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Liu S, Li Z, Lan S, Hao H, Baz AA, Yan X, Gao P, Chen S, Chu Y. The Dual Roles of Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) in Inflammation, Apoptosis, Ferroptosis, and Pathogen Infection Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:824. [PMID: 38255898 PMCID: PMC10815024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are pivotal regulators in the cellular life process. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a member of the ATF/CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) family, plays a crucial role as cells respond to various stresses and damage. As a transcription factor, ATF3 significantly influences signal transduction regulation, orchestrating a variety of signaling pathways, including apoptosis, ferroptosis, and cellular differentiation. In addition, ATF3 serves as an essential link between inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune responses. This review summarizes the recent advances in research on ATF3 activation and its role in regulating inflammatory responses, cell apoptosis, and ferroptosis while exploring the dual functions of ATF3 in these processes. Additionally, this article discusses the role of ATF3 in diseases related to pathogenic microbial infections. Our review may be helpful to better understand the role of ATF3 in cellular responses and disease progression, thus promoting advancements in clinical treatments for inflammation and oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zhangcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shimei Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Huafang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Ahmed Adel Baz
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Xinmin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shengli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yuefeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Disease Prevention and Control (West), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730046, China
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Activating transcription factor 3 in cardiovascular diseases: a potential therapeutic target. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:37. [PMID: 30094473 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the primary causes of death worldwide. Among the numerous signaling molecules involved in CVDs, transcriptional factors directly influence gene expression and play a critical role in regulating cell function and the development of diseases. Activating transcription factor (ATF) 3 is an adaptive-response gene in the ATF/cAMP responsive element-binding (CREB) protein family of transcription factors that acts as either a repressor or an activator of transcription via the formation of homodimers or heterodimers with other ATF/CREB members. A appropriate ATF3 expression is important for the normal physiology of cells, and dysfunction of ATF3 is associated with various pathophysiological responses such as inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and diseases, including CVDs. This review focuses on the role of ATF3 in cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart diseases, hypertension and diabetes mellitus to provide a novel therapeutic target for CVDs.
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Iezaki T, Ozaki K, Fukasawa K, Inoue M, Kitajima S, Muneta T, Takeda S, Fujita H, Onishi Y, Horie T, Yoneda Y, Takarada T, Hinoi E. ATF3 deficiency in chondrocytes alleviates osteoarthritis development. J Pathol 2016; 239:426-37. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iezaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Kakeru Ozaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Kazuya Fukasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Department of Biochemical Genetics; Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shigetaka Kitajima
- Department of Biochemical Genetics; Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Takeshi Muneta
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine Tokyo Medical and Dental University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shu Takeda
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology; Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Yuki Onishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Horie
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Yukio Yoneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
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Mallano T, Palumbo-Zerr K, Zerr P, Ramming A, Zeller B, Beyer C, Dees C, Huang J, Hai T, Distler O, Schett G, Distler JHW. Activating transcription factor 3 regulates canonical TGFβ signalling in systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:586-92. [PMID: 25589515 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a member of the ATF/cAMP-responsive element binding (CREB) family of transcription factors, regulates cellular response to stress including oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to analyse the role of ATF3 in fibroblast activation in systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS ATF3 was analysed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. ATF3 knockout fibroblasts and mice were used to study the functional role of ATF3. Knockdown experiments, reporter assays and coimmunoprecipitation were performed to study the effects of ATF3 on Smad and activation protein 1 (AP-1) signalling. The role of c-Jun was analysed by costaining, specific inactivation and coimmunoprecipitation. RESULTS Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) upregulates the expression of ATF3 in SSc fibroblasts. ATF3-deficient fibroblasts were less sensitive to TGFβ, whereas ectopic expression of ATF3 enhanced the profibrotic effects of TGFβ. Mechanistically, ATF3 interacts with Smad3 directly on stimulation with TGFβ and regulates Smad activity in a c-Jun-dependent manner. Knockout of ATF3 protected mice from bleomycin-induced fibrosis and fibrosis induced by overexpression of a constitutively active TGFβ receptor I. Reporter assays and analyses of the expression of Smad target genes demonstrated that binding of ATF3 regulates the transcriptional activity of Smad3. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time a key role for ATF3 in fibrosis. Knockout of the ATF3 gene reduced the stimulatory effect of TGFβ on fibroblasts by interfering with canonical Smad signalling and protected the mice from experimental fibrosis in two different models. ATF3 might thus be a candidate for molecular targeted therapies for SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Mallano
