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Ng YJ, Chan SS, Khoo KS, Munawaroh HSH, Lim HR, Chew KW, Ling TC, Saravanan A, Ma Z, Show PL. Recent advances and discoveries of microbial-based glycolipids: Prospective alternative for remediation activities. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108198. [PMID: 37330152 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants have always been a prominent chemical that is useful in various sectors (e.g., cleaning agent production industry, textile industry and painting industry). This is due to the special ability of surfactants to reduce surface tension between two fluid surfaces (e.g., water and oil). However, the current society has long omitted the harmful effects of petroleum-based surfactants (e.g., health issues towards humans and reducing cleaning ability of water bodies) due to their usefulness in reducing surface tension. These harmful effects will significantly damage the environment and negatively affect human health. As such, there is an urgency to secure environmentally friendly alternatives such as glycolipids to reduce the effects of these synthetic surfactants. Glycolipids is a biomolecule that shares similar properties with surfactants that are naturally synthesized in the cell of living organisms, glycolipids are amphiphilic in nature and can form micelles when glycolipid molecules clump together, reducing surface tension between two surfaces as how a surfactant molecule is able to achieve. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive study on the recent advances in bacteria cultivation for glycolipids production and current lab scale applications of glycolipids (e.g., medical and waste bioremediation). Studies have proven that glycolipids are effective anti-microbial agents, subsequently leading to an excellent anti-biofilm forming agent. Heavy metal and hydrocarbon contaminated soil can also be bioremediated via the use of glycolipids. The major hurdle in the commercialization of glycolipid production is that the cultivation stage and downstream extraction stage of the glycolipid production process induces a very high operating cost. This review provides several solutions to overcome this issue for glycolipid production for the commercialization of glycolipids (e.g., developing new cultivating and extraction techniques, using waste as cultivation medium for microbes and identifying new strains for glycolipid production). The contribution of this review aims to serve as a future guideline for researchers that are dealing with glycolipid biosurfactants by providing an in-depth review on the recent advances of glycolipid biosurfactants. By summarizing the points discussed as above, it is recommended that glycolipids can substitute synthetic surfactants as an environmentally friendly alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jer Ng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Sook Sin Chan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Heli Siti Halimatul Munawaroh
- Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung 40154, West Java, Indonesia.
| | - Hooi Ren Lim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
| | - Tau Chuan Ling
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Anbalagan Saravanan
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS Chennai, India
| | - Zengling Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Horse-Derived Ceramide Accentuates Glucosylceramide Synthase and Ceramide Synthase 3 by Activating PPARβ/δ and/or PPARγ to Stimulate Ceramide Synthesis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020548. [PMID: 36831084 PMCID: PMC9953238 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Horse-derived ceramide (HC), which contains galactosylceramides as its main component, significantly improves skin symptoms when applied topically to patients with atopic dermatitis. We speculated that efficacy resulted from the amelioration of epidermal ceramide metabolism, and we characterized those effects using reconstructed human epidermal equivalents. Lipid analysis, RT-PCR and Western blotting revealed that HC significantly increased the total ceramide content of the stratum corneum (SC), accompanied by significantly increased gene and/or protein expression levels of ceramide synthase (CERS) 3, fatty acid elongase (ELOVL) 4, glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), β-glucocerebrosidase, sphingomyelin synthase and acid sphingomyelinase. Mechanistic analyses using cultures of primary human keratinocytes revealed the marked stimulatory effects of HC on the mRNA expression levels of CERS3, ELOVL4 and GCS under high calcium-derived differentiation conditions. Signaling analyses demonstrated that an antagonist of PPARβ/δ significantly abrogated the HC-stimulated mRNA expression levels of GCS, CERS3 and ELOVL4. GW9662, an antagonist of PPARγ, significantly abolished the HC-up-regulated mRNA expression levels of GCS and ELOVL4, but not of CERS3. These findings suggest that HC has the distinct potential to accentuate the expression of GCS, CERS3 and ELOVL4 via the activation of PPARβ/δ and/or PPARγ to accelerate ceramide synthesis in the SC.
