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Phenylene-linked tetrapyrrole arrays containing free base and diverse metal chelate forms – Versatile synthetic architectures for catalysis and artificial photosynthesis. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Su GM, White W, Renna LA, Feng J, Ardo S, Wang C. Photoacid-Modified Nafion Membrane Morphology Determined by Resonant X-ray Scattering and Spectroscopy. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1353-1359. [PMID: 35651146 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of photoacid dye molecules to perfluorinated sulfonic acid membranes is a promising route to enable active light-driven ion pumps, but the complex relationship between chemical modification and morphology is not well understood in this class of functional materials. In this study we demonstrate the effect of bound photoacid dyes on phase-segregated membrane morphology. Resonant X-ray scattering near the sulfur K-edge reveals that introduction of photoacid dyes to the end of the ionomer side chains enhances phase segregation among ionomer domains, and the ionomer domain spacing increases with increasing amount of bound dye. Furthermore, relative crystallinity is marginally enhanced within semicrystalline domains composed of the perfluorinated backbone. X-ray absorption spectroscopy coupled with first-principles density functional theory calculations suggest that above a critical concentration, the multiple hydrophilic groups on the attached photoacid dye may help increase residual water content and promote hydration of adjacent sulfonic acid side chains under dry or ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Su
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William White
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lawrence A. Renna
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jun Feng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shane Ardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Interfacial and Nanoconfinement Effects Decrease the Excited-State Acidity of Polymer-Bound Photoacids. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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White W, Sanborn CD, Reiter RS, Fabian DM, Ardo S. Observation of Photovoltaic Action from Photoacid-Modified Nafion Due to Light-Driven Ion Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11726-11733. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William White
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697 United States
| | - Christopher D. Sanborn
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697 United States
| | - Ronald S. Reiter
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697 United States
| | - David M. Fabian
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697 United States
| | - Shane Ardo
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697 United States
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HICHIRI K, SHIRAI O, KITAZUMI Y, KANO K. Coupling of Proton Transport across Planar Lipid Bilayer and Electron Transport Catalyzed by Membrane-bound Enzyme D-Fructose Dehydrogenase. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.84.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kei HICHIRI
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Osamu SHIRAI
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Yuki KITAZUMI
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Kenji KANO
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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Summers DP, Rodoni D. Vesicle encapsulation of a nonbiological photochemical system capable of reducing NAD(+) to NADH. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10633-7. [PMID: 26177350 DOI: 10.1021/la502003j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the fundamental structures of a cell is the membrane. Self-assembling lipid bilayer vesicles can form the membrane of an artificial cell and could also have plausibly assembled prebiotically for the origin of life. Such cell-like structures, that encapsulate some basic subset of the functions of living cells, are important for research to infer the minimum chemistry necessary for a cell, to help understand the origin of life, and to allow the production of useful species in microscopic containers. We show that the encapsulation of TiO2 particles has the potential to provide the basis for an energy transduction system inside vesicles which can be used to drive subsequent chemistry. TiO2 encapsulated in vesicles can be used to produce biochemical species such as NADH. The NADH is formed from NAD(+) reduction and is produced in a form that is able to drive further enzymatic chemistry. This allows us to link a mineral-based, nonbiological photosystem to biochemical reactions. This is a fundamental step toward being able to use this mineral photosystem in a protocell/artificial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Summers
- Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, c/o NASA Ames Research Center, Mail Stop 239-4, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - David Rodoni
- Foothill College , Los Altos, California 94022, United States
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Griffith EC, Shoemaker RK, Vaida V. Sunlight-initiated chemistry of aqueous pyruvic acid: building complexity in the origin of life. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2013; 43:341-52. [PMID: 24362712 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-013-9349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Coupling chemical reactions to an energy source is a necessary step in the origin of life. Here, we utilize UV photons provided by a simulated sun to activate aqueous pyruvic acid and subsequently prompt chemical reactions mimicking some of the functions of modern metabolism. Pyruvic acid is interesting in a prebiotic context due to its prevalence in modern metabolism and its abiotic availability on early Earth. Here, pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH, a C3 molecule) photochemically reacts to produce more complex molecules containing four or more carbon atoms. Acetoin (CH3CHOHCOCH3), a C4 molecule and a modern bacterial metabolite, is produced in this chemistry as well as lactic acid (CH3CHOHCOOH), a molecule which, when coupled with other abiotic chemical reaction pathways, can provide a regeneration pathway for pyruvic acid. This chemistry is discussed in the context of plausible environments on early Earth such as near the ocean surface and atmospheric aerosol particles. These environments allow for combination and exchange of reactants and products of other reaction environments (such as shallow hydrothermal vents). The result could be a contribution to the steady increase in chemical complexity requisite in the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Griffith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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Soares ARM, Anderson DR, Chandrashaker V, Lindsey JS. Catalytic diversification upon metal scavenging in a prebiotic model for formation of tetrapyrrole macrocycles. