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Iglesias R, Russo R, Landi N, Valletta M, Chambery A, Di Maro A, Bolognesi A, Ferreras JM, Citores L. Structure and Biological Properties of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins and Lectins from Elder (Sambucus nigra L.) Leaves. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090611. [PMID: 36136551 PMCID: PMC9503024 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a group of proteins with rRNA N-glycosylase activity that catalyze the removal of a specific adenine located in the sarcin–ricin loop of the large ribosomal RNA, which leads to the irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis and, consequently, cell death. The case of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) is unique, since more than 20 RIPs and related lectins have been isolated and characterized from the flowers, seeds, fruits, and bark of this plant. However, these kinds of proteins have never been isolated from elderberry leaves. In this work, we have purified RIPs and lectins from the leaves of this shrub, studying their main physicochemical characteristics, sequences, and biological properties. In elderberry leaves, we found one type 2 RIP and two related lectins that are specific for galactose, four type 2 RIPs that fail to agglutinate erythrocytes, and one type 1 RIP. Several of these proteins are homologous to others found elsewhere in the plant. The diversity of RIPs and lectins in the different elderberry tissues, and the different biological activities of these proteins, which have a high degree of homology with each other, constitute an excellent source of proteins that are of great interest in diagnostics, experimental therapy, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosita Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Mariangela Valletta
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (L.C.)
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.F.); (L.C.)
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Iglesias R, Ferreras JM, Llorente A, Citores L. Ebulin l Is Internalized in Cells by Both Clathrin-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms and Does Not Require Clathrin or Dynamin for Intoxication. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020102. [PMID: 33573355 PMCID: PMC7911328 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebulin l is an A-B toxin, and despite the presence of a B chain, this toxin displays much less toxicity to cells than the potent A-B toxin ricin. Here, we studied the binding, mechanisms of endocytosis, and intracellular pathway followed by ebulin l and compared it with ricin. COS-1 cells and HeLa cells with inducible synthesis of a mutant dynamin (K44A) were used in this study. The transport of these toxins was measured using radioactively or fluorescently labeled toxins. The data show that ebulin l binds to cells to a lesser extent than ricin. Moreover, the expression of mutant dynamin does not affect the endocytosis, degradation, or toxicity of ebulin l. However, the inhibition of clathrin-coated pit formation by acidification of the cytosol reduced ebulin l endocytosis but not toxicity. Remarkably, unlike ricin, ebulin l is not transported through the Golgi apparatus to intoxicate the cells and ebulin l induces apoptosis as the predominant cell death mechanism. Therefore, after binding to cells, ebulin l is taken up by clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis into the endosomal/lysosomal system, but there is no apparent role for clathrin and dynamin in productive intracellular routing leading to intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (J.M.F.)
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Alicia Llorente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering Art and Design, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (J.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Mishra A, Behura A, Mawatwal S, Kumar A, Naik L, Mohanty SS, Manna D, Dokania P, Mishra A, Patra SK, Dhiman R. Structure-function and application of plant lectins in disease biology and immunity. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 134:110827. [PMID: 31542433 PMCID: PMC7115788 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are proteins with a high degree of stereospecificity to recognize various sugar structures and form reversible linkages upon interaction with glyco-conjugate complexes. These are abundantly found in plants, animals and many other species and are known to agglutinate various blood groups of erythrocytes. Further, due to the unique carbohydrate recognition property, lectins have been extensively used in many biological functions that make use of protein-carbohydrate recognition like detection, isolation and characterization of glycoconjugates, histochemistry of cells and tissues, tumor cell recognition and many more. In this review, we have summarized the immunomodulatory effects of plant lectins and their effects against diseases, including antimicrobial action. We found that many plant lectins mediate its microbicidal activity by triggering host immune responses that result in the release of several cytokines followed by activation of effector mechanism. Moreover, certain lectins also enhance the phagocytic activity of macrophages during microbial infections. Lectins along with heat killed microbes can act as vaccine to provide long term protection from deadly microbes. Hence, lectin based therapy can be used as a better substitute to fight microbial diseases efficiently in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abtar Mishra
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Assirbad Behura
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Shradha Mawatwal
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Lincoln Naik
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Subhashree Subhasmita Mohanty
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Debraj Manna
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Puja Dokania
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342011, India
| | - Samir K Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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Ebulin-RP, a novel member of the Ebulin gene family with low cytotoxicity as a result of deficient sugar binding domains. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:460-473. [PMID: 29154940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sambucus ebulus is a rich source of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) and RIP-related lectins generated from multiple genes. These proteins differ in their structure, enzymatic activity and sugar binding specificity. METHODS We have purified and characterized ebulin-RP from S. ebulus leaves and determined the amino acid sequence by cDNA cloning. Cytotoxicity was studied in a variety of cancer cells and a comparative study of the ability of ebulin-RP to bind sugars using "in vitro" and "in silico" approaches was performed. RESULTS Ebulin-RP is a novel heterodimeric type 2 RIP present in S. ebulus leaves together with the type 2 RIP ebulin l, which displayed rRNA N-glycosidase activity but unlike ebulin l, lacked functional sugar binding domains. As a consequence of changes in its B-chain, ebulin-RP displayed lower cytotoxicity than ebulin l towards cancer cells and induced apoptosis as the predominant pattern of cell death. CONCLUSIONS Ebulin-RP is a novel member of the ebulin gene family with low cytotoxicity as a result of deficient sugar binding domains. Type 2 RIP genes from Sambucus have evolved to render proteins with different sugar affinities that may be related to different biological activities and could result in an advantage for the plant. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The ebulin family of RIPs and lectins can serve as a good model for studying the evolutionary process which may have occurred in RIPs. The lack of cytotoxicity of ebulin-RP makes it a good candidate as a toxic moiety in the construction of immunotoxins and conjugates directed against specific targets.