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Moskot M, Bocheńska K, Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka J, Banecki B, Gabig-Cimińska M. Abnormal Sphingolipid World in Inflammation Specific for Lysosomal Storage Diseases and Skin Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E247. [PMID: 29342918 PMCID: PMC5796195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in recent years has shown that sphingolipids are essential signalling molecules for the proper biological and structural functioning of cells. Long-term studies on the metabolism of sphingolipids have provided evidence for their role in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases. As many inflammatory diseases, such as lysosomal storage disorders and some dermatologic diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and ichthyoses, are associated with the altered composition and metabolism of sphingolipids, more studies precisely determining the responsibilities of these compounds for disease states are required to develop novel pharmacological treatment opportunities. It is worth emphasizing that knowledge from the study of inflammatory metabolic diseases and especially the possibility of their treatment may lead to insight into related metabolic pathways, including those involved in the formation of the epidermal barrier and providing new approaches towards workable therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moskot
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Kadki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Bocheńska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | | | - Bogdan Banecki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gabig-Cimińska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Kadki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Incorporation of Fluorescence Ceramide-Based HPLC Assay for Rapidly and Efficiently Assessing Glucosylceramide Synthase In Vivo. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2976. [PMID: 28592871 PMCID: PMC5462733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) is a rate-limiting enzyme catalyzing ceramide glycosylation, thereby regulating cellular ceramide levels and the synthesis of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) in cellular membranes. Alterations of GCS not only affect membrane integrity, but also closely correlate with stem cell pluripotency, cancer drug resistance, GSL storage disorders and other diseases. Enzyme activities measured conventionally with currently available ex-vivo methods do not enable reliable assessment of the roles played by GCS in vivo. We report herein a substrate-incorporation method enabling rapid and efficient assessment of GCS in-vivo activity. Upon nanoparticle-based delivery, fluorescent NBD C6-ceramide was efficiently converted to NBD C6-glucosylceramide in live cells or in mouse tissues, whereupon an HPLC assay enabled detection and quantification of NBD C6-glucosylceramide in the low-femtomolar range. The enzyme kinetics of GCS in live cells and mouse liver were well-described by the Michaelis-Menten model. GCS activities were significantly higher in drug-resistant cancer cells and in tumors overexpressing GCS, but reduced after silencing GCS expression or inhibiting this enzyme. Our studies indicate that this rapid and efficient method provides a valuable means for accurately assessing the roles played by GCS in normal vs. pathological states, including ones involving cancer drug resistance.
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Sambe H, Sugimoto K, Nomura K, Kuriki T. Effects of Phosphoryl Oligosaccharides of Calcium (POs-Ca) on Epidermal Cells and Human Skin. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2015. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2015_002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haruyo Sambe
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd
| | | | - Koji Nomura
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Co., Ltd
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Tabuchi Y, Wada S, Ikegame M, Kariya A, Furusawa Y, Hoshi N, Yunoki T, Suzuki N, Takasaki I, Kondo T, Suzuki Y. Development of oral epithelial cell line ROE2 with differentiation potential from transgenic rats harboring temperature-sensitive simian virus40 large T-antigen gene. Exp Anim 2014; 63:31-44. [PMID: 24521861 PMCID: PMC4160936 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an immortalized oral epithelial cell line, ROE2, from fetal transgenic
rats harboring temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen gene. The cells grew
continuously at either a permissive temperature of 33°C or an intermediate temperature of
37°C. At the nonpermissive temperature of 39°C, on the other hand, growth decreased
significantly, and the Sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle increased, indicating that the cells
undergo apoptosis at a nonpermissive temperature. Histological and immunocytochemical
analyses revealed that ROE2 cells at 37°C had a stratified epithelial-like morphology and
expressed cytokeratins Krt4 and Krt13, marker proteins for oral nonkeratinized epithelial
cells. Global-scale comprehensive microarray analysis, coupled with bioinformatics tools,
demonstrated a significant gene network that was obtained from the upregulated genes. The
gene network contained 16 genes, including Cdkn1a, Fos,
Krt13, and Prdm1, and was associated mainly with the
biological process of skin development in the category of biological functions, organ
development. These four genes were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain
reaction, and the results were nearly consistent with the microarray data. It is therefore
anticipated that this cell line will be useful as an in vitro model for
studies such as physiological functions, as well as for gene expression in oral epithelial
cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Rinnerthaler M, Duschl J, Steinbacher P, Salzmann M, Bischof J, Schuller M, Wimmer H, Peer T, Bauer JW, Richter K. Age-related changes in the composition of the cornified envelope in human skin. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:329-35. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Cell Biology; Division of Genetics; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Jutta Duschl
- Department of Cell Biology; Division of Genetics; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Peter Steinbacher
- Department of Organismic Biology; Division of Zoology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Manuel Salzmann
- Department of Cell Biology; Division of Genetics; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Johannes Bischof
- Department of Cell Biology; Division of Genetics; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Markus Schuller
- Department of Cell Biology; Division of Genetics; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Herbert Wimmer
- Department of Cell Biology; Division of Genetics; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Thomas Peer
- Department of Organismic Biology; Division of Zoology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - Johann W. Bauer
- Department of Dermatology; Division of Molecular Dermatology and EB House Austria; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - Klaus Richter
- Department of Cell Biology; Division of Genetics; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
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Roles of transient receptor potential proteins (TRPs) in epidermal keratinocytes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 704:847-60. [PMID: 21290330 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0265-3_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocytes are the epithelial cells of mammalian skin. At the basal layer of the epidermis, these cells proliferate strongly, and as they move towards the skin surface, differentiation proceeds. At the uppermost layer of the epidermis, keratinocytes undergo apoptosis and die, forming a thin, water-impermeable layer called the stratum corneum. Peripheral blood vessels do not reach the epidermis, but peripheral nerve fibers do penetrate into it. Until recently, it was considered that the main role of epidermal keratinocytes was to construct and maintain the water-impermeable barrier function. However, since the functional existence of TRPV1, which is activated by heat and low pH, in epidermal keratinocytes was identified, our understanding of the role of keratinocytes has changed enormously. It has been found that many TRP channels are expressed in epidermal keratinocytes, and play important roles in differentiation, proliferation and barrier homeostasis. Moreover, because TRP channels expressed in keratinocytes have the ability to sense a variety of environmental factors, such as temperature, mechanical stress, osmotic stress and chemical stimuli, epidermal keratinocytes might form a key part of the sensory system of the skin. The present review deals with the potential roles of TRP channels expressed in epidermal keratinocytes and focuses on the concept of the epidermis as an active interface between the body and the environment.
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Aida J, Higuchi S, Hasegawa Y, Nagano-Ito M, Hirabayashi Y, Banba A, Shimizu T, Kikuchi A, Saga M, Ichikawa S. Up-regulation of ceramide glucosyltransferase during the differentiation of U937 cells. J Biochem 2011; 150:303-10. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Yahagi S, Koike M, Okano Y, Masaki H. Lysophospholipids improve skin moisturization by modulating of calcium-dependent cell differentiation pathway. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 33:251-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Perturbation of lamellar granule secretion by sodium caprate implicates epidermal tight junctions in lamellar granule function. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 59:107-14. [PMID: 20654784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polarized secretion of lamellar granules (LGs) delivers various lipids, proteases, and protease inhibitors into the stratum corneum (SC) of the epithelium. Disruption of LGs is associated with severe cutaneous diseases, but the mechanism of their polarized secretion is not known. On the other hand, recent study shows epidermal tight junctions (TJs) localize in stratum granulosum (SG), and TJs are involved in polarized molecule secretion. Thus, we hypothesized epidermal TJs relate to polarized LGs secretion. OBJECTIVE To assess the possibility that epidermal TJs are involved in polarized LGs secretion. METHODS In order to examine LGs secretion, we used fluorescent ceramide (BODIPY FL C(5)-ceramide) and a natural LG cargo, lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI), in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes and a reconstructed human epidermis. We investigated their alteration using the medium-chain fatty acid sodium caprate (C10), TJs inhibitor. In addition, LG distribution was observed by electron microscopy. RESULTS C10 significantly inhibited secretion of both fluorescent ceramide and LEKTI in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes and a reconstructed human epidermis. C10 also disturbed the polarized localization of fluorescent ceramide and LEKTI in the reconstructed epidermis. Electron microscopy revealed that a large number of LGs remained in corneocytes in the C10-treated epidermis, rather than being secreted. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that C10 perturbs the polarized secretion of LGs. Our study therefore suggests that epidermal TJs are possibly involved in polarized LG secretion and provides new insights into potential of treatments for skin diseases caused by abnormal LG secretion.