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00498h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Soares ARM, Taniguchi M, Chandrashaker V, Lindsey JS. Primordial oil slick and the formation of hydrophobic tetrapyrrole macrocycles. ASTROBIOLOGY 2012; 12:1055-1068. [PMID: 23095096 PMCID: PMC3491618 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The functional end products of the extant biosynthesis of tetrapyrrole macrocycles in photosynthetic organisms are hydrophobic: chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. A model for the possible prebiogenesis of hydrophobic analogues of nature's photosynthetic pigments was investigated by reaction of acyclic reactants in five media: aqueous solution (pH 7, 60°C, 24 h); aqueous solution containing 0.1 M decanoic acid (which forms a turbid suspension of vesicles); or aqueous solution accompanied by dodecane, mesitylene, or a five-component organic mixture (each of which forms a phase-separated organic layer). The organic mixture was composed of equimolar quantities of decanoic acid, dodecane, mesitylene, naphthalene, and pentyl acetate. The reaction of 1,5-dimethoxy-3-methylpentan-2,4-dione and 1-aminobutan-2-one to give etioporphyrinogens was enhanced in the presence of decanoic acid, affording (following chemical oxidation) etioporphyrins (tetraethyltetramethylporphyrins) in yields of 1.4-10.8% across the concentration range of 3.75-120 mM. The yield of etioporphyrins was greater in the presence of the five-component organic mixture (6.6% at 120 mM) versus that with dodecane or mesitylene (2.1% or 2.9%, respectively). The reaction in aqueous solution with no added oil-slick constituents resulted in phase separation-where the organic reactants themselves form an upper organic layer-and the yield of etioporphyrins was 0.5-2.6%. Analogous reactions leading to uroporphyrins (hydrophilic, eight carboxylic acids) or coproporphyrins (four carboxylic acids) were unaffected by the presence of decanoic acid or dodecane, and all yields were at most ∼2% or ∼8%, respectively. Taken together, the results indicate a facile means for the formation of highly hydrophobic constituents of potential value for prebiotic photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R M Soares
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Soares ARM, Taniguchi M, Chandrashaker V, Lindsey JS. Self-organization of tetrapyrrole constituents to give a photoactive protocell. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc01120d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Taniguchi M, Soares ARM, Chandrashaker V, Lindsey JS. A tandem combinatorial model for the prebiogenesis of diverse tetrapyrrole macrocycles. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj21050a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
The self-assembly and self-organization of porphyrins and related macrocycles enables the bottom-up fabrication of photonic materials for fundamental studies of the photophysics of these materials and for diverse applications. This rapidly developing field encompasses a broad range of disciplines including molecular design and synthesis, materials formation and characterization, and the design and evaluation of devices. Since the self-assembly of porphyrins by electrostatic interactions in the late 1980s to the present, there has been an ever increasing degree of sophistication in the design of porphyrins that self-assemble into discrete arrays or self-organize into polymeric systems. These strategies exploit ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding, coordination chemistry, and dispersion forces to form supramolecular systems with varying degrees of hierarchical order. This review concentrates on the methods to form supramolecular porphyrinic systems by intermolecular interactions other than coordination chemistry, the characterization and properties of these photonic materials, and the prospects for using these in devices. The review is heuristically organized by the predominant intermolecular interactions used and emphasizes how the organization affects properties and potential performance in devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Summers DP, Noveron J, Basa RCB. Energy transduction inside of amphiphilic vesicles: encapsulation of photochemically active semiconducting particles. ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2009; 39:127-40. [PMID: 19259781 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-009-9160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic bilayer membrane structures (vesicles) have been postulated to have been abiotically formed and spontaneously assemble on the prebiotic Earth, providing compartmentalization for the origin of life. These vesicles are similar to modern cellular membranes and can serve to contain water-soluble species, concentrate species, and have the potential to catalyze reactions. The origin of the use of photochemical energy in metabolism (i.e. energy transduction) is one of the central issues in the origin of life. This includes such questions as how energy transduction may have occurred before complex enzymatic systems, such as required by contemporary photosynthesis, had developed and how simple a photochemical system is possible. It has been postulated that vesicle structures developed the ability to capture and transduce light, providing energy for reactions. It has also been shown that pH gradients across the membrane surface can be photochemically created, but coupling these to drive chemical reactions has been difficult. Colloidal semiconducting mineral particles are known to photochemically drive redox chemistry. We propose that encapsulation of these particles has the potential to provide a source of energy transduction inside vesicles, and thereby drive protocellular chemistry, and represents a model system for early photosynthesis. In our experiments we show that TiO2 particles, in the approximately 20 nm size range, can be incorporated into vesicles and retain their photoactivity through the dehydration/rehydration cycles that have been shown to concentrate species inside a vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Summers
- Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, SETI Institute, Mountain View, USA.
