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Arnold S, Kortland J, Maltseva DV, Nersisyan SA, Samatov TR, Lezius S, Tonevitsky AG, Milde-Langosch K, Wicklein D, Schumacher U, Stürken C. Fra-2 overexpression upregulates pro-metastatic cell-adhesion molecules, promotes pulmonary metastasis, and reduces survival in a spontaneous xenograft model of human breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 148:1525-1542. [PMID: 34693476 PMCID: PMC9114065 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The transcription factor Fra-2 affects the invasive potential of breast cancer cells by dysregulating adhesion molecules in vitro. Previous results suggested that it upregulates the expression of E- and P-selectin ligands. Such selectin ligands are important members of the leukocyte adhesion cascade, which govern the adhesion and transmigration of cancer cells into the stroma of the host organ of metastasis. As so far, no in vivo data are available, this study was designed to elucidate the role of Fra-2 expression in a spontaneous breast cancer metastasis xenograft model. Methods The effect of Fra-2 overexpression in two stable Fra-2 overexpressing clones of the human breast cancer cell line MDA MB231 on survival and metastatic load was studied after subcutaneous injection into scid and E- and P-selectin-deficient scid mice. Results Fra-2 overexpression leads to a significantly shorter overall survival and a higher amount of spontaneous lung metastases not only in scid mice, but also in E- and P-deficient mice, indicating that it regulates not only selectin ligands, but also selectin-independent adhesion processes. Conclusion Thus, Fra-2 expression influences the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells by changing the expression of adhesion molecules, resulting in increased adherence to endothelial cells in a breast cancer xenograft model. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00432-021-03812-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Arnold
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Kortland
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diana V Maltseva
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya Str. 13/4, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stepan A Nersisyan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya Str. 13/4, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur R Samatov
- Evotec International GmbH, Marie-Curie-Str. 7, 37079, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Lezius
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander G Tonevitsky
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya Str. 13/4, 117997, Moscow, Russia.,Scientific Research Center Bioclinicum, Ugreshskaya Str. 2/85, 115088, Moscow, Russia
| | - Karin Milde-Langosch
- Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Wicklein
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine Stürken
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Wang XS, Zhang S, Xu Z, Zheng SQ, Long J, Wang DS. Genome-wide identification, evolution of ATF/CREB family and their expression in Nile tilapia. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 237:110324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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3
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Luo L, Cai L, Luo L, Tang Z, Meng X. Silencing activating transcription factor 2 promotes the anticancer activity of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:8053-8060. [PMID: 29693700 PMCID: PMC5983979 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the anticancer effect of sorafenib combined with silencing of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and to assess the underlying molecular mechanisms. Huh-7 HCC cell line was selected for the present study. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-ATF2 sequence was constructed to silence ATF2 expression. The experiment was divided into 6 groups: i) Control; ii) vector; iii) sorafenib (6.8 µM); iv) vector+sorafenib; v) siRNA-ATF2; and vi) siRNA-ATF2+sorafenib groups. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were detected following treatments with sorafenib and/or ATF2 silencing. Additionally, expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The current findings revealed that siRNA-ATF2 significantly reduced ATF2 expression. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion abilities in the sorafenib and siRNA-ATF2 groups were significantly reduced compared with the control group (P<0.05). Apoptotic rate in the sorafenib and siRNA-ATF2 groups was significantly increased compared with the control group (P<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression levels of ATF2 in the sorafenib or siRNA-ATF2 groups was significantly reduced when compared with control group. The phosphorylation of ATF2 was also reduced following sorafenib treatment or ATF2 silence. Although JNK3 mRNA expression level was not affected, the phosphorylation level of JNK3 was significantly promoted following sorafenib treatment or ATF2 silencing. Additionally, TNF-α mRNA and protein expression levels were increased following sorafenib treatment or ATF2 silencing. It is of note that siRNA-ATF2 treatment promoted the anticancer activity of sorafenib in Huh-7 cells. Additionally, siRNA-ATF2+sorafenib treatment combined additionally promoted TNF-α expression and phosphorylation of JNK3. Combined siRNA-ATF2 and sorafenib treatment had a greater anticancer effect compared with sorafenib or ATF2 silencing alone. The possible mechanism involved in the anticancer effect of sorafenib and ATF2 silencing may be associated with the activation of the TNF-α/JNK3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Lijing Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Laibang Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhimou Tang