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Palumbo-Zerr
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pawel Zerr
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ramming
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Zeller
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Beyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clara Dees
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jingang Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tsonwin Hai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Oliver Distler
- Rheumaklinik, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg H W Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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ATF3 attenuates cyclosporin A-induced nephrotoxicity by downregulating CHOP in HK-2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 448:182-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Buganim Y, Madar S, Rais Y, Pomeraniec L, Harel E, Solomon H, Kalo E, Goldstein I, Brosh R, Haimov O, Avivi C, Polak-Charcon S, Goldfinger N, Barshack I, Rotter V. Transcriptional activity of ATF3 in the stromal compartment of tumors promotes cancer progression. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1749-57. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Cheng CF, Lin H. Acute kidney injury and the potential for ATF3-regulated epigenetic therapy. Toxicol Mech Methods 2011; 21:362-6. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.557876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kim EY, Shin HY, Kim JY, Kim DG, Choi YM, Kwon HK, Rhee DK, Kim YS, Choi S. ATF3 plays a key role in Kdo2-lipid A-induced TLR4-dependent gene expression via NF-κB activation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14181. [PMID: 21152039 PMCID: PMC2996292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a negative regulator of proinflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages, and ATF3 deficient mice are more susceptible to endotoxic shock. This study addresses the role of ATF3 in the Kdo(2)-Lipid A-induced Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Kdo(2)-Lipid A upregulates ATF3 expression in wild type MEF cells and induces both nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation via the TLR4 signaling pathway, while neither of these pathways is activated in ATF3-/- MEF cells. Interestingly, in contrast to Kdo(2)-Lipid A, the activation of both NF-κB and JNK by TNF-α was normal in ATF3-/- MEF cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found that several genes were dramatically upregulated in ATF3+/+ MEF cells in response to Kdo(2)-Lipid A treatment, while little difference was observed in the ATF3-/- MEF cells. However, we also found that the signal intensities of IκBζ in ATF3-/- MEF cells were substantially higher than those in wild type MEF cells upon microarray analyses, and upregulated IκBζ expression was detected in the cytosol fraction. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicate that ATF3 deficiency affects Kdo(2)-Lipid A-induced TLR4 signaling pathways in MEF cells, that it may upregulate IκBζ expression and that the high levels of IκBζ expression in ATF3-/- cells disrupts Kdo(2)-Lipid A-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hye Young Shin
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Kim
- Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong-Gun Kim
- Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyuk-Kwon Kwon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - You-Sun Kim
- Institute for Medical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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Elshemey WM, Elfiky AA, Gawad WA. Correlation to Protein Conformation of Wide-Angle X-ray Scatter Parameters. Protein J 2010; 29:545-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-010-9291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Thompson MR, Xu D, Williams BRG. ATF3 transcription factor and its emerging roles in immunity and cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:1053-60. [PMID: 19705082 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a member of the ATF/cyclic AMP response element-binding (ATF/CREB) family of transcription factors. It is an adaptive-response gene that participates in cellular processes to adapt to extra- and/or intracellular changes, where it transduces signals from various receptors to activate or repress gene expression. Advances made in understanding the immunobiology of Toll-like receptors have recently generated new momentum for the study of ATF3 in immunity. Moreover, the role of ATF3 in the regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis has important implications for understanding susceptibility to and progression of several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Thompson
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Fischer C, Johnson J, Stillwell B, Conner J, Cerovac Z, Wilson-Rawls J, Rawls A. Activating Transcription Factor 4 Is Required for the Differentiation of the Lamina Propria Layer of the Vas Deferens1. Biol Reprod 2004; 70:371-8. [PMID: 14561648 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.021600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4/CREB2) is a member of the cyclic-AMP response element-binding (CREB) family. These proteins have been shown to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in a broad number of tissues during embryo development. Here we report that male ATF4(-/-) mice are subfertile, despite the fact that they produce sufficient sperm and are able to fertilize wild-type eggs in vitro. An analysis of the ejaculatory ducts revealed abnormal constrictions in the lumen of the vas deferens. The lamina propria layer of the vas deferens was significantly thicker in the ATF4(-/-) mice and the cells that make up this layer were rounder and more abundant than in the ATF4(+/+) littermates. The change in the morphology of the lamina propria was associated with sexual maturation. A histologic analysis of the lamina propria revealed a reduction in the production of elastic fibers and interstitial cells of Cajal, as judged by the expression of neuron-specific enolase. These observations predict that ATF4 is required for the normal differentiation of the lamina propria layer of the vas deferens at sexual maturation. The morphology of the ATF4(-/-) lamina propria and the constriction of the lumen are consistent with an obstruction in the vas deferens contributing to the subfertility of the ATF4(-/-) males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fischer
