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Wang Z, Griffin M. The role of TG2 in regulating S100A4-mediated mammary tumour cell migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57017. [PMID: 23469180 PMCID: PMC3585722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of S100A4, a Ca(2+)-binding protein, in mediating tumour cell migration, both intracellularly and extracellularly, is well documented. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) a Ca(2+)-dependent protein crosslinking enzyme, has also been shown to enhance cell migration. Here by using the well characterised non-metastatic rat mammary R37 cells (transfected with empty vector) and highly metastatic KP1 cells (R37 cells transfected with S100A4), we demonstrate that inhibition of TG2 either by TG2 inhibitors or transfection of cells with TG2 shRNA block S100A4-accelerated cell migration in the KP1cells and in R37 cells treated with exogenous S100A4. Cell migration was also blocked by the treatment with the non-cell permeabilizing TG2 inhibitor R294, in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (Clone 16, which has a high level of TG2 expression). Inhibition was paralleled by a decrease in S100A4 polymer formation. In vitro co-immunoprecipitation and Far Western blotting assays and cross-linking assays showed not only the direct interaction between TG2 and S100A4, but also confirmed S100A4 as a substrate for TG2. Using specific functional blocking antibodies, a targeting peptide and a recombinant protein as a competitive treatment, we revealed the involvement of syndecan-4 and α5β1 integrin co-signalling pathways linked by activation of PKCα in this TG2 and S100A4-mediated cell migration. We propose a mechanism for TG2-regulated S100A4-related mediated cell migration, which is dependent on TG2 crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Griffin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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2
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Nomura H, Uzawa K, Yamano Y, Fushimi K, Ishigami T, Kato Y, Saito K, Nakashima D, Higo M, Kouzu Y, Ono K, Ogawara K, Shiiba M, Bukawa H, Yokoe H, Tanzawa H. Network-based analysis of calcium-binding protein genes identifies Grp94 as a target in human oral carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:792-801. [PMID: 17726464 PMCID: PMC2360381 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To characterise Ca(2+) -binding protein gene expression changes in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), we compared the gene expression profiles in OSCC-derived cell lines with normal oral tissues. One hundred Ca(2+) -binding protein genes differentially expressed in OSCCs were identified, and genetic pathways associated with expression changes were generated. Among genes mapped to the network with the highest significance, glucose-regulated protein 94 kDa (Grp94) was evaluated further for mRNA and protein expression in the OSCC cell lines, primary OSCCs, and oral premalignant lesions (OPLs). A significant (P<0.001) overexpression of Grp94 protein was observed in all cell lines compared to normal oral epithelium. Immunohistochemical analysis showed highly expressed Grp94 in primary OSCCs and OPLs, whereas most of the corresponding normal tissues had no protein immunoreaction. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR data agreed with the protein expression status. Moreover, overexpression of Grp94 in primary tumours was significantly (P<0.001) correlated with poor disease-free survival. The results suggested that Grp94 may have potential clinical application as a novel diagnosis and prognostic biomarker for human OSCCs.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease-Free Survival
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mouth Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nomura
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Uzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- E-mail:
| | - Y Yamano
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Fushimi
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - T Ishigami
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Y Kato
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Saito
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - D Nakashima
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - M Higo
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Y Kouzu
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Ono
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Ogawara
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - M Shiiba
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - H Bukawa
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - H Yokoe
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - H Tanzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Center of Excellence (COE) Program in the 21st Century, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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3
