed exclusion of cytotoxic T cells in situ. Our findings highlight RAD51 expression as a determinant of platinum resistance and suggest possible roles for therapy to overcome immune exclusion in RAD51-High EOC. The qIHC approach is generalizable to other proteins with a continuum instead of discrete/bimodal expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal M Hoppe
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Patrick Jaynes
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Joanna D Wardyn
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | | | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Stefanus Lie
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Diana G Z Lim
- Department of PathologyNational University HospitalSingapore
| | - Brendan N K Pang
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Department of PathologyNational University HospitalSingapore
| | - Sherlly Lim
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Joe P S Yeong
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Anthony Karnezis
- British Columbia Cancer AgencyVancouverBCCanada
- Present address:
Pathology and Lab medicineUC Davis Medical CentreSacramentoCAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Anna S Sedukhina
- Department of PharmacogenomicsSt. Marianna UniversityKawasakiJapan
| | - Ko Sato
- Department of PharmacogenomicsSt. Marianna UniversityKawasakiJapan
| | - Monique D Topp
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Clare L Scott
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public HealthNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | | | - Robert Brown
- Division of CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Stan B Kaye
- Department of Haematology‐OncologyNational University HospitalSingapore
| | - Jason J Pitt
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - David S P Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Haematology‐OncologyNational University HospitalSingapore
| | - Anand D Jeyasekharan
- Cancer Science Institute of SingaporeNational University of SingaporeSingapore
- Department of Haematology‐OncologyNational University HospitalSingapore
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38
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Mouse Models for Deciphering the Impact of Homologous Recombination on Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092083. [PMID: 33923105 PMCID: PMC8123484 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a fundamental evolutionarily conserved process that plays prime role(s) in genome stability maintenance through DNA repair and through the protection and resumption of arrested replication forks. Many HR genes are deregulated in cancer cells. Notably, the breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, two important HR players, are the most frequently mutated genes in familial breast and ovarian cancer. Transgenic mice constitute powerful tools to unravel the intricate mechanisms controlling tumorigenesis in vivo. However, the genes central to HR are essential in mammals, and their knockout leads to early embryonic lethality in mice. Elaborated strategies have been developed to overcome this difficulty, enabling one to analyze the consequences of HR disruption in vivo. In this review, we first briefly present the molecular mechanisms of HR in mammalian cells to introduce each factor in the HR process. Then, we present the different mouse models of HR invalidation and the consequences of HR inactivation on tumorigenesis. Finally, we discuss the use of mouse models for the development of targeted cancer therapies as well as perspectives on the future potential for understanding the mechanisms of HR inactivation-driven tumorigenesis in vivo.
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39
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RAD51 Inhibition Induces R-Loop Formation in Early G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073740. [PMID: 33916766 PMCID: PMC8038378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
R-loops are three-stranded structures generated by annealing of nascent transcripts to the template DNA strand, leaving the non-template DNA strand exposed as a single-stranded loop. Although R-loops play important roles in physiological processes such as regulation of gene expression, mitochondrial DNA replication, or immunoglobulin class switch recombination, dysregulation of the R-loop metabolism poses a threat to the stability of the genome. A previous study in yeast has shown that the homologous recombination machinery contributes to the formation of R-loops and associated chromosome instability. On the contrary, here, we demonstrate that depletion of the key homologous recombination factor, RAD51, as well as RAD51 inhibition by the B02 inhibitor did not prevent R-loop formation induced by the inhibition of spliceosome assembly in human cells. However, we noticed that treatment of cells with B02 resulted in RAD51-dependent accumulation of R-loops in an early G1 phase of the cell cycle accompanied by a decrease in the levels of chromatin-bound ORC2 protein, a component of the pre-replication complex, and an increase in DNA synthesis. Our results suggest that B02-induced R-loops might cause a premature origin firing.