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Chen IA, Szostak JW. Membrane growth can generate a transmembrane pH gradient in fatty acid vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:7965-70. [PMID: 15148394 PMCID: PMC419540 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308045101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical proton gradients are the basis of energy transduction in modern cells, and may have played important roles in even the earliest cell-like structures. We have investigated the conditions under which pH gradients are maintained across the membranes of fatty acid vesicles, a model of early cell membranes. We show that pH gradients across such membranes decay rapidly in the presence of alkali-metal cations, but can be maintained in the absence of permeable cations. Under such conditions, when fatty acid vesicles grow through the incorporation of additional fatty acid, a transmembrane pH gradient is spontaneously generated. The formation of this pH gradient captures some of the energy released during membrane growth, but also opposes and limits further membrane area increase. The coupling of membrane growth to energy storage could have provided a growth advantage to early cells, once the membrane composition had evolved to allow the maintenance of stable pH gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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15
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Drain CM. Self-organization of self-assembled photonic materials into functional devices: photo-switched conductors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:5178-82. [PMID: 11943850 PMCID: PMC122742 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.062635099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear porphyrin arrays self-assembled by either hydrogen bonding or metal ion coordination self-organize into lipid bilayer membranes. The length of the transmembrane assemblies is determined both by the thermodynamics of the intermolecular interactions in the supermolecule and by the dimension and physical chemical properties of the bilayer. Thus, the size of the porphyrin assembly can self-adjust to the thickness of the bilayer. An aqueous electron acceptor is placed on one side of the membrane and an electron donor is placed on the opposite side. When illuminated with white light, substantial photocurrents are observed. Only the assembled structures give rise to the photocurrent, as no current is observed from any of the component molecules. The fabrication of this photogated molecular electronic conductor from simple molecular components exploits several levels of self-assembly and self-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A. Zavitsas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Long Island University, University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York 11201
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Sokolov VS, Block M, Stozhkova IN, Pohl P. Membrane photopotential generation by interfacial differences in the turnover of a photodynamic reaction. Biophys J 2000; 79:2121-31. [PMID: 11023915 PMCID: PMC1301101 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The adsorption of a membrane-impermeable photosensitizer to only one membrane leaflet is found to trigger a localized photodynamic reaction; i.e., the amount of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) molecules damaged in the leaflet facing the photosensitizer is roughly identical to the total amount of CCCP inactivated. Whereas the latter quantity is assessed from the drop in membrane conductivity G, the former is evaluated from the photopotential phi that is proportional to the interfacial concentration difference of the uncoupler. Localized photodestruction is encountered by CCCP diffusion to the site of photodamage. A simple model that accounts for both photoinhibition and diffusion predicts the dependence of the photopotential on light intensity, buffer capacity, and pH of the medium. It is concluded that only a limited amount of the reactive oxygen species responsible for CCCP photodamage diffuses across the membrane. If the concentration of reactive oxygen species is decreased by addition of NaN(3) or by substituting aqueous oxygen for argon, phi is inhibited. If, in contrast, their life time is increased by substitution of H(2)O for D(2)O, phi increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Sokolov
- Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
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