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Fischer DF, Backendorf C. Identification of regulatory elements by gene family footprinting and in vivo analysis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 104:37-64. [PMID: 17290818 DOI: 10.1007/10_027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Gene families of recently duplicated but subsequently diverged genes provide an unique opportunity for comparative analysis of regulatory elements. We have studied the human SPRR gene family of small proline rich proteins involved in barrier function of stratified squamous epithelia. These genes are all expressed in normal human keratinocytes, but respond differently to environmental insults. Comparisons of the functional promoter regions allows the rapid identification of both conserved and of novel regulatory elements that appeared after gene duplication. Competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assays can be used to confirm their presence. Here we show the power of gene family footprinting by the identification of two novel elements in the SPRR3 promoter, not present in SPRR1A and SPRR2A. One of these elements binds a protein similar to GAAP-1, a pro-apoptotic activator of IRF-1 and p53. In vivo analysis shows that this element functions as an inhibitor of SPRR3 transcription. The second novel element functions as an activator of promoter activity and is characterized by its A/T rich sequence. The latter interacting protein indeed binds through contacts in the minor groove, and strikingly, depends on the presence of calcium for DNA interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Fischer
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Wilder PT, Lin J, Bair CL, Charpentier TH, Yang D, Liriano M, Varney KM, Lee A, Oppenheim AB, Adhya S, Carrier F, Weber DJ. Recognition of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and other protein targets by the calcium-binding protein S100B. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1284-97. [PMID: 17010455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
S100B is an EF-hand containing calcium-binding protein of the S100 protein family that exerts its biological effect by binding and affecting various target proteins. A consensus sequence for S100B target proteins was published as (K/R)(L/I)xWxxIL and matches a region in the actin capping protein CapZ (V.V. Ivanenkov, G.A. Jamieson, Jr., E. Gruenstein, R.V. Dimlich, Characterization of S-100b binding epitopes. Identification of a novel target, the actin capping protein, CapZ, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 14651-14658). Several additional S100B targets are known including p53, a nuclear Dbf2 related (NDR) kinase, the RAGE receptor, neuromodulin, protein kinase C, and others. Examining the binding sites of such targets and new protein sequence searches provided additional potential target proteins for S100B including Hdm2 and Hdm4, which were both found to bind S100B in a calcium-dependent manner. The interaction between S100B and the Hdm2 and/or the Hdm4 proteins may be important physiologically in light of evidence that like Hdm2, S100B also contributes to lowering protein levels of the tumor suppressor protein, p53. For the S100B-p53 interaction, it was found that phosphorylation of specific serine and/or threonine residues reduces the affinity of the S100B-p53 interaction by as much as an order of magnitude, and is important for protecting p53 from S100B-dependent down-regulation, a scenario that is similar to what is found for the Hdm2-p53 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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5
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Keijser S, Missotten GS, Bonfrer JM, de Wolff-Rouendaal D, Jager MJ, de Keizer RJW. Immunophenotypic markers to differentiate between benign and malignant melanocytic lesions. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90:213-7. [PMID: 16424536 PMCID: PMC1860182 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2005.080390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The authors investigated the expression of S100A1, S100A6, S100B, MelanA, and CEA in conjunctival naevi, primary acquired melanosis (PAM), conjunctival melanoma, and uveal melanoma in order to assess their potential usefulness in the pathological differential diagnosis of these entities. METHODS Paraffin embedded sections of 18 conjunctival naevi, 14 PAM, 16 conjunctival melanomas, and 20 uveal melanomas were immunostained for S100A1, S100A6, S100B, MelanA, and CEA, and expression was scored semiquantitatively. RESULTS Expression of S100A1 differed significantly between conjunctival naevi and conjunctival melanoma, with percentages of positive cells of 30.6% and 71.4%, respectively. Conjunctival melanomas had high average scores for S100A1 and S100B (71.4%, 62.9%, respectively), while uveal melanomas also had high S100A1 but low S100B scores (88.5%, 18.5%, respectively). MelanA was highly variable; naevi and uveal melanoma had higher average scores than conjunctival melanoma. CEA was hardly detectable in all four groups. CONCLUSION S100A1 seems to be a possible candidate to differentiate conjunctival naevi from conjunctival melanoma. S100B seems to differentiate between uveal melanoma and conjunctival melanoma. However, the study size was small and therefore the data have to be confirmed by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Keijser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Davies BR, O'Donnell M, Durkan GC, Rudland PS, Barraclough R, Neal DE, Mellon JK. Expression of S100A4 protein is associated with metastasis and reduced survival in human bladder cancer. J Pathol 2002; 196:292-9. [PMID: 11857492 DOI: 10.1002/path.