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Dho SE, Othman K, Zhang Y, McGlade CJ. NUMB alternative splicing and isoform-specific functions in development and disease. J Biol Chem 2025; 301:108215. [PMID: 39863103 PMCID: PMC11889595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.108215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2025] [Accepted: 01/11/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
The NUMB gene encodes a conserved adaptor protein with roles in asymmetric cell division and cell fate determination. First described as an inhibitor of Notch signaling, multifunctional NUMB proteins regulate multiple cellular pathways through protein complexes with ubiquitin ligases, polarity proteins and the endocytic machinery. The vertebrate NUMB protein isoforms were identified over 2 decades ago, yet the majority of functional studies exploring NUMB function in endocytosis, cell migration and adhesion, development and disease have largely neglected the potential for distinct isoform activity in design and interpretation. In this review we consolidate the literature that has directly addressed individual NUMB isoform functions, as well as interpret other functional studies through the lens of the specific isoforms that were utilized. We also summarize the emerging literature on the mechanisms that regulate alternative splicing of NUMB, and how this is subverted in disease. Finally, the importance of relative NUMB isoform expression as a determinant of activity and considerations for future studies of NUMB isoforms as unique proteins with distinct functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha E Dho
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamal Othman
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yangjing Zhang
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Jane McGlade
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Tomuleasa C, Tigu AB, Munteanu R, Moldovan CS, Kegyes D, Onaciu A, Gulei D, Ghiaur G, Einsele H, Croce CM. Therapeutic advances of targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:201. [PMID: 39138146 PMCID: PMC11323831 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01899-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), a category of transmembrane receptors, have gained significant clinical attention in oncology due to their central role in cancer pathogenesis. Genetic alterations, including mutations, amplifications, and overexpression of certain RTKs, are critical in creating environments conducive to tumor development. Following their discovery, extensive research has revealed how RTK dysregulation contributes to oncogenesis, with many cancer subtypes showing dependency on aberrant RTK signaling for their proliferation, survival and progression. These findings paved the way for targeted therapies that aim to inhibit crucial biological pathways in cancer. As a result, RTKs have emerged as primary targets in anticancer therapeutic development. Over the past two decades, this has led to the synthesis and clinical validation of numerous small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), now effectively utilized in treating various cancer types. In this manuscript we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of the RTKs in the context of cancer. We explored the various alterations and overexpression of specific receptors across different malignancies, with special attention dedicated to the examination of current RTK inhibitors, highlighting their role as potential targeted therapies. By integrating the latest research findings and clinical evidence, we seek to elucidate the pivotal role of RTKs in cancer biology and the therapeutic efficacy of RTK inhibition with promising treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania.
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Adrian-Bogdan Tigu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Munteanu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian-Silviu Moldovan
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - David Kegyes
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Onaciu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Diana Gulei
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Department of Leukemia, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik II, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Padarti A, Abou-Fadel J, Zhang J. Resurgence of phosphotyrosine binding domains: Structural and functional properties essential for understanding disease pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129977. [PMID: 34391832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphotyrosine Binding (PTB) Domains, usually found on scaffold proteins, are pervasive in many cellular signaling pathways. These domains are the second-largest family of phosphotyrosine recognition domains and since their initial discovery, dozens of PTB domains have been structurally determined. SCOPE OF REVIEW Due to its signature sequence flexibility, PTB domains can bind to a large variety of ligands including phospholipids. PTB peptide binding is divided into classical binding (canonical NPXY motifs) and non-classical binding (all other motifs). The first atypical PTB domain was discovered in cerebral cavernous malformation 2 (CCM2) protein, while only one third in size of the typical PTB domain, it remains functionally equivalent. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS PTB domains are involved in numerous signaling processes including embryogenesis, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis, while dysfunction is linked to major disorders including diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, Alzheimer's disease, and strokes. PTB domains may also be essential in infectious processes, currently responsible for the global pandemic in which viral cellular entry is suspected to be mediated through PTB and NPXY interactions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We summarize the structural and functional updates in the PTB domain over the last 20 years in hopes of resurging interest and further analyzing the importance of this versatile domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Padarti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Johnathan Abou-Fadel
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (MTM), Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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Wei R, Kaneko T, Liu X, Liu H, Li L, Voss C, Liu E, He N, Li SSC. Interactome Mapping Uncovers a General Role for Numb in Protein Kinase Regulation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2216-2228. [PMID: 29217616 PMCID: PMC6210222 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular functions are frequently regulated by protein-protein interactions involving the binding of a modular domain in one protein to a specific peptide sequence in another. This mechanism may be explored to identify binding partners for proteins harboring a peptide-recognition domain. Here we report a proteomic strategy combining peptide and protein microarray screening with biochemical and cellular assays to identify modular domain-mediated protein-protein interactions in a systematic manner. We applied this strategy to Numb, a multi-functional protein containing a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain. Through the screening of a protein microarray, we identified >100 protein kinases, including both Tyr and Ser/Thr kinases, that could potentially interact with the Numb PTB domain, suggesting a general role for Numb in regulating kinase function. The putative interactions between Numb and several tyrosine kinases were subsequently validated by GST pull-down and/or co-immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, using the Oriented Peptide Array Library approach, we defined the specificity of the Numb PTB domain which, in turn, allowed us to predict binding partners for Numb at the genome level. The combination of the protein microarray screening with computer-aided prediction produced the most expansive interactome for Numb to date, implicating Numb in regulating phosphorylation signaling through protein kinases and phosphatases. Not only does the data generated from this study provide an important resource for hypothesis-driven research to further define the function of Numb, the proteomic strategy described herein may be employed to uncover the interactome for other peptide-recognition domains whose consensus motifs are known or can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Tomonori Kaneko
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Xuguang Liu
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Huadong Liu
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- §Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shanxi, China
| | - Lei Li
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- ¶School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, Shangdong, China
- ‖College of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 26601, Shangdong, China
| | - Courtney Voss
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Eric Liu
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ningning He
- ¶School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, Shangdong, China
- ‖College of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 26601, Shangdong, China
| | - Shawn S-C Li
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the Siebens-Drake Medical Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada;
- **Department of Oncology and Child Health Research Institute, Western University
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5