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40
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Huang C, Guo T, Qin Y. Meiotic Recombination Defects and Premature Ovarian Insufficiency. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652407. [PMID: 33763429 PMCID: PMC7982532 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is the depletion of ovarian function before 40 years of age due to insufficient oocyte formation or accelerated follicle atresia. Approximately 1–5% of women below 40 years old are affected by POI. The etiology of POI is heterogeneous, including genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, infection, iatrogenic factors, and environmental toxins. Genetic factors account for 20–25% of patients. However, more than half of the patients were idiopathic. With the widespread application of next-generation sequencing (NGS), the genetic spectrum of POI has been expanded, especially the latest identification in meiosis and DNA repair-related genes. During meiotic prophase I, the key processes include DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation and subsequent homologous recombination (HR), which are essential for chromosome segregation at the first meiotic division and genome diversity of oocytes. Many animal models with defective meiotic recombination present with meiotic arrest, DSB accumulation, and oocyte apoptosis, which are similar to human POI phenotype. In the article, based on different stages of meiotic recombination, including DSB formation, DSB end processing, single-strand invasion, intermediate processing, recombination, and resolution and essential proteins involved in synaptonemal complex (SC), cohesion complex, and fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, we reviewed the individual gene mutations identified in POI patients and the potential candidate genes for POI pathogenesis, which will shed new light on the genetic architecture of POI and facilitate risk prediction, ovarian protection, and early intervention for POI women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzi Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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41
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Animal models of Fanconi anemia: A developmental and therapeutic perspective on a multifaceted disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 113:113-131. [PMID: 33558144 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder characterized by developmental abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and increased susceptibility to cancer. FA animal models have been useful to understand the pathogenesis of the disease. Herein, we review FA developmental models that have been developed to simulate human FA, focusing on zebrafish and mouse models. We summarize the recapitulated phenotypes observed in these in vivo models including bone, gametogenesis and sterility defects, as well as marrow failure. We also discuss the relevance of aldehydes in pathogenesis of FA, emphasizing on hematopoietic defects. In addition, we provide a summary of potential therapeutic agents, such as aldehyde scavengers, TGFβ inhibitors, and gene therapy for FA. The diversity of FA animal models makes them useful for understanding FA etiology and allows the discovery of new therapies.
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42
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Abeykoon JP, Wu X, Nowakowski KE, Dasari S, Paludo J, Weroha SJ, Hu C, Hou X, Sarkaria JN, Mladek AC, Phillips JL, Feldman AL, Ravindran A, King RL, Boysen J, Stenson MJ, Carr RM, Manske MK, Molina JR, Kapoor P, Parikh SA, Kumar S, Robinson SI, Yu J, Boughey JC, Wang L, Goetz MP, Couch FJ, Patnaik MM, Witzig TE. Salicylates enhance CRM1 inhibitor antitumor activity by induction of S-phase arrest and impairment of DNA-damage repair. Blood 2021; 137:513-523. [PMID: 33507295 PMCID: PMC7845010 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome region maintenance protein 1 (CRM1) mediates protein export from the nucleus and is a new target for anticancer therapeutics. Broader application of KPT-330 (selinexor), a first-in-class CRM1 inhibitor recently approved for relapsed multiple myeloma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, have been limited by substantial toxicity. We discovered that salicylates markedly enhance the antitumor activity of CRM1 inhibitors by extending the mechanisms of action beyond CRM1 inhibition. Using salicylates in combination enables targeting of a range of blood cancers with a much lower dose of selinexor, thereby potentially mitigating prohibitive clinical adverse effects. Choline salicylate (CS) with low-dose KPT-330 (K+CS) had potent, broad activity across high-risk hematological malignancies and solid-organ cancers ex vivo and in vivo. The K+CS combination was not toxic to nonmalignant cells as compared with malignant cells and was safe without inducing toxicity to normal organs in mice. Mechanistically, compared with KPT-330 alone, K+CS suppresses the expression of CRM1, Rad51, and thymidylate synthase proteins, leading to more efficient inhibition of CRM1-mediated nuclear export, impairment of DNA-damage repair, reduced pyrimidine synthesis, cell-cycle arrest in S-phase, and cell apoptosis. Moreover, the addition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors further potentiates the K+CS antitumor effect. K+CS represents a new class of therapy for multiple types of blood cancers and will stimulate future investigations to exploit DNA-damage repair and nucleocytoplasmic transport for cancer therapy in general.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Choline/administration & dosage
- Choline/adverse effects
- Choline/analogs & derivatives
- Choline/pharmacology
- DNA Repair/drug effects
- DNA Replication/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Hydrazines/administration & dosage
- Hydrazines/adverse effects
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Phthalazines/administration & dosage