- Department of Oncology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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4
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Schaeffer E, Vigneron M, Sibler AP, Oulad-Abdelghani M, Chatton B, Donzeau M. ATF7 is stabilized during mitosis in a CDK1-dependent manner and contributes to cyclin D1 expression. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:2655-66. [PMID: 26101806 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1064568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor ATF7 undergoes multiple post-translational modifications, each of which has distinct effects upon ATF7 function. Here, we show that ATF7 phosphorylation on residue Thr112 exclusively occurs during mitosis, and that ATF7 is excluded from the condensed chromatin. Both processes are CDK1/cyclin B dependent. Using a transduced neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against the Thr112 epitope in living cells, we could demonstrate that Thr112 phosphorylation protects endogenous ATF7 protein from degradation, while it has no effect on the displacement of ATF7 from the condensed chromatin. The crucial role of Thr112 phosphorylation in stabilizing ATF7 protein during mitosis was confirmed using phospho-mimetic and phospho-deficient mutants. Finally, silencing ATF7 by CRISPR/Cas9 technology leads to a decrease of cyclin D1 protein expression levels. We propose that mitotic stabilized ATF7 protein re-localizes onto chromatin at the end of telophase and contributes to induce the cyclin D1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Schaeffer
- a Université de Strasbourg; UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire; Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg ; Illkirch Cedex , France
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5
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Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of human ATF7 at Thr-51 and Thr-53 promotes cell-cycle progression into M phase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116048. [PMID: 25545367 PMCID: PMC4278844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) and its homolog ATF7 are phosphorylated at Thr-69/Thr-71 and at Thr-51/Thr-53, respectively, by stress-activated MAPKs regulating their transcriptional functions in G1 and S phases. However, little is known about the role of ATF2 and ATF7 in G2/M phase. Here, we show that Cdk1-cyclin B1 phosphorylates ATF2 at Thr-69/Thr-71 and ATF7 at Thr-51/Thr-53 from early prophase to anaphase in the absence of any stress stimulation. Knockdown of ATF2 or ATF7 decreases the rate of cell proliferation and the number of cells in M-phase. In particular, the knockdown of ATF7 severely inhibits cell proliferation and G2/M progression. The inducible expression of a mitotically nonphosphorylatable version of ATF7 inhibits G2/M progression despite the presence of endogenous ATF7. We also show that mitotic phosphorylation of ATF7 promotes the activation of Aurora kinases, which are key enzymes for early mitotic events. These results suggest that the Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of ATF7 facilitates G2/M progression, at least in part, by enabling Aurora signaling.
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The regulatory role of activating transcription factor 2 in inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:950472. [PMID: 25049453 PMCID: PMC4090481 DOI: 10.1155/2014/950472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins and is widely distributed in tissues including the liver, lung, spleen, and kidney. Like c-Jun and c-Fos, ATF2 responds to stress-related stimuli and may thereby influence cell proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, oncogenesis, neurological development and function, and skeletal remodeling. Recent studies clarify the regulatory role of ATF2 in inflammation and describe potential inhibitors of this protein. In this paper, we summarize the properties and functions of ATF2 and explore potential applications of ATF2 inhibitors as tools for research and for the development of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Abstract
MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways are among the most frequently deregulated signalling events in cancer. Among the critical targets of MAPK activities are members of the AP-1 (activator protein 1) transcription factor, a dimeric complex consisting of Jun, Fos, Maf and ATF (activating transcription factor) family DNA-binding proteins. Depending on the cellular context, the composition of the dimeric complexes determines the regulation of growth, survival or apoptosis. JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), p38 and a number of Jun and Fos family proteins have been analysed for their involvement in oncogenic transformation and tumour formation. These data are also emerging for the ATF components of the AP-1 factor. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the functions of two ATF family proteins, ATF2 and ATF7, in mammalian development and their potential functions in tumour formation.