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Gnanesh Kumar BS, Surolia A. Site specific N-glycan profiling of NeuAc(α2-6)-Gal/GalNAc-binding bark Sambucus nigra agglutinin using LC–MSn revealed differential glycosylation. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:907-915. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shang C, Chen Q, Dell A, Haslam SM, De Vos WH, Van Damme EJM. The Cytotoxicity of Elderberry Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins Is Not Solely Determined by Their Protein Translation Inhibition Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132389. [PMID: 26148207 PMCID: PMC4493096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the protein translation inhibition activity of ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) is well documented, little is known about the contribution of the lectin chain to the biological activity of these proteins. In this study, we compared the in vitro and intracellular activity of several S. nigra (elderberry) RIPs and non-RIP lectins. Our data demonstrate that RIPs from elderberry are much more toxic to HeLa cells than to primary fibroblasts. Differences in the cytotoxicity between the elderberry proteins correlated with differences in glycan specificity of their lectin domain, cellular uptake efficiency and intracellular destination. Despite the fact that the bulk of the RIPs accumulated in the lysosomes and partly in the Golgi apparatus, we could demonstrate effective inhibition of protein synthesis in cellula. As we also observed cytotoxicity for non-RIP lectins, it is clear that the lectin chain triggers additional pathways heralding cell death. Our data suggest that one of these pathways involves the induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Shang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qiushi Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Winnok H. De Vos
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Schrot J, Weng A, Melzig MF. Ribosome-inactivating and related proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1556-615. [PMID: 26008228 PMCID: PMC4448163 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that act as N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22). They are mainly produced by plants and classified as type 1 RIPs and type 2 RIPs. There are also RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be grouped into the classical type 1 and type 2 RIPs because of their different sizes, structures or functions. In addition, there is still not a uniform nomenclature or classification existing for RIPs. In this review, we give the current status of all known plant RIPs and we make a suggestion about how to unify those RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be classified as type 1 or type 2 RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schrot
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Tejero J, Jiménez P, Quinto EJ, Cordoba-Diaz D, Garrosa M, Cordoba-Diaz M, Gayoso MJ, Girbés T. Elderberries: a source of ribosome-inactivating proteins with lectin activity. Molecules 2015; 20:2364-87. [PMID: 25647575 PMCID: PMC6272206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sambucus (Adoxaceae) species have been used for both food and medicine purposes. Among these, Sambucus nigra L. (black elder), Sambucus ebulus L. (dwarf elder), and Sambucus sieboldiana L. are the most relevant species studied. Their use has been somewhat restricted due to the presence of bioactive proteins or/and low molecular weight compounds whose ingestion could trigger deleterious effects. Over the last few years, the chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Sambucus species have been investigated. Among the proteins present in Sambucus species both type 1, and type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), and hololectins have been reported. The biological role played by these proteins remains unknown, although they are conjectured to be involved in defending plants against insect predators and viruses. These proteins might have an important impact on the nutritional characteristics and food safety of elderberries. Type 2 RIPs are able to interact with gut cells of insects and mammals triggering a number of specific and mostly unknown cell signals in the gut mucosa that could significantly affect animal physiology. In this paper, we describe all known RIPs that have been isolated to date from Sambucus species, and comment on their antiviral and entomotoxic effects, as well as their potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Tejero
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Nutrición, Alimentación y Dietética (CINAD), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Nutrición, Alimentación y Dietética (CINAD), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Emiliano J Quinto
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Nutrición, Alimentación y Dietética (CINAD), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Damián Cordoba-Diaz
- Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Manuel Garrosa
- Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina and Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Manuel Cordoba-Diaz
- Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto Universitario de Farmacia Industrial (IUFI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Manuel J Gayoso
- Biología Celular, Histología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina and Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
| | - Tomás Girbés
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Medicina and Centro de Investigación en Nutrición, Alimentación y Dietética (CINAD), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain.