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Abudoukelimu M, Fu ZY, Maimaiti A, Ma YT, Abudu M, Zhu Q, Adi D, Yang YN, Li XM, Xie X, Liu F, Chen BD. The association of cholesterol absorption gene Numb polymorphism with Coronary Artery Disease among Han Chinese and Uighur Chinese in Xinjiang, China. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:120. [PMID: 26415596 PMCID: PMC4587863 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). As Numb is an important regulating factor for intestinal cholesterol absorption and plasma cholesterol level, the aim of the present study is to assess the association between human Numb gene polymorphism and CAD among Han and Uighur Chinese. METHODS We have conducted two independent case-control studies in Han Chinese (384 CAD patients and 433 controls) and Uighur Chinese (506 CAD patients and 351 controls) subjects. All subjects were genotyped for four kinds of SNPs (rs12435797, rs2108552, rs1019075 and rs17781919) and SNP is used as a genetic marker for human Numb gene. Genotyping was undertaken using TaqMan SNP genotyping assay, and the subjects' ethnicity and gender were considered in the analysis. RESULTS We found that rs2108552 was associated with CAD in the dominant model (CC vs CG + GG) for the total Han Chinese population (n = 200) and Han Chinese males (n = 115) (P = 0.004 and P = 0.001, respectively). The difference remained statistically significant after multivariate adjustment (total: OR = 1.687, P = 0.004; male: OR = 1.498, P = 0.006). Further, for the total (n = 817) and male (n = 490) Han Chinese, the frequency of the haplotype (T-C-T-C) was significantly higher in the CAD patients than in the controls (P = 0.004 and P = 0.002), and the frequency of the haplotype (G-G-T-C) was significantly lower in the CAD patients than in the control subjects (P = 0.013, P = 0.007). In addition, for the total (n = 857) and male (n = 582) Uighur Chinese, we observed that rs12435797 was associated with CAD in an additive and recessive model (P = 0.021 and P = 0.009; P = 0.048 and P = 0.034). However, the difference did not remain statistically significant after multivariate adjustment. The overall distribution of rs2108552, rs1019075 and rs17781919 genotypes, alleles and the frequency of the haplotype established by four SNPs showed no significant difference between CAD patients and control subjects in the total, male and female Uighur Chinese. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that CC genotype of rs2108552 and T-C-T-C haplotypes in Numb gene is a possible risk genetic marker and G allele and G-G-T-C haplotypes is a possible protective genetic marker for CAD in male Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayila Abudoukelimu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen-Yan Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ailifeire Maimaiti
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Tong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Minawaer Abudu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dilare Adi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Ning Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fen Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bang-Dang Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
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Abudoukelimu M, Fu ZY, Xiang Y, Ma YT, Zhu Q, Abudu M, Adi D, Yang YN, Li XM, Xie X, Liu F, Chen BD. Genetic variants of numb gene were associated with elevated total cholesterol level and low density lipoprotein cholesterol level in Chinese subjects, in Xinjiang, China. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:141. [PMID: 26264115 PMCID: PMC4534016 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia is one of the most common risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), which is the leading cause of death worldwide. As Numb is an important regulating factor regarding intestinal cholesterol absorption and plasma cholesterol level, the aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between human Numb gene polymorphism and cholesterol level in Chinese subjects. METHODS All participants came from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Male: 1052 and Female: 596), and four tagging SNPs (rs2108552, rs12435797, rs1019075 and rs17781919) of Numb gene were genotyped by using TaqMan assays and analyzed in an ABI 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System. Further, general liner model was applied for assessing the relationship between cholesterol level and genotypes. RESULTS By analyzing a dominant model, recessive model and an additive model, we have found that SNP rs2108552 was associated with total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol level (LDL-C) (P = 0.000 and P = 0.007; P =0.042 and P =0.009; P = 0.006 and P = 0.030). C allele of SNP rs17781919 had significantly lower plasma TC level (3.46 ± 0.74 mmol/L vs 4.27 ± 1.1 mmol/L) and LDL-C level (0.98 ± 0.55 mmol/L vs 2.64 ± 0.93 mmol/L) when compared with T allele. Additionally, SNP rs12435797 was associated with TC level and SNP rs1019075 was associated with LDL-C level by analyses of a dominant model, recessive model and an additive model (P = 0.000, P = 0.005 and P = 0.004; P = 0.016, P = 0.008 and P = 0.033). Further, the association of rs2108552, rs12435797, rs1019075 and rs17781919 with aforementioned different kinds of cholesterol levels remained statistically significant after multivariate adjustment of ethnicity, gender, age, smoking and obesity. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that both rs2108552 and rs17781919 in the Numb gene were associated with total cholesterol level and density lipoprotein-cholesterol level in Chinese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayila Abudoukelimu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yan Fu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Tong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
| | - Minawaer Abudu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dilare Adi
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ning Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang-Dang Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
- Present address: Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Li Yu Shan South Road 137, Urumqi, 830001, People's Republic of China
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Kim MJ, Lee B, Yang K, Park J, Jeon S, Um SH, Kim DI, Im SG, Cho SW. BMP-2 peptide-functionalized nanopatterned substrates for enhanced osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7236-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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8
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Ko E, Yang K, Shin J, Cho SW. Polydopamine-assisted osteoinductive peptide immobilization of polymer scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration by human adipose-derived stem cells. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3202-13. [PMID: 23941596 DOI: 10.1021/bm4008343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of osteoinductive molecules, including growth factors or peptides, on polymer scaffolds is critical for improving stem cell-mediated bone tissue engineering. Such molecules provide osteogenesis-stimulating signals for stem cells. Typical methods used for polymeric scaffold modification (e.g., chemical conjugation or physical adsorption), however, have limitations (e.g., multistep, complicated procedures, material denaturation, batch-to-batch inconsistency, and inadequate conjugation) that diminish the overall efficiency of the process. Therefore, in this study, we report a biologically inspired strategy to prepare functional polymer scaffolds that efficiently regulate the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs). Polymerization of dopamine (DA), a repeated motif observed in mussel adhesive protein, under alkaline pH conditions, allows for coating of a polydopamine (pDA) layer onto polymer scaffolds. Our study demonstrates that predeposition of a pDA layer facilitates highly efficient, simple immobilization of peptides derived from osteogenic growth factor (bone morphogenetic protein-2; BMP-2) on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds via catechol chemistry. The BMP-2 peptide-immobilized PLGA scaffolds greatly enhanced in vitro osteogenic differentiation and calcium mineralization of hADSCs using either osteogenic medium or nonosteogenic medium. Furthermore, transplantation of hADSCs using pDA-BMP-2-PLGA scaffolds significantly promoted in vivo bone formation in critical-sized calvarial bone defects. Therefore, pDA-mediated catechol functionalization would be a simple and effective method for developing tissue engineering scaffolds exhibiting enhanced osteoinductivity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that pDA-mediated surface modification of polymer scaffolds potentiates the regenerative capacity of human stem cells for healing tissue defect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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9
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Wen L, Liu J, Chen Y, Wu D. Identification and preliminary functional analysis of alternative splicing of Siah1 in Xenopus laevis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:419-424. [PMID: 20417182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Siah proteins are vertebrate homologs of the Drosophila 'seven in absentia' gene. In this study, we characterized two splicing forms, Siah1a and Siah1b, of the Xenopus seven in absentia homolog 1 gene (Siah1). Overexpression of xSiah1a led to severe suppression of embryo cleavage, while that of xSiah1b was not effective even at a high dose. Competition analysis demonstrated that co-expression of xSiah1a and 1b generated the same phenotype as overexpression of xSiah1a alone, suggesting that xSiah1b does not interfere with the function of xSiah1a. Since xSiah1b has an additional 31 amino acids in the N-terminus compared to xSiah1a, progressive truncation of xSiah1b from the N-terminus showed that inability of xSiah1b to affect embryo cleavage was associated with the length of the N-terminal extension of extra amino acids. The possible implication of this finding is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Wen
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Road, Guangzhou Science Park, 510530 Guangzhou, China
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10
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Abstract
Numb carries the distinction of being the first molecule discovered to influence cell fate by being asymmetrically segregated during cell division. Originally identified from studies in Drosophila, further work has since demonstrated the importance of Numb in mammalian and, in particular, human systems, from diverse fields such as developmental neurobiology to cancer biology and neurodegenerative disease. This review surveys the body of knowledge concerning Numb, and discusses the relevance of Numb to human biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Yan
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital and Yong Loo Lin's School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Republic of Singapore.