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A new mixed-backbone oligonucleotide against glucosylceramide synthase sensitizes multidrug-resistant tumors to apoptosis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6938. [PMID: 19742320 PMCID: PMC2735002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced ceramide glycosylation catalyzed by glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) limits therapeutic efficiencies of antineoplastic agents including doxorubicin in drug-resistant cancer cells. Aimed to determine the role of GCS in tumor response to chemotherapy, a new mixed-backbone oligonucleotide (MBO-asGCS) with higher stability and efficiency has been generated to silence human GCS gene. MBO-asGCS was taken up efficiently in both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cells, but it selectively suppressed GCS overexpression, and sensitized drug-resistant cells. MBO-asGCS increased doxorubicin sensitivity by 83-fold in human NCI/ADR-RES, and 43-fold in murine EMT6/AR1 breast cancer cells, respectively. In tumor-bearing mice, MBO-asGCS treatment dramatically inhibited the growth of multidrug-resistant NCI/ADR-RE tumors, decreasing tumor volume to 37%, as compared with scrambled control. Furthermore, MBO-asGCS sensitized multidrug-resistant tumors to chemotherapy, increasing doxorubicin efficiency greater than 2-fold. The sensitization effects of MBO-asGCS relied on the decreases of gene expression and enzyme activity of GCS, and on the increases of C(18)-ceramide and of caspase-executed apoptosis. MBO-asGCS was accumulation in tumor xenografts was greater in other tissues, excepting liver and kidneys; but MBO-asGCS did not exert significant toxic effects on liver and kidneys. This study, for the first time in vivo, has demonstrated that GCS is a promising therapeutic target for cancer drug resistance, and MBO-asGCS has the potential to be developed as an antineoplastic agent.
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Lee DD, Stojadinovic O, Krzyzanowska A, Vouthounis C, Blumenberg M, Tomic-Canic M. Retinoid-responsive transcriptional changes in epidermal keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:427-439. [PMID: 19388012 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids (RA) have been used as therapeutic agents for numerous skin diseases, from psoriasis to acne and wrinkles. While RA is known to inhibit keratinocyte differentiation, the molecular effects of RA in epidermis have not been comprehensively defined. To identify the transcriptional targets of RA in primary human epidermal keratinocytes, we compared the transcriptional profiles of cells grown in the presence or absence of all-trans retinoic acid for 1, 4, 24, 48, and 72 h, using large DNA microarrays. As expected, RA suppresses the protein markers of cornification; however the genes responsible for biosynthesis of epidermal lipids, long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol, and sphingolipids, are also suppressed. Importantly, the pathways of RA synthesis, esterification and metabolism are activated by RA; therefore, RA regulates its own bioavailability. Unexpectedly, RA regulates many genes associated with the cell cycle and programmed cell death. This led us to reveal novel effects of RA on keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis. The response to RA is very fast: 315 genes were regulated already after 1 h. More than one-third of RA-regulated genes function in signal transduction and regulation of transcription. Using in silico analysis, we identified a set of over-represented transcription factor binding sites in the RA-regulated genes. Many psoriasis-related genes are regulated by RA, some induced, others suppressed. These results comprehensively document the transcriptional changes caused by RA in keratinocytes, add new insights into the molecular mechanism influenced by RA in the epidermis and demonstrate the hypothesis-generating power of DNA microarray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Dar Lee
- New York University School of Medicine, Departments of Dermatology, Biochemistry and The Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016.,Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Hospital for Special Surgery at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Tissue Repair Lab, Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, New York, New York 10021
| | - Agata Krzyzanowska
- Hospital for Special Surgery at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Tissue Repair Lab, Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, New York, New York 10021
| | - Constantinos Vouthounis
- Hospital for Special Surgery at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Tissue Repair Lab, Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, New York, New York 10021
| | - Miroslav Blumenberg