- Phthalazines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Random Allocation
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- S Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Salicylates/administration & dosage
- Salicylates/adverse effects
- Salicylates/pharmacology
- Triazoles/administration & dosage
- Triazoles/adverse effects
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaosheng Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | - Jonas Paludo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Chunling Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aishwarya Ravindran
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Rebecca L King
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Justin Boysen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shaji Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Health Sciences Research
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
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Vrtis KB, Dewar JM, Chistol G, Wu RA, Graham TGW, Walter JC. Single-strand DNA breaks cause replisome disassembly. Mol Cell 2021; 81:1309-1318.e6. [PMID: 33484638 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage impedes replication fork progression and threatens genome stability. Upon encounter with most DNA adducts, the replicative CMG helicase (CDC45-MCM2-7-GINS) stalls or uncouples from the point of synthesis, yet eventually resumes replication. However, little is known about the effect on replication of single-strand breaks or "nicks," which are abundant in mammalian cells. Using Xenopus egg extracts, we reveal that CMG collision with a nick in the leading strand template generates a blunt-ended double-strand break (DSB). Moreover, CMG, which encircles the leading strand template, "runs off" the end of the DSB. In contrast, CMG collision with a lagging strand nick generates a broken end with a single-stranded overhang. In this setting, CMG translocates along double-stranded DNA beyond the break and is then ubiquitylated and removed from chromatin by the same pathway used during replication termination. Our results show that nicks are uniquely dangerous DNA lesions that invariably cause replisome disassembly, and they suggest that CMG cannot be stored on dsDNA while cells resolve replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Vrtis
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James M Dewar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gheorghe Chistol
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R Alex Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas G W Graham
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Johannes C Walter
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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44
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Khan C, Muliyil S, Ayyub C, Rao BJ. spn-A/rad51 mutant exhibits enhanced genomic damage, cell death and low temperature sensitivity in somatic tissues. Chromosoma 2020; 130:3-14. [PMID: 33222024 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-020-00746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is one of the key pathways to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs). Rad51 serves an important function of catalysing strand exchange between two homologous sequences in the HR pathway. In higher organisms, rad51 function is indispensable with its absence leading to early embryonic lethality, thus precluding any mechanistic probing of the system. In contrast, the absence of Drosophila rad51 (spn-A/rad51) has been associated with defects in the germline, without any reported detrimental consequences to Drosophila somatic tissues. In this study, we have performed a systematic analysis of developmental defects in somatic tissues of spn-A mutant flies by using genetic complementation between multiple spn-A alleles. Our current study, for the first time, uncovers a requirement for spn-A in somatic tissue maintenance during both larval and pupal stages. Also, we show that spn-A mutant exhibits patterning defects in abdominal cuticle in the stripes and bristles, while there appear to be only subtle defects in the adult wing and eye. Interestingly, spn-A mutant shows a discernible phenotype of low temperature sensitivity, suggesting a role of spn-A in temperature sensitive cellular processes. In summary, our study describes the important role played by spn-A/rad51 in Drosophila somatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India. .,Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Sonia Muliyil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Champakali Ayyub
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - B J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, 400005, India. .,Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Transit Campus, Sree Rama Engineering College, Tirupati, India.
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45
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Wassing IE, Esashi F. RAD51: Beyond the break. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 113:38-46. [PMID: 32938550 PMCID: PMC8082279 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
As the primary catalyst of homologous recombination (HR) in vertebrates, RAD51 has been extensively studied in the context of repair of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). With recent advances in the understanding of RAD51 function extending beyond DSBs, the importance of RAD51 throughout DNA metabolism has become increasingly clear. Here we review the suggested roles of RAD51 beyond HR, specifically focusing on their interplay with DNA replication and the maintenance of genomic stability, in which RAD51 function emerges as a double-edged sword.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel E Wassing
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fumiko Esashi
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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46