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Shang C, Van Damme EJM. Comparative analysis of carbohydrate binding properties of Sambucus nigra lectins and ribosome-inactivating proteins. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:345-54. [PMID: 24853865 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-014-9527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past three decades a lot of research has been done on the extended family of carbohydrate-binding proteins from Sambucus nigra, including several so-called type 2 RIPs as well as hololectins. Although all these proteins have been studied for their carbohydrate-binding properties using hapten inhibition assays, detailed carbohydrate specificity studies have only been performed for a few Sambucus proteins. In particular SNA-I, has been studied extensively. Because of its unique binding characteristics this lectin was developed as an important tool in glycoconjugate research to detect sialic acid containing glycoconjugates. At present much less information is available with respect to the detailed carbohydrate binding specificity of other S. nigra lectins and RIPs, and as a consequence their applications remain limited. In this paper we report a comparative analysis of several lectins from S. nigra using the glycan microarray technology. Ultimately a better understanding of the ligands for each lectin can contribute to new/more applications for these lectins in glycoconjugate research. Furthermore, the data from glycan microarray analyses combined with the previously obtained sequence information can help to explain how evolution within a single lectin family eventually yielded a set of carbohydrate-binding proteins with a very broad specificity range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Shang
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Lab of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Ulbricht C, Basch E, Cheung L, Goldberg H, Hammerness P, Isaac R, Khalsa KPS, Romm A, Rychlik I, Varghese M, Weissner W, Windsor RC, Wortley J. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Elderberry and Elderflower (Sambucus nigra) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2014; 11:80-120. [DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2013.859852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Anacardium occidentale Bark Lectin: Purification, Immobilization as an Affinity Model and Influence in the Uptake of Technetium-99M by Rat Adipocytes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:580-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Das MK, Sharma RS, Mishra V. A cytotoxic type-2 ribosome inactivating protein (from leafless mistletoe) lacking sugar binding activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:1096-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Glycan arrays to decipher the specificity of plant lectins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 705:757-67. [PMID: 21618139 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ferreras JM, Citores L, Iglesias R, Jiménez P, Girbés T. Use of ribosome-inactivating proteins from Sambucus for the construction of immunotoxins and conjugates for cancer therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:420-41. [PMID: 22069717 PMCID: PMC3202832 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3050420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) isolated from some species belonging to the Sambucus genus, have the characteristic that although being even more active than ricin inhibiting protein synthesis in cell-free extracts, they lack the high toxicity of ricin and related type 2 RIPs to intact cells and animals. This is due to the fact that after internalization, they follow a different intracellular pathway that does not allow them to reach the cytosolic ribosomes. The lack of toxicity of type 2 RIPs from Sambucus make them good candidates as toxic moieties in the construction of immunotoxins and conjugates directed against specific targets. Up to now they have been conjugated with either transferrin or anti-CD105 to target either transferrin receptor- or endoglin-overexpressing cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (R.I.)
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (R.I.)
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (R.I.)
| | - Pilar Jiménez
- Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Medicine, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain; (P.J.); (T.G.)
| | - Tomás Girbés
- Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Medicine, E-47005 Valladolid, Spain; (P.J.); (T.G.)
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Production of Active Nonglycosylated Recombinant B-Chain of Type-2 Ribosome-Inactivating Protein from Viscum articulatum and Its Biological Effects on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:283747. [PMID: 21584270 PMCID: PMC3092231 DOI: 10.1155/2011/283747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type-2 ribosome-inactivating proteins, composed of a toxic A-chain and lectin-like B-chain, display various biological functions, including cytotoxicity and immunomodulation. We here cloned the lectin-like B-chain encoding fragment of a newly identified type-2 RIP gene, articulatin gene, from Viscum articulatum, into a bacterial expression vector to obtain nonglycosylated recombinant protein expressed in inclusion bodies. After purification and protein refolding, soluble refolded recombinant articulatin B-chain (rATB) showed lectin activity specific toward galactoside moiety and was stably maintained while stored in low ionic strength solution. Despite lacking glycosylation, rATB actively bound leukocytes with preferential binding to monocytes and in vitro stimulated PBMCs to release cytokines without obvious cytotoxicity. These results implicated such a B-chain fragment as a potential immunomodulator.