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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Martinez LC, Turner GJ. High-throughput screening of bacteriorhodopsin mutants in whole cell pastes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1564:91-8. [PMID: 12101000 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(02)00406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screening method has been developed which enables functional analysis of bacteriorhodpsin in whole cell pastes. Reflectance spectra, from as little as 5 ml of Halobacterium salinarum cells, show close correspondence to that obtained from the purified purple membrane (PM), containing bacteriorhodopsin (BR) as the sole protein component. We demonstrate accurate quantification of BR accumulation by ratiometric analysis of BR (A(max) 568) and a membrane-bound cytochrome (A(max) 410). In addition, ground-state light- and dark-adapted (LA and DA, respectively) spectral differences were determined with high accuracy and precision. Using cells expressing the BR mutant D85N, we monitored transitions between intermediate-state homologues of the reprotonation phase of the light-activated proton pumping mechanism. We demonstrate that phenotypes of three mutants (D85N/T170C, D85N/D96N, and D85N/R82Q) previously characterized for their effect on photocycle transitions are reproduced in the whole cell samples. D85N/T170C stabilizes accumulation of the N state while D85N/D96N accumulates no N state. D85N/R82Q was found to have perturbed the pK(a) of M accumulation. These studies illustrate the correspondence between pH-dependent ground-state transitions accessed by D85N and the transitions accessed by the wild-type protein following photoexcitation. We demonstrate that whole cell reflectance spectroscopy can be used to efficiently characterize the large numbers of mutants generated by engineering strategies that exploit saturation mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynell C Martinez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Neurosciences Program, The University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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13
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Martinez LC, Thurmond RL, Jones PG, Turner GJ. Subdomains in the F and G helices of bacteriorhodopsin regulate the conformational transitions of the reprotonation mechanism. Proteins 2002; 48:269-82. [PMID: 12112695 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have performed cysteine scanning mutagenesis of the bacteriorhodopsin mutant D85N to explore the role of individual amino acids in the conformational transitions of the reprotonation mechanism. We have used whole-cell reflectance spectroscopy to evaluate the spectral properties of the 59 mutants generated during a scan of the entire F and G helices and the intervening loop region. Cys mutants were grouped into one of six phenotypes based on the spectral changes associated with their M <--> N <--> O intermediate-state transitions. Mutations that produced similar phenotypes were found to cluster in discrete molecular domains and indicate that M, N, and O possess distinct structures and that unique molecular interactions regulate the transitions between them. The distribution of these domains suggests that 1) the extramembranous loop region is involved in the stabilization of the N and M intermediates, 2) lipid-protein interactions play a key role in the accumulation of N, and 3) the amino acid side-chain interactions in the extracellular portion of the interface between helices G and A participate in the accumulation of M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynell C Martinez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Neurosciences Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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14
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Vernon E, Meyer G, Pickard L, Dev K, Molnar E, Collingridge GL, Henley JM. GABA(B) receptors couple directly to the transcription factor ATF4. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 17:637-45. [PMID: 11312600 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2000.0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acts at ionotropic (GABA(A) and GABA(C)) and metabotropic (GABA(B)) receptors. Functional GABA(B) receptors are heterodimers of GABA(B(1)) and GABA(B(2)) subunits. Here we show a robust, direct, and specific interaction between the coiled-coil domain present in the C-terminus of the GABA(B(1)) subunit and the transcription factor ATF4 (also known as CREB2). ATF4 and GABA(B(2)) binding to the GABA(B(1)) subunit were mutually exclusive. In rat hippocampal neurons native GABA(B(1)) showed surprisingly little similarity to GABA(B(2)) in its subcellular distribution. GABA(B(1)) and ATF4, however, were highly colocalized throughout the cell and displayed a punctate distribution within the dendrites. Activation of GABA(B) receptors in hippocampal neurons caused a dramatic translocation of ATF4 out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. These data suggest a novel neuronal signaling pathway that could regulate the functional expression of GABA(B) receptors and/or modulate gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vernon
- MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol University, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD
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15