- New York University School of Medicine, Departments of Dermatology, Biochemistry and The Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Hospital for Special Surgery at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Tissue Repair Lab, Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, New York, New York 10021.,Department of Dermatology, Weill Medical College of the Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
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Liu YY, Yu JY, Yin D, Patwardhan GA, Gupta V, Hirabayashi Y, Holleran WM, Giuliano AE, Jazwinski SM, Gouaze-Andersson V, Consoli DP, Cabot MC. A role for ceramide in driving cancer cell resistance to doxorubicin. FASEB J 2008; 22:2541-51. [PMID: 18245173 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-092981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Advanced cancers acquire resistance to chemotherapy, and this results in treatment failure. The cellular mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance are not well understood. Here, for the first time, we show that ceramide contributes to cellular resistance to doxorubicin through up-regulating the gene expression of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS). Ceramide, a cellular lipid messenger, modulates doxorubicin-induced cell death. GCS catalyzes ceramide glycosylation, converting ceramide to glucosylceramide; this process hastens ceramide clearance and limits ceramide-induced apoptosis. In the present study, we evaluated the role of the GCS gene in doxorubicin resistance using several paired wild-type and drug-resistant (doxorubicin-selected) cancer cell lines, including breast, ovary, cervical, and colon. GCS was overexpressed in all drug-resistant counterparts, and suppressing GCS overexpression using antisense oligonucleotide restored doxorubicin sensitivity. Characterizing the effect mechanism showed that doxorubicin exposure increased ceramide levels, enhanced GCS expression, and imparted cellular resistance. Exogenous C(6)-ceramide and sphingomyelinase treatments mimicked the influence of doxorubicin on GCS, activating the GCS promoter and up-regulating GCS gene expression. Fumonisin B(1), an inhibitor of ceramide synthesis, significantly suppressed doxorubicin-up-regulated GCS expression. Promoter truncation, point mutation, gel-shift, and protein-DNA ELISA analysis showed that transcription factor Sp1 was essential for ceramide-induced GCS up-regulation. These data indicate that ceramide-governed GCS gene expression drives cellular resistance to doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yu Liu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Ave., Monroe, LA 71209, USA.
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Sercu S, Poumay Y, Herphelin F, Liekens J, Beek L, Zwijsen A, Wessagowit V, Huylebroeck D, McGrath JA, Merregaert J. Functional redundancy of extracellular matrix protein 1 in epidermal differentiation. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:771-5. [PMID: 17711528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) is a secreted protein expressed in skin. Its dermatological relevance has been highlighted by the discovery of loss-of-function mutations in ECM1 in patients with lipoid proteinosis (LiP). OBJECTIVES To determine the role of ECM1 in epidermal differentiation by examining gene and protein expression of epidermal differentiation markers in individuals with LiP and histological assessment of transgenic mouse skin that overexpresses Ecm1a in basal or suprabasal epidermis. METHODS Subconfluent, confluent and postconfluent LiP and control keratinocyte cultures were analysed by Northern and Western blotting for differences in expression of differentiation markers. Expression of these markers was analysed in skin of patients with LiP by immunohistochemistry. To study effects of Ecm1 overexpression on epidermal differentiation, transgenic mice were generated under control of either a keratin 14 or an involucrin promoter. RESULTS No differential expression of the different markers analysed was observed in LiP keratinocytes compared with controls. No histological differences were found in Ecm1-overexpressing mouse skin compared with wild-type. CONCLUSIONS Absence of ECM1 does not lead to differences in epidermal differentiation. Moreover, overexpression of Ecm1a in vivo does not exert dramatic effects on epidermal structure. Collectively, these findings suggest no role of ECM1 in epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sercu
- Labortaory of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk/Antwerp, Belgium