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8
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Seong KH, Maekawa T, Ishii S. Inheritance and memory of stress-induced epigenome change: roles played by the ATF-2 family of transcription factors. Genes Cells 2012; 17:249-63. [PMID: 22380515 PMCID: PMC3444692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Data on the inheritance-of-stress effect have been accumulating and some mechanistic insights, such as epigenetic regulation, have also been suggested. In particular, the modern view of Lamarckian inheritance appears to be affected by the finding that stress-induced epigenetic changes can be inherited. This review summarizes the current data on the inheritance of stress effect and possible mechanisms involved in this process. In particular, we focus on the stress-induced epigenetic changes mediated by the ATF-2 family of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyeon Seong
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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Diring J, Camuzeaux B, Donzeau M, Vigneron M, Rosa-Calatrava M, Kedinger C, Chatton B. A cytoplasmic negative regulator isoform of ATF7 impairs ATF7 and ATF2 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23351. [PMID: 21858082 PMCID: PMC3156760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing and post-translational modifications are processes that give rise to the complexity of the proteome. The nuclear ATF7 and ATF2 (activating transcription factor) are structurally homologous leucine zipper transcription factors encoded by distinct genes. Stress and growth factors activate ATF2 and ATF7 mainly via sequential phosphorylation of two conserved threonine residues in their activation domain. Distinct protein kinases, among which mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphorylate ATF2 and ATF7 first on Thr71/Thr53 and next on Thr69/Thr51 residues respectively, resulting in transcriptional activation. Here, we identify and characterize a cytoplasmic alternatively spliced isoform of ATF7. This variant, named ATF7-4, inhibits both ATF2 and ATF7 transcriptional activities by impairing the first phosphorylation event on Thr71/Thr53 residues. ATF7-4 indeed sequesters the Thr53-phosphorylating kinase in the cytoplasm. Upon stimulus-induced phosphorylation, ATF7-4 is poly-ubiquitinated and degraded, enabling the release of the kinase and ATF7/ATF2 activation. Our data therefore conclusively establish that ATF7-4 is an important cytoplasmic negative regulator of ATF7 and ATF2 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Diring
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Barbara Camuzeaux
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Mariel Donzeau
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Marc Vigneron
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine VirPath, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claude Kedinger
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Bruno Chatton
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail:
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10
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Social isolation stress induces ATF-7 phosphorylation and impairs silencing of the 5-HT 5B receptor gene. EMBO J 2009; 29:196-208. [PMID: 19893493 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many symptoms induced by isolation rearing of rodents may be relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression. However, identities of transcription factors that regulate gene expression in response to chronic social isolation stress remain elusive. The transcription factor ATF-7 is structurally related to ATF-2, which is activated by various stresses, including inflammatory cytokines. Here, we report that Atf-7-deficient mice exhibit abnormal behaviours and increased 5-HT receptor 5B (Htr5b) mRNA levels in the dorsal raphe nuclei. ATF-7 silences the transcription of Htr5B by directly binding to its 5'-regulatory region, and mediates histone H3-K9 trimethylation via interaction with the ESET histone methyltransferase. Isolation-reared wild-type (WT) mice exhibit abnormal behaviours that resemble those of Atf-7-deficient mice. Upon social isolation stress, ATF-7 in the dorsal raphe nucleus is phosphorylated via p38 and is released from the Htr5b promoter, leading to the upregulation of Htr5b. Thus, ATF-7 may have a critical role in gene expression induced by social isolation stress.