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Kawade K, Ishizaki T, Masuda K. Differential expression of ribosome-inactivating protein genes during somatic embryogenesis in spinach (Spinacia oleracea). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2008; 134:270-281. [PMID: 18494862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Root segments from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Jiromaru) seedlings form embryogenic callus (EC) that responded to exogenous GA(3) by accumulating a 31-kDa glycoprotein [BP31 or S. oleracea ribosome-inactivating protein (EC 3.2.2.22) (SoRIP1)] in association with the expression of embryogenic potential. Microsequencing of this protein revealed significant similarity with type 1 RIPs. We identified cDNAs for SoRIP1 and S. oleracea RIP2 (SoRIP2), a novel RIP having a consensus shiga/ricin toxic domain and performed a comparative analysis of the expression of SoRIPs during somatic embryogenesis. Western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that the expression of SoRIP1 in calli increased remarkably in association with the acquisition of embryogenic potential, although the expression in somatic embryos decreased moderately with their development. However, the expression of SoRIP2 in calli remained low and constant but increased markedly with the development of somatic embryos. Treatment of callus with GA(3) and/or ABA for 24 h, or with ABA for a longer period, failed to stimulate the expression of either gene. Immunohistochemistry showed that SoRIP1 preferentially accumulated in the proembryos and peripheral meristem of somatic embryos early in development. Appreciable expression of SoRIP2 was not detected in the callus, but intense expression was found in the epidermis of somatic embryos. These results suggest that the expression of spinach RIP genes is differentially regulated in a development-dependent fashion during somatic embryogenesis in spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kawade
- Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Department of Agrobiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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18
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Van Damme EJM, Culerrier R, Barre A, Alvarez R, Rougé P, Peumans WJ. A novel family of lectins evolutionarily related to class V chitinases: an example of neofunctionalization in legumes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 144:662-72. [PMID: 17098856 PMCID: PMC1914163 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.087981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A lectin has been identified in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) bark that shares approximately 50% sequence identity with plant class V chitinases but is essentially devoid of chitinase activity. Specificity studies indicated that the black locust chitinase-related agglutinin (RobpsCRA) preferentially binds to high-mannose N-glycans comprising the proximal pentasaccharide core structure. Closely related orthologs of RobpsCRA could be identified in the legumes Glycine max, Medicago truncatula, and Lotus japonicus but in no other plant species, suggesting that this novel lectin family most probably evolved in an ancient legume species or possibly an earlier ancestor. This identification of RobpsCRA not only illustrates neofunctionalization in plants, but also provides firm evidence that plants are capable of developing a sugar-binding domain from an existing structural scaffold with a different activity and accordingly sheds new light on the molecular evolution of plant lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Szalai K, Schöll I, Förster-Waldl E, Polito L, Bolognesi A, Untersmayr E, Riemer AB, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Stirpe F, Jensen-Jarolim E. Occupational sensitization to ribosome-inactivating proteins in researchers. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:1354-60. [PMID: 16238796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are expressed in many plants. Because of their anti-infectious and anti-proliferative effects, intensive research is going on for applying these toxins in therapy against viral infections or malignancies. Recently, we demonstrated that type I allergy against RIPs from elderberry can occur. OBJECTIVE Stimulated by our study, a group of RIP researchers reported that some of the employees had suspected allergy to RIPs. METHODS AND RESULTS We tested their sera in ELISA on natural RIPs. Specific IgE in four subjects were found against dianthin30, gelonin, momordin, PAP-S, saporin, ricin and volkensin. In contrast, asparin and lychnin did not show any IgE binding. When separating extracts of plants containing the toxins in SDS-PAGE, RIPs appeared to be the predominant constituents. Interestingly, among the other plant proteins, they were exclusively recognized by IgE in immunoblot. RIPs derived from close botanical families share high sequence homologies. Nevertheless, in IgE inhibition experiments with human sera, cross-reactivity between RIPs also derived from non-related plants could be demonstrated. CONCLUSION We conclude that sensitization and IgE induction to RIPs may occur upon exposure. This has to be considered when applying them in therapy against malignancies or viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Szalai
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Children's Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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20
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Barbieri L, Ciani M, Girbés T, Liu WY, Van Damme EJM, Peumans WJ, Stirpe F. Enzymatic activity of toxic and non-toxic type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins. FEBS Lett 2004; 563:219-22. [PMID: 15063752 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 12/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) display adenine polynucleotide glycosylase activity on different nucleic acid substrates, which at the ribosomal level is responsible for the arrest of protein synthesis. Some type 2 RIPs, namely ricin and related proteins, are extremely toxic to mammalian cells and animals whilst other type 2 RIPs (non-toxic type 2 RIPs) display three to four logs less toxicity. We studied whether a correlation exists between toxicity on cells and enzymatic activity on nucleic acids. All type 2 RIPs differ in their depurinating activity on the different substrates with differences of up to one to two logs. The toxicity of type 2 RIPs is independent of their enzymatic activity on nucleic acids or on ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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21