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Ikeyama K, Fuziwara S, Denda M. Topical Application of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor Accelerates Cutaneous Barrier Recovery and Prevents Epidermal Hyperplasia Induced by Barrier Disruption. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1713-9. [PMID: 17363920 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effect of nitric oxide (NO) on skin barrier recovery rate was evaluated in hairless mouse. Topical application of an NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor and a neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor accelerated the barrier recovery after tape stripping, whereas application of an inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor had no effect. After tape stripping, the barrier recovery in nNOS-/- mice was significantly faster than in wild type. Topical application of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP) delayed the barrier recovery in hairless mice. Immediately after barrier disruption on skin organ culture, NO release from the skin was significantly increased. The increase was blocked by nNOS inhibitor, but not by iNOS inhibitor. Topical application of the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) accelerated the barrier recovery, whereas SIN-1 chloride, a guanylyl cyclase activator, delayed the barrier recovery. In cultured human keratinocytes, SNAP increased the intracellular calcium concentration. The increase was blocked by ODQ, but not by the calcium channel-blocker nifedipine. In calcium-free medium, SNAP increased the intracellular calcium concentration. Topical application of both nNOS inhibitor and ODQ also reduced the epidermal hyperplasia induced by barrier disruption under low environmental humidity. These results suggest that NO plays an important signaling role in cutaneous barrier homeostasis and in epidermal hyperplasia induced by barrier disruption.
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17
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Holleran WM, Takagi Y, Uchida Y. Epidermal sphingolipids: Metabolism, function, and roles in skin disorders. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:5456-66. [PMID: 16962101 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian epidermis produces and delivers large quantities of glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin precursors to stratum corneum extracellular domains, where they are hydrolyzed to corresponding ceramide species. This cycle of lipid precursor formation and subsequent hydrolysis represents a mechanism that protects the epidermis against potentially harmful effects of ceramide accumulation within nucleated cell layers. Prominent skin disorders, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, have diminished epidermal ceramide levels, reflecting altered sphingolipid metabolism, that may contribute to disease severity/progression. Enzymatic processes in the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin, and the roles of sphingolipids in skin diseases, are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter M Holleran
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 94121, USA.
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18
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Mihara T, Ueda A, Hirayama M, Takeuchi T, Yoshida S, Naito K, Yamamoto H, Mutoh T. Detection of new anti-neutral glycosphingolipids antibodies and their effects on Trk neurotrophin receptors. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4991-5. [PMID: 16935282 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We screened sera from patients with various neurological disorders for the presence of anti-neutral glycosphingolipids antibodies and only found them in sera from relapsing polychondritis with limbic encephalitis patients. Neutral glycosphingolipids are resident in membrane lipid rafts where high affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor, Trk is co-localized. Therefore, we examined whether these antibodies influence the action of NGF in NGF-responsive cells. The results strongly suggest that these antibodies enhance NGF-induced Trk autophosphorylation and neurite outgrowth as well as neurofilament M expression. These data strongly indicate that these anti-neutral glycosphingolipids antibodies have a functional impact on NGF-Trk-mediated intracellular signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mihara
- Department of Neurology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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19
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Gallala H, Macheleidt O, Doering T, Schreiner V, Sandhoff K. Nitric oxide regulates synthesis of gene products involved in keratinocyte differentiation and ceramide metabolism. Eur J Cell Biol 2005; 83:667-79. [PMID: 15679111 DOI: 10.1078/0171-9335-00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During terminal differentiation of keratinocytes the expression of various proteins, which are required for the formation of the epidermal water barrier in the skin of land dwelling animals, is upregulated. Using a cell culture model for the differentiation of human keratinocytes and real-time PCR, we quantified the mRNA levels of several proteins involved in differentiation and ceramide metabolism. A calcium shift (1.1 mM CaCl2, 10 microM linoleic acid) for 8 days triggered an increase in mRNA levels of keratin 10 (75-fold), profilaggrin (55-fold), glucosylceramide synthase (40-fold), beta-glucocerebrosidase (30-fold), prosaposin (15-fold), acid sphingomyelinase (5-fold), and serine palmitoyltransferase (SPTLC2, 4-fold). However, mRNA levels of keratin 14 and acid ceramidase did not change significantly. On the other hand nitric oxide added at concentrations lower than 0.25mM stimulates proliferation of keratinocytes (Krischel et al., J. Invest. Dermatol. 