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Camuzeaux B, Diring J, Hamard PJ, Oulad-Abdelghani M, Donzeau M, Vigneron M, Kedinger C, Chatton B. p38beta2-mediated phosphorylation and sumoylation of ATF7 are mutually exclusive. J Mol Biol 2008; 384:980-91. [PMID: 18950637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous activating transcription factor (ATF) 7 binds as a homodimer to the cAMP response element/TPA response element motifs present in the promoters of its target genes. ATF7 is homologous to ATF2 and heterodimerizes with Jun or Fos proteins, modulating their DNA-binding specificities. We previously demonstrated that TAF12, a component of the TFIID general transcription factor, mediates ATF7 transcriptional activity through direct interactions between the two proteins. By contrast, ATF7, but not ATF2, is modified in vivo by sumoylation, which restricts its subcellular localization, thereby inhibiting its transcriptional activity. In the present study, we dissect the mechanism of this functional switch. We characterized the multisite phosphorylation of the ATF7 activation domain and identified one of the involved kinase, p38beta2 mitogen-activated protein kinase. In addition, we show that epidermal growth factor treatment results in a two-step modification mechanism of ATF7 activation domain. The Thr53 residue is phosphorylated first by a presently unknown kinase, allowing p38beta2 mitogen-activated protein kinase to modify the Thr51 residue, excluding the sumoylation of ATF7 protein. The resulting activation of transcription is related to an increased association of TAF12 with this phosphorylated form of ATF7. Our data therefore conclusively establish that sumoylation and phosphorylation of ATF7 are two antagonistic posttranslational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Camuzeaux
- Université de Strasbourg I, Institut Gilbert Laustriat, CNRS-UMR7175, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France
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12
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Hamard PJ, Boyer-Guittaut M, Camuzeaux B, Dujardin D, Hauss C, Oelgeschläger T, Vigneron M, Kedinger C, Chatton B. Sumoylation delays the ATF7 transcription factor subcellular localization and inhibits its transcriptional activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:1134-44. [PMID: 17264123 PMCID: PMC1851647 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification has emerged as an important regulator of diverse pathways and activities including protein localization and transcriptional regulation. We identified a consensus sumoylation motif (IKEE), located within the N-terminal activation domain of the ATF7 transcription factor and thus investigated the role of this modification. ATF7 is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor, homologous to ATF2, that binds to CRE elements within specific promoters. This protein is able to heterodimerize with Jun or Fos proteins and its transcriptional activity is mediated by interaction with TAF12, a subunit of the general transcription factor TFIID. In the present article, we demonstrate that ATF7 is sumoylated in vitro (using RanBP2 as a E3-specific ligase) and in vivo. Moreover, we show that ATF7 sumoylation affects its intranuclear localization by delaying its entry into the nucleus. Furthermore, SUMO conjugation inhibits ATF7 transactivation activity by (i) impairing its association with TAF12 and (ii) blocking its binding-to-specific sequences within target promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Jacques Hamard
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Michaël Boyer-Guittaut
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Barbara Camuzeaux
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Denis Dujardin
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Charlotte Hauss
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Thomas Oelgeschläger
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Marc Vigneron
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Claude Kedinger
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
| | - Bruno Chatton
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR7175 CNRS-ULP, BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg Illkirch Cedex, France and Transcription laboratory, Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, RH8 0TL, Surrey, England
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +(33) 390 244 787; Fax+(33) 390 244 770;
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Nystedt JM, Brandt A, Vilim FS, Ziff EB, Panula P. Identification of transcriptional regulators of neuropeptide FF gene expression. Peptides 2006; 27:1020-35. [PMID: 16515822 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) is an RF-amide peptide with pleiotropic functions in the mammalian central nervous system, including pain modulation, opiate interactions, cardiovascular regulation and neuroendocrine effects. To gain insights into the transcriptional mechanisms that regulate NPFF gene expression, we cloned and sequenced 9.8 and 1.5 kb of the mouse and rat NPFF 5'-flanking region, respectively. Regions with high sequence homology between mouse, rat and human were expected to have high probability to interact with regulatory proteins and were studied further. Electromobility shift assays revealed one region that may interact with the homeobox proteins