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Bokesch HR, Charan RD, Meragelman KM, Beutler JA, Gardella R, O'Keefe BR, McKee TC, McMahon JB. Isolation and characterization of anti-HIV peptides fromDorstenia contrajervaandTreculia obovoidea. FEBS Lett 2004; 567:287-90. [PMID: 15178338 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Revised: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Using a high throughput screen based on the interaction of the HIV-1 gp41 ectodomain with the virucidal protein cyanovirin-N (CV-N), we isolated two new peptides which inhibited the binding of CV-N to gp41 and which subsequently showed anti-HIV activity in a whole cell assay. A 5-kDa (contrajervin) and 10 kDa (treculavirin) peptide were isolated from Dorstenia contrajerva and Treculia obovoidea, respectively. Treculavirin was composed of two subunits, each containing 50 amino acid residues, which are covalently linked by at least one disulfide bond between the subunits. Both peptides were shown to bind to gp41 and gp120 and to inhibit the cytopathic effects of HIV-1(RF) infection in a human T-lymphoblastoid cell line (CEM-SS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi R Bokesch
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, and Molecular Targets Development Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, MD 21702-1201, USA
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22
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Vandenbussche F, Desmyter S, Ciani M, Proost P, Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJM. Analysis of the in planta antiviral activity of elderberry ribosome-inactivating proteins. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2004; 271:1508-15. [PMID: 15066176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the type-2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (SNA-I, SNA-V, SNLRP) from elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) are all devoid of rRNA N-glycosylase activity towards plant ribosomes, some of them clearly show polynucleotide-adenosine glycosylase activity towards tobacco mosaic virus RNA. This particular substrate specificity was exploited to further unravel the mechanism underlying the in planta antiviral activity of ribosome-inactivating proteins. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Samsun NN) plants expressing the elderberry ribosome-inactivating proteins were generated and challenged with tobacco mosaic virus in order to analyze their antiviral properties. Although some transgenic plants clearly showed antiviral activity, no clear correlation was observed between in planta antiviral activity of transgenic tobacco lines expressing the different ribosome-inactivating proteins and the in vitro polynucleotide-adenosine glycosylase activity of the respective proteins towards tobacco mosaic virus genomic RNA. However, our results suggest that the in planta antiviral activity of some ribosome-inactivating proteins may rely on a direct mechanism on the virus. In addition, it is evident that the working mechanism proposed for pokeweed antiviral protein cannot be extrapolated to elderberry ribosome-inactivating proteins because the expression of SNA-V is not accompanied by induction of pathogenesis-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Vandenbussche
- Laboratory for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Förster-Waldl E, Marchetti M, Schöll I, Focke M, Radauer C, Kinaciyan T, Nentwich I, Jäger S, Schmid ER, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Scheiner O, Jensen-Jarolim E. Type I allergy to elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is elicited by a 33.2 kDa allergen with significant homology to ribosomal inactivating proteins. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 33:1703-10. [PMID: 14656358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2003.01811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients suffering from allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and dyspnoea during summer may exhibit these symptoms after contact with flowers or dietary products of the elderberry tree Sambucus nigra. OBJECTIVE Patients with a history of summer hayfever were tested in a routine setting for sensitization to elderberry. Nine patients having allergic symptoms due to elderberry and specific sensitization were investigated in detail. We studied the responsible allergens in extracts from elderberry pollen, flowers and berries, and investigated cross-reactivity with allergens from birch, grass and mugwort. METHODS Sera from patients were tested for IgE reactivity to elderberry proteins by one-dimensional (1D) and 2D electrophoresis/immunoblotting. Inhibition studies with defined allergens and elderberry-specific antibodies were used to evaluate cross-reactivity. The main elderberry allergen was purified by gel filtration and reversed-phase HPLC, and subjected to mass spectrometry. The in-gel-digested allergen was analysed by the MS/MS sequence analysis and peptide mapping. The N-terminal sequence of the predominant allergen was analysed. RESULTS 0.6% of 3668 randomly tested patients showed positive skin prick test and/or RAST to elderberry. IgE in patients' sera detected a predominant allergen of 33.2 kDa in extracts from elderberry pollen, flowers and berries, with an isoelectric point at pH 7.0. Pre-incubation of sera with extracts from birch, mugwort or grass pollen rendered insignificant or no inhibition of IgE binding to blotted elderberry proteins. Specific mouse antisera reacted exclusively with proteins from elderberry. N-terminal sequence analysis, as well as MS/MS spectrometry of the purified elderberry allergen, indicated homology with ribosomal inactivating proteins (RIPs). CONCLUSION We present evidence that the elderberry plant S. nigra harbours allergenic potency. Independent methodologies argue for a significant homology of the predominant 33.2 kDa elderberry allergen with homology to RIPs. We conclude that this protein is a candidate for a major elderberry allergen with designation Sam n 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Förster-Waldl
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Vienna Medical School, Vienna, Austria