111, 286-291, 1998). Accordingly, the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP, 0.2 mM) had no effect on the morphology of cultured keratinocytes, whereas in cultured human fibroblasts apoptosis was induced. The expression patterns obtained suggest that keratinocytes remain in a basal proliferative state, with a 3-fold increase in keratin 14 expression, a marked decrease in mRNA levels of differentiation markers and of most ceramide-metabolizing enzymes to negligible levels. The inhibitor of the NO synthase, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mM), induced a transient increase in ceramide formation, followed by apoptosis in keratinocytes but not in fibroblasts. Both, SNAP and L-NAME, decreased the mRNA levels of all proteins involved in ceramide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Gallala
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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20
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Regl G, Kasper M, Schnidar H, Eichberger T, Neill GW, Ikram MS, Quinn AG, Philpott MP, Frischauf AM, Aberger F. The zinc-finger transcription factor GLI2 antagonizes contact inhibition and differentiation of human epidermal cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:1263-74. [PMID: 14691458 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In stratified epidermis, activation of the Hh/Gli signal transduction pathway has been implicated in the control of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. The zinc-finger transcription factor Gli2 has been identified as critical mediator of the Hh signal at the distal end of the pathway, but the molecular mechanisms by which Gli2 regulates cell proliferation or induces epidermal malignancies such as basal cell carcinoma are still unclear. Here, we provide evidence for a role of human GLI2 in antagonizing contact inhibition and epidermal differentiation. We show by gene expression profiling that activation of the GLI2 oncogene in human keratinocytes activates the transcription of a number of genes involved in cell cycle progression such as E2F1, CCND1, CDC2 and CDC45L, while it represses genes associated with epidermal differentiation. Analysis of the proliferative effect of GLI2 revealed that GLI2 is able to induce G1-S phase progression in contact-inhibited keratinocytes. Detailed time-course experiments identified E2F1 as early transcriptional target of GLI2. Further, we show that GLI2 expression in human keratinocytes results in a marked downregulation of epidermal differentiation markers. The data suggest a role for GLI2 in Hh-induced epidermal neoplasia by opposing epithelial cell cycle arrest signals and epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Regl
- Institute of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Denda M, Tomitaka A, Akamatsu H, Matsunaga K. Altered Distribution of Calcium in Facial Epidermis of Aged Adults. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:1557-8. [PMID: 14675211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1747.2003.12619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Abstract
The primary function of the epidermis is to produce the protective, semi-permeable stratum corneum that permits terrestrial life. The barrier function of the stratum corneum is provided by patterned lipid lamellae localized to the extracellular spaces between corneocytes. Anucleate corneocytes contain keratin filaments bound to a peripheral cornified envelope composed of cross-linked proteins. The many layers of these specialized cells in the stratum corneum provide a tough and resilient framework for the intercellular lipid lamellae. The lamellae are derived from disk-like lipid membranes extruded from lamellar granules into the intercellular spaces of the upper granular layer. Lysosomal and other enzymes present in the extracellular compartment are responsible for the lipid remodeling required to generate the barrier lamellae as well as for the reactions that result in desquamation. Lamellar granules likely originate from the Golgi apparatus and are currently thought to be elements of the tubulo-vesicular trans-Golgi network. The regulation of barrier lipid synthesis has been studied in a variety of models, with induction of several enzymes demonstrated during fetal development and keratinocyte differentiation, but an understanding of this process at the molecular genetic level awaits further study. Certain genetic defects in lipid metabolism or in the protein components of the stratum corneum produce scaly or ichthyotic skin with abnormal barrier lipid structure and function. The inflammatory skin diseases psoriasis and atopic dermatitis also show decreased barrier function, but the underlying mechanisms remain under investigation. Topically applied "moisturizers" work by acting as humectants or by providing an artificial barrier to trans-epidermal water loss; current work has focused on developing a more physiologic mix of lipids for topical application to skin. Recent studies in genetically engineered mice have suggested an unexpected role for tight junctions in epidermal barrier function and further developments in this area are expected. Ultimately, more sophisticated understanding of epidermal barrier function will lead to more rational therapy of a host of skin conditions in which the barrier is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathi C Madison