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Mack EA, Tagliamonte MS, Xiao YP, Quesada S, Allred DR. Babesia bovis Rad51 ortholog influences switching of ves genes but is not essential for segmental gene conversion in antigenic variation. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008772. [PMID: 32866214 PMCID: PMC7485966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The tick-borne apicomplexan parasite, Babesia bovis, a highly persistent bovine pathogen, expresses VESA1 proteins on the infected erythrocyte surface to mediate cytoadhesion. The cytoadhesion ligand, VESA1, which protects the parasite from splenic passage, is itself protected from a host immune response by rapid antigenic variation. B. bovis relies upon segmental gene conversion (SGC) as a major mechanism to vary VESA1 structure. Gene conversion has been considered a form of homologous recombination (HR), a process for which Rad51 proteins are considered pivotal components. This could make BbRad51 a choice target for development of inhibitors that both interfere with parasite genome integrity and disrupt HR-dependent antigenic variation. Previously, we knocked out the Bbrad51 gene from the B. bovis haploid genome, resulting in a phenotype of sensitivity to methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) and apparent loss of HR-dependent integration of exogenous DNA. In a further characterization of BbRad51, we demonstrate here that ΔBbrad51 parasites are not more sensitive than wild-type to DNA damage induced by γ-irradiation, and repair their genome with similar kinetics. To assess the need for BbRad51 in SGC, RT-PCR was used to observe alterations to a highly variant region of ves1α transcripts over time. Mapping of these amplicons to the genome revealed a significant reduction of in situ transcriptional switching (isTS) among ves loci, but not cessation. By combining existing pipelines for analysis of the amplicons, we demonstrate that SGC continues unabated in ΔBbrad51 parasites, albeit at an overall reduced rate, and a reduction in SGC tract lengths was observed. By contrast, no differences were observed in the lengths of homologous sequences at which recombination occurred. These results indicate that, whereas BbRad51 is not essential to babesial antigenic variation, it influences epigenetic control of ves loci, and its absence significantly reduces successful variation. These results necessitate a reconsideration of the likely enzymatic mechanism(s) underlying SGC and suggest the existence of additional targets for development of small molecule inhibitors. B. bovis establishes highly persistent infections in cattle, in part by using cytoadhesion to avoid passage through the spleen. While protective, a host antibody response targeting the cytoadhesion ligand is quickly rendered ineffective by antigenic variation. In B. bovis, antigenic variation relies heavily upon segmental gene conversion (SGC), presumed to be a form of homologous recombination (HR), to generate variants. As Rad51 is generally considered essential to HR, we investigated its contribution to SGC. While diminishing the parasite’s capacity for HR-dependent integration of exogenous DNA, the loss of BbRad51 did not affect the parasite’s sensitivity to ionizing radiation, overall genome stability, or competence for SGC. Instead, loss of BbRad51 diminished the extent of in situ transcriptional switching (isTS) among ves gene loci, the accumulation of SGC recombinants, and the mean lengths of SGC sequence tracts. Given the overall reductions in VESA1 variability, compromise of the parasite’s capacity for in vivo persistence is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Mack
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Massimiliano S. Tagliamonte
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yu-Ping Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Samantha Quesada
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - David R. Allred
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Hinch AG, Becker PW, Li T, Moralli D, Zhang G, Bycroft C, Green C, Keeney S, Shi Q, Davies B, Donnelly P. The Configuration of RPA, RAD51, and DMC1 Binding in Meiosis Reveals the Nature of Critical Recombination Intermediates. Mol Cell 2020; 79:689-701.e10. [PMID: 32610038 PMCID: PMC7447979 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic recombination proceeds via binding of RPA, RAD51, and DMC1 to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) substrates created after formation of programmed DNA double-strand breaks. Here we report high-resolution in vivo maps of RPA and RAD51 in meiosis, mapping their binding locations and lifespans to individual homologous chromosomes using a genetically engineered hybrid mouse. Together with high-resolution microscopy and DMC1 binding maps, we show that DMC1 and RAD51 have distinct spatial localization on ssDNA: DMC1 binds near the break site, and RAD51 binds away from it. We characterize inter-homolog recombination intermediates bound by RPA in vivo, with properties expected for the critical displacement loop (D-loop) intermediates. These data support the hypothesis that DMC1, not RAD51, performs strand exchange in mammalian meiosis. RPA-bound D-loops can be resolved as crossovers or non-crossovers, but crossover-destined D-loops may have longer lifespans. D-loops resemble crossover gene conversions in size, but their extent is similar in both repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp W Becker
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Daniela Moralli
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gang Zhang
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare Bycroft
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Green
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Scott Keeney
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Qinghua Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Donnelly
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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48