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Chen Y, Rouge P, Peumans WJ, van Damme EJM. Mutational analysis of the carbohydrate-binding activity of the NeuAc(alpha-2,6)Gal/GalNAc-specific type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein from elderberry (Sambucus nigra) fruits. Biochem J 2002; 364:587-92. [PMID: 12023903 PMCID: PMC1222605 DOI: 10.1042/bj20020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sambucus nigra agglutinin I (SNA-I) is a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to mimic the conversion of the highly active B-chain of fruit-specific SNA (SNA-If) into the completely inactive B-chain of the closely related and naturally occurring loss-of-activity mutant called S. nigra agglutinin lectin-related protein. In the first mutant SNA-If-M1 the high-affinity site 2 of SNA-If was disrupted by replacing the presumed critical residue Asp231 with Glu231. In the double mutant SNA-If-M2, site 1 of SNA-If-M1 was also disrupted by substituting the presumed critical residue Asn48 with Ser48. The parent type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein and both mutants were expressed in Nicotiana tabacum Samsun NN and the recombinant proteins were purified and analysed. Recombinant SNA-If agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes equally well as SNA-If, but both mutants were completely inactive in this test. Binding assays to immobilized galactose and fetuin revealed that the mutation Asp231-->Glu231 reduces the affinity of the B-chain for galactose and fetuin by more than 50%. Furthermore, the introduction of the second mutation Asn48-->Ser48 reduces the binding activity to less than 20% of the original activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Laboratory for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Chen Y, Vandenbussche F, Rougé P, Proost P, Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJM. A complex fruit-specific type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein from elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is correctly processed and assembled in transgenic tobacco plants. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:2897-906. [PMID: 12071953 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.02962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fruits of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) express small quantities of a type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein with an exclusive specificity towards the NeuAc(alpha2,6)Gal/GalNAc disaccharide and a unique molecular structure typified by the occurrence of a disulfide bridge between the B-chains of two adjacent protomers. A cDNA clone encoding this so-called Sambucus nigra fruit specific agglutinin I (SNA-If) was isolated and expressed in tobacco (Samsun NN) under the control of the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter. Characterization of the purified protein indicated that the recombinant SNA-If from tobacco leaves has the same molecular structure and biological activities as native SNA-If from elderberry fruits, demonstrating that transgenic tobacco plants are fully capable of expressing and correctly processing and assembling a type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein with a complex molecular structure. None of the transformants showed a phenotypic effect, indicating that the ectopically expressed SNA-If does not affect the viability of the tobacco cells. Bioassays further demonstrated that none of the transgenic lines exhibited a decreased sensitivity to infection with tobacco mosaic virus suggesting that the elderberry type-2 RIP SNA-If does not act as an antiviral agent in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Laboratory for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Chen Y, Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJM. The Sambucus nigra type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein SNA-I' exhibits in planta antiviral activity in transgenic tobacco. FEBS Lett 2002; 516:27-30. [PMID: 11959096 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic tobacco (Samsun NN) plants transformed with a cDNA clone encoding SNA-I' from Sambucus nigra synthesize, and correctly process and assemble, a fully active type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein. Expression of SNA-I' under the control of the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter enhances the plant's resistance against infection with tobacco mosaic virus. In contrast to type-1 ribosome-inactivating proteins, the expression of SNA-I' does not affect the growth and fertility of the transgenic plants and is not accompanied by an increased expression of pathogenesis-related proteins indicating that its antiviral activity most probably differs from that of pokeweed antiviral protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Laboratory for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Xie L, Wang BZ, Hu RG, Ji HB, Zhang L, Liu WY. Structural and functional studies of cinnamomin, a new type II ribosome-inactivating protein isolated from the seeds of the camphor tree. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:5723-33. [PMID: 11722556 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamomin is a new type II ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP). Its A-chain exhibits RNA N-glycosidase activity to inactivate the ribosome and thus inhibit protein synthesis, whereas the glycosylated B-chain is a lectin. The primary structure of cinnamomin, which exhibits approximately 55% identity with those of ricin and abrin, was deduced from the nucleotide sequences of cDNAs of cinnamomin A- and B-chains. It is composed of a total of 549 amino-acid residues: 271 residues in the A-chain, a 14-residue linker and 264 residues in the B-chain. To explore its biological function, the cinnamomin A-chain was expressed in Escherichia coli with a yield of 100 mg per L of culture, and purified through two-step column chromatography. After renaturation, the recovery of the enzyme activity of the expressed A-chain was 80% of that of native A-chain. Based on the modeling of the three-dimensional structure of the A-chain, the functional roles of five amino acids and the only cysteine residues were investigated by site-directed mutagenesis or chemical modification. The conserved single mutation of the five amino-acid residues led to 8-50-fold losses of enzymatic activity, suggesting that these residues were crucial for maintaining the RNA N-glycosidase activity of the A-chain. Most interestingly, the strong electric charge introduced at the position of the single cysteine in A-chain seemed to play a role in enzyme/substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xie