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Kaulen AD. Electrogenic processes and protein conformational changes accompanying the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1460:204-19. [PMID: 10984601 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The possible mechanisms of electrogenic processes accompanying proton transport in bacteriorhodopsin are discussed on the basis of recent structural data of the protein. Apparent inconsistencies between experimental data and their interpretation are considered. Special emphasis is placed on the protein conformational changes accompanying the reprotonation of chromophore and proton uptake stage in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Kaulen
- Department of Photobiochemistry, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119899, Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) increases prolactin gene expression in GH4 cells, but the promoter element(s) required for this response has not been clearly defined. We identified a bipartite element - 96/ - 87, - 76/ - 67 in the rat proximal promoter that is essential for EGF signaling using deletion and linker-scanning mutants of the prolactin promoter. This element was active in either normal or inverted orientation when transferred to a heterologous promoter (mammary-tumor virus). We had previously identified this element as the cAMP/insulin response element of the prolactin promoter. However, the effects of EGF are additive with the responses to insulin or cAMP implying that EGF activated prolactin gene transcription by a mechanism different from insulin or cAMP. The EGF response element of the prolactin promoter is a recognition sequence for the Ets-related family of transcription factors and Ets-related factors have been shown to bind this element. Expression of the DNA-binding domain of c-Ets-1, which acts as a dominant negative inhibitor of Ets-related transcription factors, reduces EGF-increased prolactin-CAT expression 65% in GH4 cells. Thus, both EGF and insulin may signal through Ets-related transcription factors to activate prolactin gene transcription at the same response element in the prolactin proximal promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Jacob
- Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
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Chalecka-Franaszek E, Chen H, Chuang DM. 5-Hydroxytryptamine2A receptor stimulation induces activator protein-1 and cyclic AMP-responsive element binding with cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein and Jun D as common components in cerebellar neurons. Neuroscience 1999; 88:885-98. [PMID: 10363825 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that stimulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptors in rat cerebellar granule cells produces an increase in the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor messenger RNA and binding sites, and that this up-regulation requires de novo RNA and protein synthesis. Here we showed that up-regulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor binding sites induced by stimulation with the 5-hydroxytryptamine2A/2C receptor agonist, (+/-)-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI), is associated with an increase in the 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor transcription rate. To examine the possible role of transcriptional activation in DOI-induced 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor up-regulation, we studied the effects of DOI on transcription factor binding to activator protein-1 and cyclic AMP-responsive element (CRE) DNA consensus sequences. We found that DOI induces a time-dependent increase in activator protein-1 and CRE transcription factor binding activity, which is blocked by 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor antagonists. Similar to 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor up-regulation, DOI-induced activator protein-1 binding is suppressed by inhibitors of calmodulin and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases. The increased activator protein-1 binding is effectively competed by excessive activator protein-1 and CRE sequences as well as endogenous activator protein-1-like sequences present in the rat 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor gene. Supershift assays revealed that cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) and Jun D are common components of both activator protein-1 and CRE binding complexes. DOI also increased the level of phospho-CREB in a time-dependent manner. The binding of phospho-CREB transcription factor to the activator protein-1 site suggests that CREB may modulate the transcription of genes that contain activator protein-1 but lack CRE site in their promoters, through interaction with the activator protein-1 site. The rat 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor up-regulation may involve such a mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chalecka-Franaszek
- Section on Molecular Neurobiology, Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ludlam GJ, Rothschild KJ. Similarity of bacteriorhodopsin structural changes triggered by chromophore removal and light-driven proton transport. FEBS Lett 1997; 407:285-8. [PMID: 9175869 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is the light-driven proton pump found in the purple membrane of Halobacterium salinarium. A series of conformational changes occur during the bR photocycle which involve alterations in buried-helical structure as well as in the protonation state of Asp residues which are part of the proton transport pathway. Here we report evidence that similar conformational changes occur upon removal of the retinylidene chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin to form the apoprotein bacterioopsin (bO). This suggests a simple ligand-binding model of proton transport in bacteriorhodopsin which may have relevance to other transport and signal transducing membrane proteins including the visual photoreceptor rhodopsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Ludlam
- Department of Physics, Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, Boston University, MA 02215, USA
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French NS, Norton JD. Structure and functional properties of mouse VL30 retrotransposons. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1352:33-47. [PMID: 9177481 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(97)00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N S French
- CRC Department of Gene Regulation, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital (NHS) Trust, Manchester, UK
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