Oct-1, PDX1, Pit-1 and MEIS and two consensus DRE sites that bind a nuclear protein, which was identified as the downstream regulatory element antagonistic modulator DREAM by supershift assays. The distribution of NPFF gene expression was examined in the mouse using in situ hybridization and RT-PCR. NPFF expression was also evident during mouse embryogenesis. A fixed transcription initiation site for the mouse NPFF gene was found. A novel splice variant with a retained intron of the NPFF gene was characterized. Chimeric luciferase reporter gene constructs for the mouse NPFF gene revealed a minimal promoter region and a region with transcriptional suppressor features. An NGF responsive area was found using mouse NPFF reporter gene constructs. We postulate that Oct-1, PDX1, Pit-1, MEIS and DREAM are likely transcriptional regulators of NPFF gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Nystedt
- Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Biocity 2. floor, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Hamard PJ, Dalbies-Tran R, Hauss C, Davidson I, Kedinger C, Chatton B. A functional interaction between ATF7 and TAF12 that is modulated by TAF4. Oncogene 2005; 24:3472-83. [PMID: 15735663 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ATF7 proteins, which are members of the cyclic AMP responsive binding protein (CREB)/activating transcription factor (ATF) family of transcription factors, display quite versatile properties: they can interact with the adenovirus E1a oncoprotein, mediating part of its transcriptional activity; they heterodimerize with the Jun, Fos or related transcription factors, likely modulating their DNA-binding specificity; they also recruit to the promoter a stress-induced protein kinase (JNK2). In the present study, we investigate the functional relationships of ATF7 with hsTAF12 (formerly hsTAF(II)20/15), which has originally been identified as a component of the general transcription factor TFIID. We show that overexpression of hsTAF12 potentiates ATF7-induced transcriptional activation through direct interaction with ATF7, suggesting that TAF12 is a functional partner of ATF7. In support of this conclusion, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirm the interaction of ATF7 with TAF12 on an ATF7-responsive promoter, in the absence of any artificial overexpression of both proteins. We also show that the TAF12-dependent transcriptional activation is competitively inhibited by TAF4. Although both TAF12 isoforms (TAF12-1 and -2, formerly TAF(II)20 and TAF(II)15) interact with the ATF7 activation region through their histone-fold domain, only the largest, hsTAF12-1, mediates transcriptional activation through its N-terminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Jacques Hamard
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Université Louis Pasteur, Parc d'innovation, UMR7100 CNRS-ULP, Bd. Sebastien Brant-BP10413, 67412 Strasbourg, Illkirch Cedex, France
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15
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Zhao C, Qi J, Meng A. Characterization and expression pattern of two zebrafishatf7 genes. Dev Dyn 2005; 233:1157-62. [PMID: 15906372 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the ATF/CREB (activating transcription factor/cAMP-responsive element binding protein) transcription factor family play diverse roles in controlling cell proliferation, apoptosis, and oncogenesis, as well as in embryonic development of vertebrates. We identified two zebrafish orthologs of human ATF7 gene: atf7a and atf7b. Whole-mount in situ hybridization shows that zebrafish atf7a is first expressed in the notochord precursors at 80% epiboly stage and then in the developing notochord during segmentation. The expression of atf7a is positively regulated by ntl, flh, and spr2, which are involved in development of the notochord. In contrast, atf7b is maternally expressed and during embryogenesis its mRNA is ubiquitously distributed, showing an expression pattern similar to that of mammalian Atf7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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16
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Stoilov P, Meshorer E, Gencheva M, Glick D, Soreq H, Stamm S. Defects in pre-mRNA processing as causes of and predisposition to diseases. DNA Cell Biol 2002; 21:803-18. [PMID: 12489991 DOI: 10.1089/104454902320908450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans possess a surprisingly low number of genes and intensively use pre-mRNA splicing to achieve the high molecular complexity needed to sustain normal body functions and facilitate responses to altered conditions. Because hundreds of thousands of proteins are generated by 25,000 to 40,000 genes, pre-mRNA processing events are highly important for the regulation of human gene expression. Both inherited and acquired defects in pre-mRNA processing are increasingly recognized as causes of human diseases, and almost all pre-mRNA processing events are controlled by a combination of protein factors. This makes defects in these processes likely candidates for causes of diseases with complicated inheritance patterns that affect seemingly unrelated functions. The elucidation of genetic mechanisms regulating pre-mRNA processing, combined with the development of drugs targeted at consensus RNA sequences and/or corresponding proteins, can lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stoilov