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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28
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Desmyter S, Vandenbussche F, Van Damme EJ, Peumans WJ. Preparation of monospecific polyclonal antibodies against Sambucus nigra lectin related protein, a glycosylated plant protein. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2001; 31:209-16. [PMID: 11513087 DOI: 10.1081/pb-100104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A simple, but highly efficient, method was developed for the purification of monospecific antibodies against the plant glycoprotein Sambucus nigra lectin related protein. In a first step, the antiserum is purified by affinity chromatography on a column with the immobilized antigen. To deplete the affinity-purified antiserum from aspecific cross-reacting antibodies directed against the glycan part of the glycoprotein, a second affinity chromatography on an unrelated plant glycoprotein, in casu the Robinia pseudoacacia agglutinin, is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Desmyter
- Laboratory for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Peumans WJ, Van Damme EJ, Barre A, Rougé P. Classification of plant lectins in families of structurally and evolutionary related proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 491:27-54. [PMID: 14533788 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1267-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The majority of plant lectins can be classified in seven families of structurally and evolutionary related proteins. Within a given lectin family most but not necessarily all members are built up of protomers with a similar primary structure and overall 3-D fold. The overall structure of the native lectins is not only determined by the structure of the protomers but depends also on the degree of oligomerization and in some cases on the post-translational processing of the lectin precursors. In general, lectin families are fairly homogeneous for what concerns the overall specificity of the individual lectins, which illustrates that the 3-D structure of the binding site has been conserved during evolution. In the case of the jacalin-related lectins the occurrence of a mannose- and galactose-binding subfamily can be explained by the fact that a post-translational cleavage of the protomers (of the galactose-binding subfamily) yields a slightly altered binding site. Unlike the other families, the legume lectins display a wide range of specificites, which is clearly reflected in the occurrence of sugar-binding sites with a different 3-D structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Peumans
- Laboratory for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Van Damme EJ, Hao Q, Charels D, Barre A, Rougé P, Van Leuven F, Peumans WJ. Characterization and molecular cloning of two different type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins from the monocotyledonous plant Polygonatum multiflorum. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:2746-59. [PMID: 10785398 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leaves of the monocotyledonous plant Polygonatum multiflorum L. (Solomon's seal) contain besides a monocot mannose-binding lectin two galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine (Gal/GalNAc)-binding type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs). Both RIPs were purified using a combination of classical protein purification techniques and affinity chromatography. Although both RIPs consist of protomers of 65 kDa, the P. multiflorum RIP monomer (PMRIPm) occurs as a monomer of approximately 60 kDa, whereas the tetramer (PMRIPt) is a tetramer of 240 kDa. Both RIPs exhibit similar RNA N-glycosidase activity but differ in their specific agglutination activity and carbohydrate-binding specificity, PMRIPt being a GalNAc-specific lectin whereas PMRIPm is Gal/GalNAc-specific. Toxicity tests indicated that both Polygonatum RIPs exhibit a very low cytotoxicity towards human and animal cells. Analysis of the genomic clones encoding both RIPs revealed a high degree of sequence similarity to other type 2 RIPs. Molecular modelling confirmed that both Polygonatum RIPs have a similar structure to ricin.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Van Damme
- Laboratory for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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31
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Van Damme EJ, Hao Q, Barre A, Rougé P, Van Leuven F, Peumans WJ. Major protein of resting rhizomes of Calystegia sepium (hedge bindweed) closely resembles plant RNases but has no enzymatic activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 122:433-46. [PMID: 10677436 PMCID: PMC58880 DOI: 10.1104/pp.122.2.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/1999] [Accepted: 10/19/1999] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The most abundant protein of resting rhizomes of Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. (hedge bindweed) has been isolated and its corresponding cDNA cloned. The native protein consists of a single polypeptide of 212 amino acid residues and occurs as a mixture of glycosylated and unglycosylated isoforms. Both forms are derived from the same preproprotein containing a signal peptide and a C-terminal propeptide. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence indicated that the C. sepium protein shows high sequence identity and structural similarity with plant RNases. However, no RNase activity could be detected in highly purified preparations of the protein. This apparent lack of activity results most probably from the replacement of a conserved His residue, which is essential for the catalytic activity of plant RNases. Our findings not only demonstrate the occurrence of a catalytically inactive variant of an S-like RNase, but also provide further evidence that genes encoding storage proteins may have evolved from genes encoding enzymes or other biologically active proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Van Damme
- Laboratory for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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32