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-binding protein S100A4 induces the metastatic phenotype in rodent models of breast cancer and its expression correlates strongly with reduced survival in human breast cancer. The expression of S100A4 in normal bladders and 101 bladder tumours has been studied using immunocytochemistry. Moderate or strong expression of S100A4 was found in 28% of the tumours, whilst the remaining tumours and normal urothelium either failed to stain or showed weak staining. S100A4 staining was more frequently observed in invasive bladder tumours than in non-invasive tumours (p<0.05). In invasive tumours, S100A4 staining was usually strongest in invasive regions and single infiltrating cells. Statistically significant associations were found between S100A4 expression and metastasis (p=0.0003) and reduced survival (p<0.0001). It is concluded that S100A4 expression may play an important role in bladder cancer and may identify a subgroup of patients at increased risk of metastasis who should be considered for adjuvant systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry R Davies
- Department of Surgery, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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7
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Mazzucchelli L. Protein S100A4: too long overlooked by pathologists? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:7-13. [PMID: 11786392 PMCID: PMC1867142 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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El-Tanani MK, Barraclough R, Wilkinson MC, Rudland PS. Regulatory region of metastasis-inducing DNA is the binding site for T cell factor-4. Oncogene 2001; 20:1793-7. [PMID: 11313926 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2000] [Revised: 02/07/2001] [Accepted: 02/08/2001] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Small 1000 bp fragments of DNA derived from human malignant breast cancer cells have been isolated which, when transfected into a benign rat mammary cell line induce the production of osteopontin and thereby endow those cells with the capability to metastasize in syngeneic rats. Using transient transfections of an osteopontin promoter-reporter construct, we have now identified the active moiety in the metastasis-inducing DNA as the binding site for the T cell factor (Tcf) family of transcription factors and located Tcf-4, beta-catenin and E-cadherin in the relevant DNA complex in vitro. The regulatory effects of the metastasis-inducing DNAs are therefore exerted, at least in part, by a CAAAG sequence which can sequester Tcf-4, thereby promoting transcription of the direct effector for metastasis in this system, osteopontin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K El-Tanani
- Cancer and Polio Research Fund Laboratories, Molecular Medicine Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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9
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Olesen CE, Martin CS, Mosier J, Liu B, Voyta JC, Bronstein I. Chemiluminescent reporter gene assays with 1,2-dioxetane enzyme substrates. Methods Enzymol 2000; 305:428-50. [PMID: 10812618 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)05505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Dioxetane chemiluminescent substrates provide highly sensitive, quantitative detection with simple, rapid assay formats for the detection of reporter enzymes that are widely used in gene expression studies. Chemiluminescent detection methodologies typically provide up to 100-1000x higher sensitivities than can be achieved with the corresponding fluorescent or colorimetric enzyme substrates. The varieties of 1,2-dioxetane substrates available provides assay versatility, allowing optimization of assay formats with the available instrumentation, and are ideal for use in gene expression assays performed in both biomedical and pharmaceutical research. These assays are amenable to automation with a broad range of instrumentation for high throughput compound screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Olesen
- Tropix, Inc., Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, USA
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10
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Hjelmsoe I, Allen CE, Cohn MA, Tulchinsky EM, Wu LC. The kappaB and V(D)J recombination signal sequence binding protein KRC regulates transcription of the mouse metastasis-associated gene S100A4/mts1. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:913-20. [PMID: 10625627 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.2.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A kappaB-like sequence, Sb, is integral to the composite enhancer located in the first intron of the metastasis-associated gene, S100A4/mts1. Oligonucleotides containing this sequence form three specific complexes with nuclear proteins prepared from S100A4/mts1-expressing CSML100 adenocarcinoma cells. Protein studies show the Sb-interacting complexes include NF-kappaB/Rel proteins, p50.p50 and p50.p65 dimers. Additionally, the Sb sequence was bound by an unrelated approximately 200-kDa protein, p200. Site-directed mutagenesis in conjunction with transient transfections indicate that p200, but not the NF-kappaB/Rel proteins, transactivates S100A4/mts1. To identify candidate genes for p200, double-stranded DNA probes containing multiple copies of Sb were used to screen a randomly primed lambdagt11 cDNA expression library made from CSML100 poly(A)(+) RNA. Two clones corresponding to the DNA-binding proteins KRC and Alf1 were identified. KRC encodes a large zinc finger protein that binds to the kappaB motif and to the signal sequences of V(D)J recombination. In vitro DNA binding assays using bacterially expressed KRC fusion proteins, demonstrate specific binding of KRC to the Sb sequence. In addition, introduction of KRC expression vectors into mammalian cells induces expression of S100A4/mts1 and reporter genes driven by S100A4/mts1 gene regulatory sequences. These data indicate that KRC positively regulates transcription of S100A4/mts1.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hjelmsoe