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11
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Range RC, Glenn TD, Miranda E, McClay DR. LvNumb works synergistically with Notch signaling to specify non-skeletal mesoderm cells in the sea urchin embryo. Development 2008; 135:2445-54. [PMID: 18550713 DOI: 10.1242/dev.018101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the Notch signaling pathway segregates the non-skeletogenic mesoderm (NSM) from the endomesoderm during sea urchin embryo development. Subsequently, Notch signaling helps specify the four subpopulations of NSM, and influences endoderm specification. To gain further insight into how the Notch signaling pathway is regulated during these cell specification events, we identified a sea urchin homologue of Numb (LvNumb). Previous work in other model systems showed that Numb functions as a Notch signaling pathway antagonist, possibly by mediating the endocytosis of other key Notch interacting proteins. In this study, we show that the vegetal endomesoderm expresses lvnumb during the blastula and gastrula stages, and that the protein is localized to the presumptive NSM. Injections of lvnumb mRNA and antisense morpholinos demonstrate that LvNumb is necessary for the specification of mesodermal cell types, including pigment cells, blastocoelar cells and muscle cells. Functional analysis of the N-terminal PTB domain and the C-terminal PRR domain of LvNumb shows that the PTB domain, but not the PRR domain, is sufficient to recapitulate the demonstrable function of full-length LvNumb. Experiments show that LvNumb requires an active Notch signal to function during NSM specification and that LvNumb functions in the cells responding to Delta and not in the cells presenting the Delta ligand. Furthermore, injection of mRNA encoding the intracellular domain of Notch rescues the LvNumb morpholino phenotype, suggesting that the constitutive intracellular Notch signal overcomes, or bypasses, the absence of Numb during NSM specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Range
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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12
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Kong X, Wang X, Misra S, Qin J. Structural basis for the phosphorylation-regulated focal adhesion targeting of type Igamma phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (PIPKIgamma) by talin. J Mol Biol 2006; 359:47-54. [PMID: 16616931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is a key lipid messenger that regulates myriad diverse cellular signaling pathways. To ensure specificity in disparate cellular events, PIP2 must be localized to specific sub-cellular sites. At PIP2-regulated focal adhesion (FA) sites, such localization is in part mediated via the recruitment and activation of PIP2-producing enzyme, type Igamma phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase (PIPKIgamma), by a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain of talin. Transient phosphorylation of PIPKIgamma at Y644 regulates the interaction and efficient FA targeting of PIPKIgamma; however, the underlying structural basis remains elusive. We have determined the NMR structure of talin-1 PTB in complex with the Y644-phosphorylated PIPKIgamma fragment (WVpYSPLH). As compared to canonical PTB domains that typically recognize the NPXpY turn motif from a variety of signaling proteins, our structure displays an unusual non-NPXpY-based recognition mode for talin-1 PTB where K(357)RW in beta5 strand forms an antiparallel beta-sheet with the VpYS of PIPKIgamma. A specific electrostatic triad between K357/R358 of talin-1 PTB and the pY644 of PIPKIgamma was observed, which is consistent with the mutagenesis and isothermal calorimetry data. Combined with previous in vivo data, our results provide a framework for understanding how phosphorylation of Y644 in PIPKIgamma promotes its specific interaction with talin-1, leading to efficient local synthesis of PIP2 and dynamic regulation of integrin-mediated FA assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Kong
- Structural Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland State University, OH 44195, USA
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13
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Gelkop S, Gish GD, Babichev Y, Pawson T, Isakov N. T cell activation-induced CrkII binding to the Zap70 protein tyrosine kinase is mediated by Lck-dependent phosphorylation of Zap70 tyrosine 315. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:8123-32. [PMID: 16339550 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.8123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Zap70 protein tyrosine kinase controls TCR-linked signal transduction pathways and is critical for T cell development and responsiveness. Following engagement of TCR, the Zap70 undergoes phosphorylation on multiple tyrosine residues that are implicated in the regulation of its catalytic activity and interaction with signaling effector molecules downstream of the TCR. We have shown previously that the CT10 regulator of kinase II (CrkII) adapter protein interacts with tyrosine-phosphorylated Zap70 in TCR-engaged T cells, and now extend these studies to show that Tyr315 in the Zap70 interdomain B region is the site of interaction with CrkII. A point mutation of Tyr315 (Y315F) eliminated the CrkII-Zap70 interaction capacity. Phosphorylation of Tyr315 and Zap70 association with CrkII were both dependent upon the Lck protein tyrosine kinase. Previous studies demonstrated the Tyr315 is the Vav-Src homology 2 (SH2) binding site, and that replacement of Tyr315 by Phe impaired the function of Zap70 in TCR signaling. However, fluorescence polarization-based binding studies revealed that the CrkII-SH2 and the Vav-SH2 bind a phosphorylated Tyr315-Zap70-derived peptide with affinities of a similar order of magnitude (Kd of 2.5 and 1.02 microM, respectively). The results suggest therefore that the biological functions attributed to the association of Zap70 with Vav following T cell activation may equally reflect the association of Zap70 with CrkII, and further support a regulatory role for CrkII in the TCR-linked signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Gelkop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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14
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Uhlik MT, Temple B, Bencharit S, Kimple AJ, Siderovski DP, Johnson GL. Structural and evolutionary division of phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains. J Mol Biol 2005; 345:1-20. [PMID: 15567406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteins encoding phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains function as adaptors or scaffolds to organize the signaling complexes involved in wide-ranging physiological processes including neural development, immunity, tissue homeostasis and cell growth. There are more than 200 proteins in eukaryotes and nearly 60 human proteins having PTB domains. Six PTB domain encoded proteins have been found to have mutations that contribute to inherited human diseases including familial stroke, hypercholesteremia, coronary artery disease, Alzheimer's disease and diabetes, demonstrating the importance of PTB scaffold proteins in organizing critical signaling complexes. PTB domains bind both peptides and headgroups of phosphatidylinositides, utilizing two distinct binding motifs to mediate spatial organization and localization within cells. The structure of PTB domains confers specificity for binding peptides having a NPXY motif with differing requirements for phosphorylation of the tyrosine within this recognition sequence. In this review, we use structural, evolutionary and functional analysis to divide PTB domains into three groups represented by phosphotyrosine-dependent Shc-like, phosphotyrosine-dependent IRS-like and phosphotyrosine-independent Dab-like PTBs, with the Dab-like PTB domains representing nearly 75% of proteins encoding PTB domains. In addition, we further define the binding characteristics of the cognate ligands for each group of PTB domains. The signaling complexes organized by PTB domain encoded proteins are largely unknown and represents an important challenge in systems biology for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Uhlik
- Department of Pharmacology and University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 1108 Mary Ellen Jones Building, Campus Box 7365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7365, USA
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15
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Zhang Y, Yan Z, Farooq A, Liu X, Lu C, Zhou MM, He C. Molecular Basis of Distinct Interactions Between Dok1 PTB Domain and Tyrosine-phosphorylated EGF Receptor. J Mol Biol 2004; 343:1147-55. [PMID: 15476828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 08/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains of the adaptor proteins Doks (downstream of tyrosine kinases) play an important role in regulating signal transduction of cell-surface receptors in cell growth, proliferation and differentiation; however, ligand specificity of the Dok PTB domains has until now remained elusive. In this study, we have investigated the molecular basis of specific association between the Dok1 PTB domain and the tyrosine-phosphorylated EGFR. Using yeast two-hybrid and biochemical binding assays, we show that only the PTB domain from Dok1 but not Dok4 or Dok5 can selectively bind to two known tyrosine phosphorylation sites at Y1086 and Y1148 in EGFR. Our structure-based mutational analyses define the molecular determinants for the two distinct Dok1 PTB domain/EGFR interactions and provide the structural understanding of the specific interactions between EGFR and PTB domains in the divergent Dok homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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16
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Nechamen CA, Thomas RM, Cohen BD, Acevedo G, Poulikakos PI, Testa JR, Dias JA. Human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor interacts with the adaptor protein APPL1 in HEK 293 cells: potential involvement of the PI3K pathway in FSH signaling. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:629-36. [PMID: 15070827 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.025833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of a dominant follicle that will ovulate likely occurs by activation of cell survival pathways and suppression of death-promoting pathways in a mechanism involving FSH and its cognate receptor (FSHR). A yeast two-hybrid screen of an ovarian cDNA library was employed to identify potential interacting partners with human FSHR intracellular loops 1 and 2. Among eight cDNA clones identified in the screen, APPL1 (adaptor protein containing PH domain, PTB domain, and leucine zipper motif; also known as APPL or DIP13alpha) was chosen for further analysis. APPL1 appears to coimmunoprecipitate with FSHR in HEK 293 cells stably expressing FSHR (293/FSHR cells), confirming APPL1 as a potential FSHR-interacting partner. The phosphorylation status of members of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway was also examined because of the proposed role of APPL1 in the antiapoptotic PI3K/Akt pathway. FOXO1a, also referred to as forkhead homologue in rhabdomyosarcoma, is a downstream effector in the pathway and tightly linked to expression of proapoptotic genes. FOXO1a, but not the upstream kinase Akt, is rapidly phosphorylated, and FOXO1a is thereby inactivated when 293/FSHR cells are treated with FSH. In addition, FSHR coimmunoprecipitates with Akt. The identification of APPL1 as a potential interactor with FSHR and the finding that FOXO1a is phosphorylated in response to FSH provide a possible link between FSH and PI3K/Akt signaling, which may help to delineate a survival mechanism whereby FSH selects the dominant follicle to survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Nechamen
- Wadsworth Center, David Axelrod Institute for Public Health, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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17