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Krais JJ, Johnson N. BRCA1 Mutations in Cancer: Coordinating Deficiencies in Homologous Recombination with Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4601-4609. [PMID: 32747362 PMCID: PMC7641968 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancers that arise from BRCA1 germline mutations are deficient for homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair and are sensitive to DNA-damaging agents such as platinum and PARP inhibitors. In vertebrate organisms, knockout of critical HR genes including BRCA1 and BRCA2 is lethal because HR is required for genome replication. Thus, cancers must develop strategies to cope with loss of HR activity. Furthermore, as established tumors respond to chemotherapy selection pressure, additional genetic adaptations transition cancers to an HR-proficient state. In this review, we discuss biological mechanisms that influence the ability of BRCA1-mutant cancers to perform HR. Furthermore, we consider how the HR status fluctuates throughout the cancer life course, from tumor initiation to the development of therapy refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Krais
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil Johnson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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49
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Caburet S, Heddar A, Dardillac E, Creux H, Lambert M, Messiaen S, Tourpin S, Livera G, Lopez BS, Misrahi M. Homozygous hypomorphic BRCA2 variant in primary ovarian insufficiency without cancer or Fanconi anaemia trait. J Med Genet 2020; 58:jmedgenet-2019-106672. [PMID: 32482800 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) affects 1% of women under 40 years and is a public health problem. The genetic causes of POI are highly heterogeneous with isolated or syndromic forms. Recently, variants in genes involved in DNA repair have been shown to cause POI. Notably, syndromic POI with Fanconi anaemia (FA) traits related to biallelic BRCA2 truncated variants has been reported. Here, we report a novel phenotype of isolated POI with a BRCA2 variant in a consanguineous Turkish family. METHODS Exome sequencing (ES) was performed in the patient. We also performed functional studies, including a homologous recombination (HR) test, cell proliferation, radiation-induced RAD51 foci formation assays and chromosome breakage studies in primary and lymphoblastoid immortalised cells. The expression of BRCA2 in human foetal ovaries was studied. RESULTS ES identified a homozygous missense c.8524C>T/p.R2842C-BRCA2 variant. BRCA2 defects induce cancer predisposition and FA. Remarkably, neither the patient nor her family exhibited somatic pathologies. The patient's cells showed intermediate levels of chromosomal breaks, cell proliferation and radiation-induced RAD51 foci formation compared with controls and FA cells. R2842C-BRCA2 only partially complemented HR efficiency compared with wild type-BRCA2. BRCA2 is expressed in human foetal ovaries in pachytene stage oocytes, when meiotic HR occurs. CONCLUSION We describe the functional assessment of a homozygous hypomorphic BRCA2 variant in a patient with POI without cancer or FA trait. Our findings extend the phenotype of BRCA2 biallelic alterations to fully isolated POI. This study has a major impact on the management and genetic counselling of patients with POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Caburet
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Abdelkader Heddar
- Faculte de Medecine, Universite Paris Saclay, Hopital Bicêtre APHP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
| | - Elodie Dardillac
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Héléne Creux
- Service de Gynécologie et Médecine de la Reproduction, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France
| | - Marie Lambert
- Service de Gynécologie et Médecine de la Reproduction, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France
| | - Sébastien Messiaen
- UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, Île-de-France, France
| | - Sophie Tourpin
- UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, Île-de-France, France
| | - Gabriel Livera
- UMR Stabilité Génétique, Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, Île-de-France, France
| | - Bernard S Lopez
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Micheline Misrahi
- Faculte de Medecine, Universite Paris Saclay, Hopital Bicêtre APHP, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
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50
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Kafer GR, Cesare AJ. A Survey of Essential Genome Stability Genes Reveals That Replication Stress Mitigation Is Critical for Peri-Implantation Embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:416. [PMID: 32548123 PMCID: PMC7274024 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine development demands that pluripotent epiblast stem cells in the peri-implantation embryo increase from approximately 120 to 14,000 cells between embryonic days (E) 4.5 and E7.5. This is possible because epiblast stem cells can complete cell cycles in under 3 h in vivo. To ensure conceptus fitness, epiblast cells must undertake this proliferative feat while maintaining genome integrity. How epiblast cells maintain genome health under such an immense proliferation demand remains unclear. To illuminate the contribution of genome stability pathways to early mammalian development we systematically reviewed knockout mouse data from 347 DDR and repair associated genes. Cumulatively, the data indicate that while many DNA repair functions are dispensable in embryogenesis, genes encoding replication stress response and homology directed repair factors are essential specifically during the peri-implantation stage of early development. We discuss the significance of these findings in the context of the unique proliferative demands placed on pluripotent epiblast stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony J. Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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