- Danish Cancer Society, Department of Molecular Cancer Biology, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Chen D, Rudland PS, Chen HL, Barraclough R. Differential reactivity of the rat S100A4(p9Ka) gene to sodium bisulfite is associated with differential levels of the S100A4 (p9Ka) mRNA in rat mammary epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:2483-91. [PMID: 9891019 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.4.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated intracellular levels of S100A4, an S100-related calcium-binding protein, induce metastatic capability in benign mammary tumor-derived epithelial cells and in transgenic mice bearing oncogene-induced benign mammary tumors. The S100A4(p9Ka) gene in rat mammary epithelial cells expressing low levels of S100A4 yields a reduced number of fragments upon digestion with the methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, HpaII, compared with the gene from high S100A4-expressing cells. Genomic sequencing of two potential regulatory elements in the S100A4 gene, an intronic enhancer and TATA box region, revealed that in low S100A4-expressing cells, most cytosine bases exhibited high levels of resistance to conversion to thymine by sodium bisulfite. In derivative cell lines, which express high levels of S100A4, only a small number of cytosine bases were resistant to treatment with sodium bisulfite. In contrast, cytosine bases in the DNA surrounding an upstream regulatory region, which binds inhibitory GC factor in the low-expressing cell lines, are sensitive to conversion to thymine by sodium bisulfite in both low- and high-expressing cell lines. The results suggest that the rat S100A4 gene is maintained in a different state in the low-expressing cell lines and that this state might be a consequence of the pattern of methylation in this regulated gene that does not contain a CpG island.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- Cancer and Polio Research Fund Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, P. O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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Van Ginkel PR, Gee RL, Walker TM, Hu DN, Heizmann CW, Polans AS. The identification and differential expression of calcium-binding proteins associated with ocular melanoma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1448:290-7. [PMID: 9920419 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-binding proteins may endow tumor cells with properties related to their malignancy and metastatic phenotype. Chromatographic procedures and amino acid sequence analysis were used in this study to identify seven calcium-binding proteins, annexin VI, cap g, annexin V, calmodulin, S100A11, S100B and S100A6, associated with uveal melanoma, the primary ocular tumor of adults. This series of calcium-binding proteins was identified in both primary tumors and cell lines of uveal melanoma. Several of the proteins were shown by immunochemical methods to be differentially expressed between normal uveal melanocytes and malignant melanomas of the uvea. In addition, the expression of S100A6 may correlate with the malignant properties of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Van Ginkel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53792, USA
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13
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Barraclough R. Calcium-binding protein S100A4 in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1448:190-9. [PMID: 9920410 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(98)00143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The S100 proteins contain two EF-hand motifs and are of generally unknown function. One of these proteins, S100A4, is an intracellular calcium-binding protein that is present in normal rodent and human cells. In cultured rodent mammary cells, S100A4 is expressed at a higher level in some metastatic epithelial cells than in non-metastatic counterparts. Similarly, in human breast cell lines, S100A4 is present at a higher level in cultured cells from the more malignant, than in those from the more benign tumours. Gene transfer experiments have shown that rodent or human S100A4 is able to induce metastatic capability in otherwise non-metastatic breast tumour cells. Furthermore, expression of rodent S100A4 transgenes can induce metastasis of benign tumours arising in transgenic model systems. Possible mechanisms for the metastasis-inducing effect of S100A4 and the relevance of these observations to human cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barraclough
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.
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