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Fiucci G, Beaucourt S, Duflaut D, Lespagnol A, Stumptner-Cuvelette P, Géant A, Buchwalter G, Tuynder M, Susini L, Lassalle JM, Wasylyk C, Wasylyk B, Oren M, Amson R, Telerman A. Siah-1b is a direct transcriptional target of p53: identification of the functional p53 responsive element in the siah-1b promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3510-5. [PMID: 14985507 PMCID: PMC373493 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400177101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Siah proteins are E3 ubiquitin ligases. They are homologues of the Drosophila seven in absentia (Sina), a protein required for the R7 photoreceptor development. We have previously found that the expression of human siah-1 and its mouse homologue siah-1b are induced by p53 during apoptosis and tumor reversion. So far, no evidence that the siah-1b gene is a direct transcriptional target of p53 has been provided. In the present study we investigate this issue. Northern blot analysis with a specific probe demonstrates an increase in siah-1b transcription on activation of endogenous and inducible exogenous p53. To explore whether this effect is directly mediated by p53 we analyzed 20 kb of chromosome X DNA, containing the siah-1b locus. A p53-binding site was identified in the siah-1b promoter, located at nucleotides -2155/-2103 relative to the translational start site. This site is composed of two half-sites, conforming to the p53-binding consensus sequence but separated by a nonclassical 33-bp spacer. In luciferase assays, p53 induces a substantial increase in siah-1b promoter activity. Gel shift and DNase-I-footprinting studies, combined with mutational analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation, indicate that p53 effectively binds the siah-1b promoter in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the siah-1b gene is a direct transcriptional target of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Fiucci
- Molecular Engines Laboratories, 20 Rue Bouvier, 75011 Paris, France
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18
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Qin H, Percival-Smith A, Li C, Jia CYH, Gloor G, Li SSC. A novel transmembrane protein recruits numb to the plasma membrane during asymmetric cell division. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:11304-12. [PMID: 14670962 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311733200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Numb, an evolutionarily conserved cell fate-determining factor, plays a pivotal role in the development of Drosophila and vertebrate nervous systems. Despite lacking a transmembrane segment, Numb is associated with the cell membrane during the asymmetric cell division of Drosophila neural precursor cells and is selectively partitioned to one of the two progeny cells from a binary cell division. Numb contains an N-terminal phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain that is essential for both the asymmetric localization and the fate specification function of Numb. We report here the isolation and characterization of a novel PTB domain-binding protein, NIP (Numb-interacting protein). NIP is a multipass transmembrane protein that contains two PTB domain-binding, NXXF motifs required for the interaction with Numb. In dividing Drosophila neuroblasts, NIP is colocalized to the cell membrane with Numb in a basal cortical crescent. Expression of NIP in Cos-7 cells recruited Numb from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. This recruitment of Numb to membrane by NIP was dependent on the presence of at least one NXXF site. In Drosophila Schneider 2 cells, NIP and Numb were colocalized at the plasma membrane. Inhibition of NIP expression by RNA interference released Numb to the cytosol. These results suggest that a direct protein-protein interaction between NIP and Numb is necessary and sufficient for the recruitment of Numb to the plasma membrane. Recruitment of Numb to a basal cortical crescent in a dividing neuroblast is essential for Numb to function as an intrinsic cell fate determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjuan Qin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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19
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Zhou Y, Zhang J, King ML. Xenopus autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia protein couples lipoprotein receptors with the AP-2 complex in oocytes and embryos and is required for vitellogenesis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:44584-92. [PMID: 12944396 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308870200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ARH is required for normal endocytosis of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor in liver and mutations within this gene cause autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia in humans. xARH is a localized maternal RNA in Xenopus with an unknown function in oogenesis and embryogenesis. Like ARH, xARH contains a highly conserved phosphotyrosine binding domain and a clathrin box. To address the function of xARH, we examined its expression pattern in development and used pull-down experiments to assess interactions between xARH, lipoprotein receptors and proteins in embryo extracts. xARH was detected concentrated at the cell periphery as well as in the perinuclear region of oocytes and embryos. In pull-down experiments, the xARH phosphotyrosine binding domain interacted with the LDL and vitellogenin receptors found in Xenopus oocytes and embryos. Mutations within the receptor internalization signal specifically abolished this interaction. The xARH C-terminal region pulled-down several proteins from embryo extracts including alpha- and beta-adaptins, subunits of the AP-2 endocytic complex. Mutations within either of the two Dvarphi(F/W) motifs found in xARH abolished binding to alpha- and beta-adaptins. Expression of a dominant negative mutant of xARH missing the clathrin box and one functional Dvarphi(F/W) motif severely inhibited endocytosis of vitellogenin in cultured oocytes. The data indicate that xARH acts as an adaptor protein linking LDL and vitellogenin receptors directly with the AP-2 complex. In oocytes, we propose that xARH mediates the uptake of lipoproteins from the blood for storage in endosomes and later use in the embryo. Our findings point to an evolutionarily conserved function for ARH in lipoprotein uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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20
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Durocher D, Smerdon SJ, Yaffe MB, Jackson SP. The FHA domain in DNA repair and checkpoint signaling. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2003; 65:423-31. [PMID: 12760058 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2000.65.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Durocher
- Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research Campaign Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
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21
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Jones N, Chen SH, Sturk C, Master Z, Tran J, Kerbel RS, Dumont DJ. A unique autophosphorylation site on Tie2/Tek mediates Dok-R phosphotyrosine binding domain binding and function. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:2658-68. [PMID: 12665569 PMCID: PMC152553 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.8.2658-2668.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tie2/Tek is an endothelial cell receptor tyrosine kinase that induces signal transduction pathways involved in cell migration upon angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) stimulation. To address the importance of the various tyrosine residues of Tie2 in signal transduction, we generated a series of Tie2 mutants and examined their signaling properties. Using this approach in conjunction with a phosphorylation state-specific antibody, we identified tyrosine residue 1106 on Tie2 as an Ang1-dependent autophosphorylation site that mediates binding and phosphorylation of the downstream-of-kinase-related (Dok-R) docking protein. This tyrosine residue is contained within a unique interaction motif for the phosphotyrosine binding domain of Dok-R, and the pleckstrin homology domain of Dok-R further contributes to Tie2 binding in a phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase-dependent manner. Introduction of a Tie2 mutant lacking tyrosine residue 1106 into endothelial cells interferes with Dok-R phosphorylation in response to Ang1. Furthermore, this mutant is unable to restore the migration potential of endothelial cells derived from mice lacking Tie2. Together, these findings demonstrate that tyrosine residue 1106 on Tie2 is critical for coupling downstream cell migration signal transduction pathways with Ang1 stimulation in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jones
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology Research, Sunnybrook and Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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22
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Calderwood DA, Fujioka Y, de Pereda JM, García-Alvarez B, Nakamoto T, Margolis B, McGlade CJ, Liddington RC, Ginsberg MH. Integrin beta cytoplasmic domain interactions with phosphotyrosine-binding domains: a structural prototype for diversity in integrin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:2272-7. [PMID: 12606711 PMCID: PMC151330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.262791999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic domains (tails) of heterodimeric integrin adhesion receptors mediate integrins' biological functions by binding to cytoplasmic proteins. Most integrin beta tails contain one or two NPXYF motifs that can form beta turns. These motifs are part of a canonical recognition sequence for phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains, protein modules that are present in a wide variety of signaling and cytoskeletal proteins. Indeed, talin and ICAP1-alpha bind to integrin beta tails by means of a PTB domain-NPXY ligand interaction. To assess the generality of this interaction we examined the binding of a series of recombinant PTB domains to a panel of short integrin beta tails. In addition to the known integrin-binding proteins, we found that Numb (a negative regulator of Notch signaling) and Dok-1 (a signaling adaptor involved in cell migration) and their isolated PTB domain bound to integrin tails. Furthermore, Dok-1 physically associated with integrin alpha IIb beta 3. Mutations of the integrin beta tails confirmed that these interactions are canonical PTB domain-ligand interactions. First, the interactions were blocked by mutation of an NPXY motif in the integrin tail. Second, integrin class-specific interactions were observed with the PTB domains of Dab, EPS8, and tensin. We used this specificity, and a molecular model of an integrin beta tail-PTB domain interaction to predict critical interacting residues. The importance of these residues was confirmed by generation of gain- and loss-of-function mutations in beta 7 and beta 3 tails. These data establish that short integrin beta tails interact with a large number of PTB domain-containing proteins through a structurally conserved mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Calderwood
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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23
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Tocchetti A, Confalonieri S, Scita G, Di Fiore PP, Betsholtz C. In silico analysis of the EPS8 gene family: genomic organization, expression profile, and protein structure. Genomics 2003; 81:234-44. [PMID: 12620401 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
EPS8 codes for a protein essential in Ras to Rac signaling leading to actin remodeling. Three genes highly homologous to EPS8 were discovered, thereby defining a novel gene family. Here, we report the genomic structure of EPS8 and the EPS8-related genes in human and mouse. We performed BLASTN searches against the Celera Human Genome and Mouse Fragments Database. The mouse fragments were manually assembled, and the organization of both human and mouse genes was reconstructed. The gene structures in Celera annotations of the human and mouse genomes were compared to outline correspondences and divergences. We also compared the EPS8 family gene structures predicted by Celera with those predicted by NCBI. Moreover, we performed a virtual analysis of the expression of the EPS8 gene family members by using the SAGEmap Database in NCBI. Finally, we analyzed the domain organization of the gene products and their evolutionary conservation to define novel putative domains, thereby helping to predict novel modality of action for the members of this gene family. The data obtained will be instrumental in directing further experimental functional characterization of these genes.