- University of Erlangen-Nurenberg, Institute of Biochemistry, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Hopfner R, Mousli M, Garnier JM, Redon R, du Manoir S, Chatton B, Ghyselinck N, Oudet P, Bronner C. Genomic structure and chromosomal mapping of the gene coding for ICBP90, a protein involved in the regulation of the topoisomerase IIalpha gene expression. Gene 2001; 266:15-23. [PMID: 11290415 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have recently identified a novel CCAAT box binding protein (ICBP90) involved in the regulation of topoisomerase IIalpha gene expression. We have observed that it is expressed in non-tumoral proliferating human lung fibroblast cells whereas in HeLa cells, a tumoral cell line, ICBP90 was still present even when cells were at confluence. In the present study, we have determined the ICBP90 gene structure by screening of a human placenta genomic library and PCR analysis. We report that the ICBP90 gene spans about 35.8 kb and contains six coding exons named A to F. In the 5' upstream sequence of the region containing the coding exons, two additional exons (I and II) were found. Additionally, an internal splicing site was found in exon A. A promoter region, including three putative Sp1 binding sites between exons I and A, was identified by transient transfection. Northern blot analysis of several cancer cell lines revealed the existence of two ICBP90 mRNA species of 5.1 and 4.3 kb that are transcribed from the gene. The relative amounts of these mRNAs depended on the cell type. In MOLT-4 cells and Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells, the 4.3 kb or the 5.1 kb transcripts were mainly observed, respectively. In other cell lines, such as HL-60 cells, chronic myelogenous leukaemia K-562, lung carcinoma A549, HeLa or colorectal SW480, both 4.3 and 5.1 kb forms of ICBP90 mRNA could be detected. Interestingly, western blot analysis showed several ICBP90 protein bands in HeLa but only a single band in MOLT-4 cell extracts. Taken together our results are consistent with the ICBP90 gene exhibiting alternative splicing and promoter usage in a cell-specific manner.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins/genetics
- COS Cells
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/genetics
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/isolation & purification
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Exons
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Genes/genetics
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Introns
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- K562 Cells
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hopfner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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18
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Treves S, Feriotto G, Moccagatta L, Gambari R, Zorzato F. Molecular cloning, expression, functional characterization, chromosomal localization, and gene structure of junctate, a novel integral calcium binding protein of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum membrane. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:39555-68. [PMID: 11007777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005473200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening a cDNA library from human skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle with a cDNA probe derived from junctin led to the isolation of two groups of cDNA clones. The first group displayed a deduced amino acid sequence that is 84% identical to that of dog heart junctin, whereas the second group had a single open reading frame that encoded a polypeptide with a predicted mass of 33 kDa, whose first 78 NH(2)-terminal residues are identical to junctin whereas its COOH terminus domain is identical to aspartyl beta-hydroxylase, a member of the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family. We named the latter amino acid sequence junctate. Northern blot analysis indicates that junctate is expressed in a variety of human tissues including heart, pancreas, brain, lung, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis revealed that the genetic loci of junctin and junctate map to the same cytogenetic band on human chromosome 8. Analysis of intron/exon boundaries of the genomic BAC clones demonstrate that junctin, junctate, and aspartyl beta-hydroxylase result from alternative splicing of the same gene. The predicted lumenal portion of junctate is enriched in negatively charged residues and is able to bind calcium. Scatchard analysis of equilibrium (45)Ca(2+) binding in the presence of a physiological concentration of KCl demonstrate that junctate binds 21.0 mol of Ca(2+)/mol protein with a k(D) of 217 +/- 20 microm (n = 5). Tagging recombinant junctate with green fluorescent protein and expressing the chimeric polypeptide in COS-7-transfected cells indicates that junctate is located in endoplasmic reticulum membranes and that its presence increases the peak amplitude and transient calcium released by activation of surface membrane receptors coupled to InsP(3) receptor activation. Our study shows that alternative splicing of the same gene generates the following functionally distinct proteins: an enzyme (aspartyl beta-hydroxylase), a structural protein of SR (junctin), and a membrane-bound calcium binding protein (junctate).