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Van Damme EJ, Charels D, Roy S, Tierens K, Barre A, Martins JC, Rougé P, Van Leuven F, Does M, Peumans WJ. A gene encoding a hevein-like protein from elderberry fruits is homologous to PR-4 and class V chitinase genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 119:1547-56. [PMID: 10198114 PMCID: PMC32040 DOI: 10.1104/pp.119.4.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/1998] [Accepted: 12/31/1998] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We isolated SN-HLPf (Sambucus nigra hevein-like fruit protein), a hevein-like chitin-binding protein, from mature elderberry fruits. Cloning of the corresponding gene demonstrated that SN-HLPf is synthesized as a chimeric precursor consisting of an N-terminal chitin-binding domain corresponding to the mature elderberry protein and an unrelated C-terminal domain. Sequence comparisons indicated that the N-terminal domain of this precursor has high sequence similarity with the N-terminal domain of class I PR-4 (pathogenesis-related) proteins, whereas the C terminus is most closely related to that of class V chitinases. On the basis of these sequence homologies the gene encoding SN-HLPf can be considered a hybrid between a PR-4 and a class V chitinase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Van Damme
- Laboratory for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Willem de Croylaan 42, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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de Benito FM, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM, Citores L, Camafeita E, Méndez E, Girbés T. Constitutive and inducible type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) in elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). FEBS Lett 1998; 428:75-9. [PMID: 9645479 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00496-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two novel highly basic type 1 (single chain) ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) with N-glycosidase activity have been found in elderberries (the fruits of Sambucus nigra L.). Mass spectrometry of these RIPs, which we named nigritins f1 and f2, gave Mr values of 24095 and 23 565, respectively. Both proteins strongly inhibited protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates but were inactive against plant ribosomes. Both nigritins have a similar topological activity on pBlueScript SK+ DNA as that displayed by dianthin 30. Nigritin f1 is a constitutive RIP since it is present in both green and mature intact elderberries at nearly the same proportion with respect to total fruit protein. By contrast, nigritin f2 is inducible and only appeared in mature intact elderberries. Elderberries also contain two isoforms of a basic nigrin equivalent to the recently found basic nigrin b in elder bark (De Benito et al., FEBS Letters 413 (1997) 85-91). Our results indicate that probably not all plant RIPs exert the same biological function and that this may be determined by the physiological state of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M de Benito
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
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Peumans WJ, Roy S, Barre A, Rouge P, van Leuven F, van Damme EJ. Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) contains truncated Neu5Ac(alpha-2,6)Gal/GalNAc-binding type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins. FEBS Lett 1998; 425:35-9. [PMID: 9541002 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of affinity-purified preparations of the fetuin-binding proteins from elderberry bark and fruits revealed besides the previously reported Neu5Ac(alpha-2,6)Gal/GalNAc-specific type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP) the occurrence of single chain proteins of 22 kDa, which according to their N-terminal amino acid sequence correspond to the second part of the B chain of the respective type 2 RIP. Both proteins are very similar except that the polypeptides of the fruit lectin are 10 amino acid residues longer than these from the bark lectin. Our findings not only demonstrate the occurrence of carbohydrate-binding fragments of type 2 RIP but also provide further evidence that type 2 RIP genes give rise to complex mixtures of type 2 RIP/lectins in elderberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Peumans
- Laboratory for Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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de Benito FM, Citores L, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM, Camafeita E, Méndez E, Girbés T. Isolation and partial characterization of a novel and uncommon two-chain 64-kDa ribosome-inactivating protein from the bark of elder (Sambucus nigra L.). FEBS Lett 1997; 413:85-91. [PMID: 9287122 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel, strongly basic, two-chain ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) with an apparent Mr of 64000 by SDS-PAGE and 63469 by mass spectrometry analysis, that we have named basic nigrin b, has been found in the bark of elder (Sambucus nigra L.). The new protein does not agglutinate red blood cells, even at high concentrations and displays an unusually and extremely high activity towards animal ribosomes (IC50 of 18 pg/ml for translation by rabbit reticulocyte lysates). However, it is inactive against plant and HeLa cells protein synthesis. Our functional and structural data are consistent with a heterodimeric structure for basic nigrin b of the type A-B*, B* being a truncated lectin lacking functional binding domains equivalent to the B (lectin) chain of the type 2 RIP SNA I and nigrin b present also in elder bark.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M de Benito
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain
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Battelli MG, Barbieri L, Bolognesi A, Buonamici L, Valbonesi P, Polito L, Van Damme EJ, Peumans WJ, Stirpe F. Ribosome-inactivating lectins with polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity. FEBS Lett 1997; 408:355-9. [PMID: 9188793 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lectins from Aegopodium podagraria (APA), Bryonia dioica (BDA), Galanthus nivalis (GNA), Iris hybrid (IRA) and Sambucus nigra (SNAI), and a new lectin-related protein from Sambucus nigra (SNLRP) were studied to ascertain whether they had the properties of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP). IRA and SNLRP inhibited protein synthesis by a cell-free system and, at much higher concentrations, by cells and had polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity, thus behaving like non-toxic type 2 (two chain) RIP. APA and SNAI had much less activity, and BDA and GNA did not inhibit protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Battelli
- Dipartimento di Patologia sperimentale dell'Università di Bologna, Italy
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