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24
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Michon IN, Hauer AD, von der Thüsen JH, Molenaar TJM, van Berkel TJC, Biessen EAL, Kuiper J. Targeting of peptides to restenotic vascular smooth muscle cells using phage display in vitro and in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1591:87-97. [PMID: 12183059 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Restenosis after angioplasty occurs in 30-40% of the treated patients. To develop a strategy to deliver drugs to restenotic lesions, we selected phages that bind to proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), from a random constraint 15-mer peptide phage display library. Phages were selected for binding to cultured primary aortic VSMC (in vitro biopanning) and selected for binding to denudated carotid arteries in mice (in vivo biopanning). In vitro biopanning did not result in a consensus sequence, but recurring FLGW and LASR amino acid motifs were identified. In vivo biopanning resulted in two consensus peptides 5G6 (CNIWGVVLSWIGVFPEC) and 5E5 (CESLWGGLMWTIGLSDC). Surprisingly, these two sequences were recovered after both in vitro and in vivo biopanning, but predominantly in vivo. Moreover, a strong recurring motif, IGR, was identified in the in vivo clones. The consensus phages 5G6 and 5E5 bind selectively to VSMC compared to other cell types. Furthermore, they bind preferentially to proliferating VSMC compared to VSMC that were growth arrested, and are effectively internalized by their target cells. The specific binding capacities of 5G6 and 5E5 phages suggest that these peptide sequences can be used for targeting of restenotic lesions, in which proliferating VSMC are the dominant cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid N Michon
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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25
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Yan KS, Kuti M, Yan S, Mujtaba S, Farooq A, Goldfarb MP, Zhou MM. FRS2 PTB domain conformation regulates interactions with divergent neurotrophic receptors. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:17088-94. [PMID: 11877385 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107963200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-anchored adaptor proteins FRS2alpha/beta (also known as SNT-1/2) mediate signaling of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and neurotrophin receptors (TRKs) through their N-terminal phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains. The FRS2 PTB domain recognizes tyrosine-phosphorylated TRKs at an NPXpY (where pY is phosphotyrosine) motif, whereas its constitutive association with FGFR involves a receptor juxtamembrane region lacking Tyr and Asn residues. Here we show by isothermal titration calorimetry that the FRS2alpha PTB domain binding to peptides derived from TRKs or FGFR is thermodynamically different. TRK binding is largely enthalpy-driven, whereas the FGFR interaction is governed by a favorable entropic contribution to the free energy of binding. Furthermore, our NMR spectral analysis suggests that disruption of an unstructured region C-terminal to the PTB domain alters local conformation and dynamics of the residues at the ligand-binding site, and that structural disruption of the beta8-strand directly weakens the PTB domain association with the FGFR ligand. Together, our new findings support a molecular mechanism by which conformational dynamics of the FRS2alpha PTB domain dictates its association with either fibroblast growth factor or neurotrophin receptors in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley S Yan
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029, USA
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26
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Anantharam A, Diversé-Pierluissi MA. Biochemical approaches to study interaction of calcium channels with RGS12 in primary neuronal cultures. Methods Enzymol 2002; 345:60-70. [PMID: 11665642 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(02)45007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Anantharam
- Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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27
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Abstract
Phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains are structurally conserved modules found in proteins involved in numerous biological processes including signaling through cell-surface receptors and protein trafficking. While their original discovery is attributed to the recognition of phosphotyrosine in the context of NPXpY sequences -- a function distinct from that of the classical src homology 2 (SH2) domain -- recent studies show that these protein modules have much broader ligand binding specificities. These studies highlight the functional diversity of the PTB domain family as generalized protein interaction domains, and reinforce the concept that evolutionary changes of structural elements around the ligand binding site on a conserved structural core may endow these protein modules with the structural plasticity necessary for functional versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley S Yan
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, 1425 Madison Avenue, P.O. Box 1677, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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28
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Hwang PM, Li C, Morra M, Lillywhite J, Muhandiram D, Gertler F, Terhorst C, Kay LE, Pawson T, Forman-Kay JD, Li SC. A "three-pronged" binding mechanism for the SAP/SH2D1A SH2 domain: structural basis and relevance to the XLP syndrome. EMBO J 2002; 21:314-23. [PMID: 11823424 PMCID: PMC125837 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The SH2 domain protein SAP/SH2D1A, encoded by the X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) syndrome gene, associates with the hematopoietic cell surface receptor SLAM in a phosphorylation-independent manner. By screening a repertoire of synthetic peptides, the specificity of SAP/SH2D1A has been mapped and a consensus sequence motif for binding identified, T/S-x-x-x-x-V/I, where x represents any amino acid. Remarkably, this motif contains neither a Tyr nor a pTyr residue, a hallmark of conventional SH2 domain-ligand interactions. The structures of the protein, determined by NMR, in complex with two distinct peptides provide direct evidence in support of a "three-pronged" binding mechanism for the SAP/SH2D1A SH2 domain in contrast to the "two-pronged" binding for conventional SH2 domains. Differences in the structures of the two complexes suggest considerable flexibility in the SH2 domain, as further confirmed and characterized by hydrogen exchange studies. The structures also explain binding defects observed in disease-causing SAP/SH2D1A mutants and suggest that phosphorylation-independent interactions mediated by SAP/SH2D1A likely play an important role in the pathogenesis of XLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Hwang
- Departments of
Biochemistry, Chemistry and Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Chengjun Li
- Departments of
Biochemistry, Chemistry and Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Massimo Morra
- Departments of
Biochemistry, Chemistry and Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Jennifer Lillywhite
- Departments of
Biochemistry, Chemistry and Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - D.Ranjith Muhandiram
- Departments of
Biochemistry, Chemistry and Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Frank Gertler
- Departments of
Biochemistry, Chemistry and Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Departments of
Biochemistry, Chemistry and Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Lewis E. Kay
- Departments of
Biochemistry, Chemistry and Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Tony Pawson
- Departments of
Biochemistry, Chemistry and Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Julie D. Forman-Kay
- Departments of
Biochemistry, Chemistry and Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Shun-Cheng Li
- Departments of
Biochemistry, Chemistry and Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
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Nie J, McGill MA, Dermer M, Dho SE, Wolting CD, McGlade C. LNX functions as a RING type E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the cell fate determinant Numb for ubiquitin-dependent degradation. EMBO J 2002; 21:93-102. [PMID: 11782429 PMCID: PMC125803 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
LNX is a RING finger and PDZ domain containing protein that interacts with the cell fate determinant Numb. To investigate the function of LNX, we tested its RING finger domain for ubiquitin ligase activity. The isolated RING finger domain was able to function as an E2-dependent, E3 ubiquitin ligase in vitro and mutation of a conserved cysteine residue within the RING domain abolished its activity, indicating that LNX is the first described PDZ domain-containing member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family. We have identified Numb as a substrate of LNX E3 activity in vitro and in vivo. In addition to the RING finger, a region of LNX, including the Numb PTB domain-binding site and the first PDZ domain, is required for Numb ubiquitylation. Expression of wild-type but not mutant LNX causes proteasome-dependent degradation of Numb and can enhance Notch signalling. These results suggest that the levels of mammalian Numb protein and therefore, by extension, the processes of asymmetric cell division and cell fate determination may be regulated by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - C.Jane McGlade