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- COS Cells
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Chromatography
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Exons
- Gene Library
- Glutathione Transferase
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Intracellular Membranes/metabolism
- Introns
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Microsomes/metabolism
- Mixed Function Oxygenases/chemistry
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Proteins/chemistry
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Potassium Chloride/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rabbits
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Sepharose/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Time Factors
- Tissue Distribution
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- S Treves
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Research, Hebelstrasse 20, Kantonsspital, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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19
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De Graeve F, Bahr A, Chatton B, Kedinger C. A murine ATFa-associated factor with transcriptional repressing activity. Oncogene 2000; 19:1807-19. [PMID: 10777215 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ATFa proteins, which are members of the CREB/ATF family of transcription factors, have previously been shown to interact with the adenovirus E1a oncoprotein and to mediate its transcriptional activity; they heterodimerize with Jun, Fos or related transcription factors, possibly altering their DNA-binding specificity; they also stably bind JNK2, a stress-induced protein kinase. Here we report the identification and characterization of a novel protein isolated in a yeast two-hybrid screen using the N-terminal half of ATFa as a bait. This 1306-residue protein (mAM, for mouse ATFa-associated Modulator) is rather acidic (pHi 4.5) and contains high proportions of Ser/Thr (21%) and Pro (11%) residues. It colocalizes and interacts with ATFa in mammalian cells, contains a bipartite nuclear localization signal and possesses an ATPase activity. Transfection experiments show that mAM is able to downregulate transcriptional activity, in an ATPase-independent manner. Our results indicate that mAM interacts with several components of the basal transcription machinery (TFIIE and TFIIH), including RNAPII itself. Together, these findings suggest that mAM may be involved in the fine-tuning of ATFa-regulated gene expression, by interfering with the assembly or stability of specific preinitiation transcription complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Graeve
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Illkirch, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, France
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20
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De Graeve F, Bahr A, Sabapathy KT, Hauss C, Wagner EF, Kedinger C, Chatton B. Role of the ATFa/JNK2 complex in Jun activation. Oncogene 1999; 18:3491-500. [PMID: 10376527 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ATFa proteins, which are members of the CREB/ATF family of transcription factors, display quite versatile properties. We have previously shown that they interact with the adenovirus E1a oncoprotein, mediating part of its transcriptional activity and heterodimerize with the Jun, Fos or related transcription factors, thereby modulating their DNA-binding specificity. In the present study, we report the sequence requirement of the N-terminal activation domain of ATFa and demonstrate the importance of specific threonine residues (Thr51 and Thr53) in addition to that of the metal-binding domain, in transcriptional activation processes. We also show that the N-terminal domain of ATFa which stably binds the Jun N-terminal kinase-2 (JNK2) (Bocco et al., 1996), is not a substrate for this kinase in vivo but, instead, serves as a JNK2-docking site for ATFa-associated partners like JunD, allowing them to be phosphorylated by the bound kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Graeve
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM/CNRS/ULP, Illkirch, CU de Strasbourg, France
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21