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
Corresponding author e-mail:
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30
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Cartel NJ, Liu J, Wang J, Post M. PDGF-BB-mediated activation of p42(MAPK) is independent of PDGF beta-receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L786-98. [PMID: 11557582 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.4.l786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we investigated the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a key component of downstream signaling events, which is activated subsequent to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB stimulation. Specifically, p42(MAPK) activity peaked 60 min after addition of PDGF-BB, declined thereafter, and was determined not to be a direct or necessary component of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis. PDGF-BB also activated MAPK kinase 2 (MAPKK2) but had no effect on MAPKK1 and Raf-1 activity. Chemical inhibition of Janus kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Src kinase, or tyrosine phosphorylation inhibition of the PDGF beta-receptor (PDGFR-beta) did not abrogate PDGF-BB-induced p42(MAPK) activation or its threonine or tyrosine phosphorylation. A dominant negative cytoplasmic receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility variant 4 (RHAMMv4), a regulator of MAPKK-MAPK interaction and activation, did not inhibit PDGF-BB-induced p42(MAPK) activation nor did a construct expressing PDGFR-beta with cytoplasmic tyrosines mutated to phenylalanine. However, overexpression of a dominant negative PDGFR-beta lacking the cytoplasmic signaling domain abrogated p42(MAPK) activity. These results suggest that PDGF-BB-mediated activation of p42(MAPK) requires the PDGFR-beta but is independent of its tyrosine phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Cartel
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Lung Development, Programme in Lung Biology, Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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32
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Dhalluin C, Yan KS, Plotnikova O, Lee KW, Zeng L, Kuti M, Mujtaba S, Goldfarb MP, Zhou MM. Structural basis of SNT PTB domain interactions with distinct neurotrophic receptors. Mol Cell 2000; 6:921-9. [PMID: 11090629 PMCID: PMC5155437 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(05)00087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
SNT adaptor proteins transduce activation of fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and neurotrophin receptors (TRKs) to common signaling targets. The SNT-1 phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain recognizes activated TRKs at a canonical NPXpY motif and, atypically, binds to nonphosphorylated FGFRs in a region lacking tyrosine or asparagine. Here, using NMR and mutational analyses, we show that the PTB domain utilizes distinct sets of amino acid residues to interact with FGFRs or TRKs in a mutually exclusive manner. The FGFR1 peptide wraps around the beta sandwich structure of the PTB domain, and its binding is possibly regulated by conformational change of a unique C-terminal beta strand in the protein. Our results suggest mechanisms by which SNTs serve as molecular switches to mediate the essential interplay between FGFR and TRK signaling during neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dhalluin
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Kelley S. Yan
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Olga Plotnikova
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Kyung W. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Lei Zeng
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Miklos Kuti
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Shiraz Mujtaba
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Mitchell P. Goldfarb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10029
- To whom correspondence should be addressed ()
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33
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Nardi F, Kemmink J, Sattler M, Wade RC. The cisproline(i - 1)-aromatic(i) interaction: folding of the Ala-cisPro-Tyr peptide characterized by NMR and theoretical approaches. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2000; 17:63-77. [PMID: 10909867 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008380807603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cisproline(i - 1)-aromatic(i) interactions have been detected in several short peptides in aqueous solution by analysis of anomalous chemical shifts measured by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. This formation of local structure is of importance for protein folding and binding properties. To obtain an atomic-detail characterisation of the cisproline(i - 1)-aromatic(i) interaction in terms of structure, energetics and dynamics, we studied the minimal peptide unit, blocked Ala-cisPro-Tyr, using computational and experimental techniques. Structural database analyses and a systematic search revealed two groups of conformations displaying a cisproline(i - 1)-aromatic(i) interaction. These conformations were taken as seeds for molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent at 278 K. During a total of 33.6 ns of simulation, all the 'folded' conformations and some 'unfolded' states were sampled. 1H- and 13C-chemical shifts and 3J-coupling constants were measured for the Ala-Pro-Tyr peptide. Excellent agreement was found between all the measured and computed NMR properties, showing the good quality of the force field. We find that under the experimental and simulation conditions, the Ala-cisPro-Tyr peptide is folded 90% of the time and displays two types of folded conformation which we denote 'a' and 'b'. The type a conformations are twice as populated as the type b conformations. The former have the tyrosine ring interacting with the alanine alpha proton and are enthalpically stabilised. The latter have the aromatic ring interacting with the proline side chain and are entropically stabilised. The combined and complementary use of computational and experimental techniques permitted derivation of a detailed scenario of the 'folding' of this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nardi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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Zwahlen C, Li SC, Kay LE, Pawson T, Forman-Kay JD. Multiple modes of peptide recognition by the PTB domain of the cell fate determinant Numb. EMBO J 2000; 19:1505-15. [PMID: 10747019 PMCID: PMC310220 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.7.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain of the cell fate determinant Numb is involved in the formation of multiple protein complexes in vivo and can bind a diverse array of peptide sequences in vitro. To investigate the structural basis for the promiscuous nature of this protein module, we have determined its solution structure by NMR in a complex with a peptide containing an NMSF sequence derived from the Numb-associated kinase (Nak). The Nak peptide was found to adopt a significantly different structure from that of a GPpY sequence-containing peptide previously determined. In contrast to the helical turn adopted by the GPpY peptide, the Nak peptide forms a beta-turn at the NMSF site followed by another turn near the C-terminus. The Numb PTB domain appears to recognize peptides that differ in both primary and secondary structures by engaging various amounts of the binding surface of the protein. Our results suggest a mechanism through which a single PTB domain might interact with multiple distinct target proteins to control a complex biological process such as asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zwahlen
- Structural Biology and Biochemistry Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8
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Ong SH, Guy GR, Hadari YR, Laks S, Gotoh N, Schlessinger J, Lax I. FRS2 proteins recruit intracellular signaling pathways by binding to diverse targets on fibroblast growth factor and nerve growth factor receptors. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:979-89. [PMID: 10629055 PMCID: PMC85215 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.3.979-989.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The docking protein FRS2 was implicated in the transmission of extracellular signals from the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors to the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. The two members of the FRS2 family, FRS2alpha and FRS2beta, are structurally very similar. Each is composed of an N-terminal myristylation signal, a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain, and a C-terminal tail containing multiple binding sites for the SH2 domains of the adapter protein Grb2 and the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2. Here we show that the PTB domains of both the alpha and beta isoforms of FRS2 bind directly to the FGF or NGF receptors. The PTB domains of the FRS2 proteins bind to a highly conserved sequence in the juxtamembrane region of FGFR1. While FGFR1 interacts with FRS2 constitutively, independent of ligand stimulation and tyrosine phosphorylation, NGF receptor (TrkA) binding to FRS2 is strongly dependent on receptor activation. Complex formation with TrkA is dependent on phosphorylation of Y490, a canonical PTB domain binding site that also functions as a binding site for Shc (NPXpY). Using deletion and alanine scanning mutagenesis as well as peptide competition assays, we demonstrate that the PTB domains of the FRS2 proteins specifically recognize two different primary structures in two different receptors in a phosphorylation-dependent or -independent manner. In addition, NGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of FRS2alpha is diminished in cells that overexpress a kinase-inactive mutant of FGFR1. This experiment suggests that FGFR1 may regulate signaling via NGF receptors by sequestering a common key element which both receptors utilize for transmitting their signals. The multiple interactions mediated by FRS2 appear to play an important role in target selection and in defining the specificity of several families of receptor tyrosine kinases.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/chemistry
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/metabolism
- Proteins/chemistry
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/chemistry
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- SH2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Deletion
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transfection
- src Homology Domains
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Ong
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 117609, Singapore
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36
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Abstract
Phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains were originally identified as modular domains that recognize phosphorylated Asn-Pro-Xxx-p Tyr-containing proteins. Recent binding and structural studies of PTB domain complexes with target peptides have revealed a number of deviations from the previously described mode of interaction, with respect to both the sequences of possible targets and their structures within the complexes. This diversity of recognition by PTB domains extends and strengthens our general understanding of modular binding domain recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Forman-Kay
- Department of Biochemistry, Structural Biology and Biochemistry Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1X8, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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37
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Dho SE, French MB, Woods SA, McGlade CJ. Characterization of four mammalian numb protein isoforms. Identification of cytoplasmic and membrane-associated variants of the phosphotyrosine binding domain. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:33097-104. [PMID: 10551880 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.46.33097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numb is a membrane-associated, phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain-containing protein that functions as an intrinsic determinant of cell fate during Drosophila development. We have identified four isoforms of mammalian Numb with predicted molecular masses of 65, 66, 71, and 72 kDa that are generated by alternative splicing of the Numb mRNA. The different isoforms result from the presence of two sequence inserts within the PTB domain and the central region of the protein. The endogenous expression pattern of these isoforms, examined using specific antisera, varied in different tissues and cell lines. In addition, differentiation of P19 cells with retinoic acid leads to the specific loss of expression of the 71- and 72-kDa Numb proteins, suggesting that the expression of certain forms of Numb protein is regulated in a cell type-specific manner. Expression of Numb proteins fused to green fluorescent protein revealed that the form of the PTB domain with the alternatively spliced insert constitutively associated with the plasma membrane in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In contrast, the isoform without the insert was cytoplasmic, suggesting that different PTB domain isoforms may regulate the subcellular localization of Numb proteins. The membrane localization may be due, in part, to differential affinity for acidic phospholipids. The distinct expression and localization patterns of the different mammalian Numb isoforms suggest that they have distinct functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Dho
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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38
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Abstract
Phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains have been identified in a large number of proteins. In proteins like Shc and IRS-1, the PTB domain binds in a phosphotyrosine-dependent fashion to peptides that form a b turn. In these proteins, PTB domains play an important role in signal transduction by growth factor receptors. However, in several other proteins, the PTB domains have been found to participate in phosphotyrosine-independent interactions. The X11 family of proteins contains a PTB domain that binds peptides in a phosphotyrosine-independent fashion. The homologue of X11 in C. elegans is the lin-10 gene, a gene crucial for receptor targeting to the basolateral surface of body wall epithelia. The X11/Lin-10 proteins are found in a complex with two other proteins, Lin-2 and Lin-7, which have also been implicated in basolateral targeting in worm epithelia. This protein complex is also likely to be important in the targeting of cell surface proteins in mammalian neurons and epithelia. The ability of the PTB domain to bind peptides in a phosphotyrosine-dependent and -independent fashion allows this domain to be involved in diverse cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Margolis
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Howard HughesMedical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0650, USA.
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39
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Abstract
The phosphotyrosine-binding domain is a recently described protein-protein interaction domain which, despite its name, is involved in both phosphotyrosine-dependent and -independent interactions. Proteins with this domain are involved in diverse cellular functions, ranging from receptor signaling to protein targeting.
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40
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Abstract
FHA domains are conserved sequences of 65-100 amino acid residues found principally within eukaryotic nuclear proteins, but which also exist in certain prokaryotes. The FHA domain is thought to mediate protein-protein interactions, but its mode of action has yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that the two highly divergent FHA domains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad53p, a protein kinase involved in cell cycle checkpoint control, possess phosphopeptide-binding specificity. We also demonstrate that other FHA domains bind peptides in a phospho-dependent manner. These findings indicate that the FHA domain is a phospho-specific protein-protein interaction motif and have important implications for mechanisms of intracellular signaling in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Durocher
- Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research Campaign, Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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41
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Howell BW, Lanier LM, Frank R, Gertler FB, Cooper JA. The disabled 1 phosphotyrosine-binding domain binds to the internalization signals of transmembrane glycoproteins and to phospholipids. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:5179-88. [PMID: 10373567 PMCID: PMC84361 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.7.5179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/1998] [Accepted: 04/12/1999] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disabled gene products are important for nervous system development in drosophila and mammals. In mice, the Dab1 protein is thought to function downstream of the extracellular protein Reln during neuronal positioning. The structures of Dab proteins suggest that they mediate protein-protein or protein-membrane docking functions. Here we show that the amino-terminal phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain of Dab1 binds to the transmembrane glycoproteins of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and low-density lipoprotein receptor families and the cytoplasmic signaling protein Ship. Dab1 associates with the APP cytoplasmic domain in transfected cells and is coexpressed with APP in hippocampal neurons. Screening of a set of altered peptide sequences showed that the sequence GYXNPXY present in APP family members is an optimal binding sequence, with approximately 0.5 microM affinity. Unlike other PTB domains, the Dab1 PTB does not bind to tyrosine-phosphorylated peptide ligands. The PTB domain also binds specifically to phospholipid bilayers containing phosphatidylinositol 4P (PtdIns4P) or PtdIns4,5P2 in a manner that does not interfere with protein binding. We propose that the PTB domain permits Dab1 to bind specifically to transmembrane proteins containing an NPXY internalization signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Howell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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42
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Songyang Z. Recognition and regulation of primary-sequence motifs by signaling modular domains. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 71:359-72. [PMID: 10354704 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(98)00045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Songyang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA.