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Velmurugan S, Ahn YT, Yang XM, Wu XL, Jayaram M. The 2 micrometer plasmid stability system: analyses of the interactions among plasmid- and host-encoded components. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:7466-77. [PMID: 9819432 PMCID: PMC109327 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.12.7466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable inheritance of the 2 micrometer plasmid in a growing population of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dependent on two plasmid-encoded proteins (Rep1p and Rep2p), together with the cis-acting locus REP3 (STB). In this study we demonstrate that short carboxy-terminal deletions of Rep1p and Rep2p severely diminish their normal capacity to localize to the yeast nucleus. The nuclear targeting, as well as their functional role in plasmid partitioning, can be restored by the addition of a nuclear localization sequence to the amino or the carboxy terminus of the shortened Rep proteins. Analyses of deletion derivatives of the Rep proteins by using the in vivo dihybrid genetic test in yeast, as well as by glutathione S-transferase fusion trapping assays in vitro demonstrate that the amino-terminal portion of Rep1p (ca. 150 amino acids long) is responsible for its interactions with Rep2p. In a monohybrid in vivo assay, we have identified Rep1p, Rep2p, and a host-encoded protein, Shf1p, as being capable of interacting with the STB locus. The Shf1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli can bind with high specificity to the STB sequence in vitro. In a yeast strain deleted for the SHF1 locus, a 2 micrometer circle-derived plasmid shows relatively poor stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Velmurugan
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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22
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Gopalkrishnan RV, Lam EW, Kedinger C. The p53 tumor suppressor inhibits transcription of the TATA-less mouse DP1 promoter. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:10972-8. [PMID: 9556576 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.18.10972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle progression is subject to several regulatory controls, of which the p53 protein plays a major role in growth arrest, subsequent to the detection of cellular aberrations. It is well documented that p53 has the ability to inhibit transcription driven by several promoters, possibly via distinct mechanisms. In this report, we show that expression of the cell cycle regulatory transcription factor DP1 is strongly inhibited by p53, at the level of transcription and probably through the basal TATA-less promoter. This inhibitory activity has a relative specificity for the DP1 promoter compared with the functionally related E2F1 promoter or unrelated promoters such as those of the transcription factor ATFa or the thymidine kinase gene. Inhibition of DP1 transcription has implications in one of the several possible mechanisms through which p53 induces cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Gopalkrishnan
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS/INSERM, University Louis Pasteur), F-67404 Illkirch Cedex C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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23
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Lutz P, Rosa-Calatrava M, Kedinger C. The product of the adenovirus intermediate gene IX is a transcriptional activator. J Virol 1997; 71:5102-9. [PMID: 9188576 PMCID: PMC191744 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.7.5102-5109.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the functional properties of the product of the adenovirus type 5 gene IX. This gene, which is expressed at intermediate times postinfection, encodes a small polypeptide (pIX) of 140 residues that has previously been shown to be incorporated into the viral capsid. Here, we show that pIX, in addition to its structural contribution, exhibits transcriptional properties. In transient transfection experiments, expression of pIX stimulated adenovirus major late promoter activity. The effect was independent of other viral proteins, but the level of promoter activation appeared strongly pIX dose dependent; similar levels of induction were observed with other cellular or viral TATA-containing (but not with TATA-less) promoters. This promoter specificity could be reproduced in a cell-free transcription system by the addition of purified recombinant pIX, further stressing the transcriptional nature of the phenomenon. A preliminary structural analysis of pIX indicated that the integrity of a putative leucine zipper at the carboxy-terminal end of the molecule, as well as elements within the amino-terminal half, was critical for pIX transcriptional activity. The relevance of these findings in adenovirus infection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lutz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS/INSERM/ULP), Illkirch, C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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