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43
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van der Geer P, Wiley S, Pawson T. Re-engineering the target specificity of the insulin receptor by modification of a PTB domain binding site. Oncogene 1999; 18:3071-5. [PMID: 10340378 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shc and IRS-1 (and their relatives) are cytoplasmic docking proteins that possess phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domains, through which they bind specific activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). The subsequent phosphorylation of Shc or IRS-1 creates binding sites for the SH2 domains of multiple signaling proteins, leading to the activation of intracellular biochemical pathways. The PTB domains of Shc and IRS-1 both recognize autophosphorylation sites in RTKs with the consensus sequence NPXpY, but show distinct abilities to bind stably to RTKs such as the TrkA nerve growth factor receptor and the insulin receptor. In vitro analysis has suggested that residues N-terminal to the NPXpY motif may determine the affinity with which phosphopeptide ligands are recognized by the Shc and IRS-1 PTB domains. Unlike IRS-1, the Shc PTB domain binds poorly to the insulin-receptor (IR) beta subunit in vitro, owing to its low affinity for the NPXpY autophosphorylation site at Tyr 960 of the IR. As a consequence, Shc does not bind stably to the activated IR in cells. We show that substitution of Ser 955, five residues N-terminal to the Tyr 960 autophosphorylation site (the -5 position), with Ile alters the target specificity of the IR such that it stably associates with Shc in insulin-stimulated cells. A triple substitution of the -5, -8 and -9 residues relative to Tyr 960 of the IR to the corresponding amino acids found in the Shc PTB domain binding site of TrkA results in even stronger binding of the IR to Shc in vivo. The variant IRs with enhanced ability to bind Shc showed an increased ability to activate the MAPK pathway in response to insulin stimulation. These results demonstrate that subtle differences in residues N-terminal to NPXpY autophosphorylation sites determine the ability of RTKs to bind specific PTB domain proteins in vivo, and thus modify the signaling properties of activated receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P van der Geer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0601, USA
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44
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Farooq A, Plotnikova O, Zeng L, Zhou MM. Phosphotyrosine binding domains of Shc and insulin receptor substrate 1 recognize the NPXpY motif in a thermodynamically distinct manner. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:6114-21. [PMID: 10037694 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains of the adaptor protein Shc and insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) interact with a distinct set of activated and tyrosine-phosphorylated cytokine and growth factor receptors and play important roles in mediating mitogenic signal transduction. By using the technique of isothermal titration calorimetry, we have studied the thermodynamics of binding of the Shc and IRS-1 PTB domains to tyrosine-phosphorylated NPXY-containing peptides derived from known receptor binding sites. The results showed that relative contributions of enthalpy and entropy to the free energy of binding are dependent on specific phosphopeptides. Binding of the Shc PTB domain to tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides from TrkA, epidermal growth factor, ErbB3, and insulin receptors is achieved via an overall entropy-driven reaction. On the other hand, recognition of the phosphopeptides of insulin and interleukin-4 receptors by the IRS-1 PTB domain is predominantly an enthalpy-driven process. Mutagenesis and amino acid substitution experiments showed that in addition to the tyrosine-phosphorylated NPXY motif, the PTB domains of Shc and IRS-1 prefer a large hydrophobic residue at pY-5 and a small hydrophobic residue at pY-1, respectively (where pY is phosphotyrosine). These results agree with the calculated solvent accessibility of these two key peptide residues in the PTB domain/peptide structures and support the notion that the PTB domains of Shc and IRS-1 employ functionally distinct mechanisms to recognize tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Farooq
- Structural Biology Program, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
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45
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Lupher ML, Rao N, Lill NL, Andoniou CE, Miyake S, Clark EA, Druker B, Band H. Cbl-mediated negative regulation of the Syk tyrosine kinase. A critical role for Cbl phosphotyrosine-binding domain binding to Syk phosphotyrosine 323. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:35273-81. [PMID: 9857068 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.52.35273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene product Cbl has emerged as a potential negative regulator of the Syk tyrosine kinase; however, the nature of physical interactions between Cbl and Syk that are critical for this negative regulation remains unclear. Here we show that the phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain within the N-terminal transforming region of Cbl (Cbl-N) binds to phosphorylated Tyr323 in the linker region between the Src homology 2 and kinase domains of Syk, confirming recent results by another laboratory using the yeast two-hybrid approach (Deckert, M., Elly, C., Altman, A., and Liu, Y. C. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 8867-8874). A PTB domain-inactivating point mutation (G306E), corresponding to a loss-of-function mutation in the Caenorhabditis elegans Cbl homologue SLI-1, severely compromised Cbl-N/Syk binding in vitro and Cbl/Syk association in transfected COS-7 cells. Using heterologous expression in COS-7 cells, we investigated the role of Cbl PTB domain binding to Syk Tyr323 in the negative regulation of Syk. Co-expression of Cbl with Syk in COS-7 cells led to a dose-dependent decrease in the autophosphorylated pool of Syk and in phosphorylation of an in vivo substrate, CD8-zeta. Unexpectedly, these effects were largely due to the loss of Syk protein. Both the decrease in Syk and CD8-zeta phosphorylation and reduction in Syk protein levels were blocked by either G306E mutation in Cbl or by Y323F mutation in Syk. These results demonstrate a critical role for the Cbl PTB domain in the recruitment of Cbl to Syk and in Cbl-mediated negative regulation of Syk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Lupher
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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46
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Li SC, Zwahlen C, Vincent SJ, McGlade CJ, Kay LE, Pawson T, Forman-Kay JD. Structure of a Numb PTB domain-peptide complex suggests a basis for diverse binding specificity. NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 1998; 5:1075-83. [PMID: 9846878 DOI: 10.1038/4185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain of Numb, a protein involved in asymmetric cell division, has recently been shown to bind to the adapter protein Lnx through an LDNPAY sequence, to the Numb-associated kinase (Nak) through a sequence that does not contain an NPXY motif and to GP(p)Y-containing peptides obtained from library screening. We show here that these diverse peptide sequences bind with comparable affinities to the Numb PTB domain at a common binding site on the surface of the protein. The NMR structure of the Numb PTB domain in complex with a GPpY-containing peptide reveals a novel mechanism of binding with the peptide in a helical turn that does not hydrogen bond to the PTB domain beta-sheet. These results suggest that PTB domains can potentially have multiple modes of peptide recognition and provide a structural basis from which the multiple functions of the Numb PTB domain during asymmetric cell division could arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Li
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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47
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Le N, Simon MA. Disabled is a putative adaptor protein that functions during signaling by the sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:4844-54. [PMID: 9671493 PMCID: PMC109069 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.8.4844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/1998] [Accepted: 05/11/1998] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DRK, the Drosophila homolog of the SH2-SH3 domain adaptor protein Grb2, is required during signaling by the sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase (SEV). One role of DRK is to provide a link between activated SEV and the Ras1 activator SOS. We have investigated the possibility that DRK performs other functions by identifying additional DRK-binding proteins. We show that the phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain-containing protein Disabled (DAB) binds to the DRK SH3 domains. DAB is expressed in the ommatidial clusters, and loss of DAB function disrupts ommatidial development. Moreover, reduction of DAB function attenuates signaling by a constitutively activated SEV. Our biochemical analysis suggests that DAB binds SEV directly via its PTB domain, becomes tyrosine phosphorylated upon SEV activation, and then serves as an adaptor protein for SH2 domain-containing proteins. Taken together, these results indicate that DAB is a novel component of the SEV signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA
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48
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Xu H, Lee KW, Goldfarb M. Novel recognition motif on fibroblast growth factor receptor mediates direct association and activation of SNT adapter proteins. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:17987-90. [PMID: 9660748 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.29.17987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of a membrane-anchored adapter protein, FRS2/SNT-1, promoting its association with Shp-2 tyrosine phosphatase and upstream activators of Ras. Using the yeast two-hybrid protein-protein interaction assay, we show that FRS2/SNT-1 and a newly isolated SNT-2 protein directly bind to FGF receptor-1 (FGFR-1). A juxtamembrane segment of FGFR-1 and the phosphotyrosine-binding domain of SNTs are both necessary and sufficient for interaction in yeast and in vitro, and FGFR-mediated SNT tyrosine phosphorylation in vivo requires these segments of receptor and SNT. Our findings establish SNTs as direct protein links between FGFR-1 and multiple downstream pathways. The SNT binding motif of FGFR-1 is distinct from previously described phosphotyrosine-binding domain recognition motifs, lacking both tyrosine and asparagine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xu
- Brookdale Center for Developmental and Molecular Biology, Cellular, Biochemical and Developmental Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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49
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Juven-Gershon T, Shifman O, Unger T, Elkeles A, Haupt Y, Oren M. The Mdm2 oncoprotein interacts with the cell fate regulator Numb. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:3974-82. [PMID: 9632782 PMCID: PMC108982 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.7.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/1997] [Accepted: 04/21/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mdm2 oncoprotein is a well-known inhibitor of the p53 tumor suppressor, but it may also possess p53-independent activities. In search of such p53-independent activities, the yeast two-hybrid screen was employed to identify Mdm2-binding proteins. We report that in vitro and in transfected cells, Mdm2 can associate with Numb, a protein involved in the determination of cell fate. This association causes translocation of overexpressed Numb into the nucleus and leads to a reduction in overall cellular Numb levels. Through its interaction with Numb, Mdm2 may influence processes such as differentiation and survival. This could potentially contribute to the altered properties of tumor cells which overexpress Mdm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Juven-Gershon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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50
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Zwahlen C, Vincent SJF, Gardner KH, Kay LE. Significantly Improved Resolution for NOE Correlations from Valine and Isoleucine (Cγ2) Methyl Groups in 15N,13C- and 15N,13C,2H-Labeled Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9742601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Zwahlen
- Contribution from the Protein Engineering Network Centers of Excellence and Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Biochemistry, and Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8, Biochemistry Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8, and Program in Molecular Biology and Cancer, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Sébastien J. F. Vincent
- Contribution from the Protein Engineering Network Centers of Excellence and Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Biochemistry, and Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8, Biochemistry Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8, and Program in Molecular Biology and Cancer, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Kevin H. Gardner
- Contribution from the Protein Engineering Network Centers of Excellence and Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Biochemistry, and Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8, Biochemistry Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8, and Program in Molecular Biology and Cancer, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Lewis E. Kay
- Contribution from the Protein Engineering Network Centers of Excellence and Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Biochemistry, and Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8, Biochemistry Research, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8, and Program in Molecular Biology and Cancer, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
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