- Marshall Dermatology Research Laboratories, Department of Dermatology, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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Sandhoff K, Kolter T. Biosynthesis and degradation of mammalian glycosphingolipids. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003; 358:847-61. [PMID: 12803917 PMCID: PMC1693173 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids are a large and heterogeneous family of sphingolipids that form complex patterns on eukaryotic cell surfaces. This molecular diversity is generated by only a few enzymes and is a paradigm of naturally occurring combinatorial synthesis. We report on the biosynthetic principles leading to this large molecular diversity and focus on sialic acid-containing glycolipids of the ganglio-series. These glycolipids are particularly concentrated in the plasma membrane of neuronal cells. Their de novo synthesis starts with the formation of the membrane anchor, ceramide, at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is continued by glycosyltransferases of the Golgi complex. Recent findings from genetically engineered mice are discussed. The constitutive degradation of glycosphingolipids (GSLs) occurs in the acidic compartments, the endosomes and the lysosomes. Here, water-soluble glycosidases sequentially cleave off the terminal carbohydrate residues from glycolipids. For glycolipid substrates with short oligosaccharide chains, the additional presence of membrane-active sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs) is required. A considerable part of our current knowledge about glycolipid degradation is derived from a class of human diseases, the sphingolipidoses, which are caused by inherited defects within this pathway. A new post-translational modification is the attachment of glycolipids to proteins of the human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Sandhoff
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Zhao H, Miller M, Pfeiffer K, Buras JA, Stahl GL. Anoxia and reoxygenation of human endothelial cells decrease ceramide glucosyltransferase expression and activates caspases. FASEB J 2003; 17:723-4. [PMID: 12586734 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0806fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial oxidative stress induces cellular activation and sometimes death. Endothelial death can occur via necrosis or apoptosis. Understanding the mechanisms involved in cellular activation and death may lead to therapeutics designed to increase death or preserve cellular function. In the present study, brief periods of anoxia (3 h) followed by varying lengths of reoxygenation (0-5 h) lead to a time-dependent increase in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) caspase activity. Furthermore, ROCK-1 cleavage, which is dependent on caspase-3 activity, was also increased in cells undergoing oxidative stress compared with normoxic cells. Microarray data demonstrated that glucosylceramide synthase (GCS; glucosylceramide transferase), but not acid sphingomyelinase, was modulated by anoxia and reoxygenation. We confirmed that GCS mRNA and protein expression were significantly decreased in a time-dependent fashion following oxidative stress by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Treatment of normoxic cells with the GCS-specific inhibitor, D,L-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP), increased caspase activity to the same degree as cells undergoing oxidative stress. Fumonisin B1, the N-acyl-sphinganine dehydrogenase (e.g., ceramide synthase) inhibitor significantly attenuated caspase activity in HUVECs undergoing oxidative stress. These data suggest that alterations in GCS expression following brief periods of oxidative stress in human endothelial cells lead to increased caspase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Denda M, Inoue K, Fuziwara S, Denda S. P2X purinergic receptor antagonist accelerates skin barrier repair and prevents epidermal hyperplasia induced by skin barrier disruption. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:1034-40. [PMID: 12445189 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ATP receptor agonists/antagonists on skin barrier recovery rate were evaluated in hairless mice. Topical application of ATP and alpha,beta-methylene ATP (agonist of P2X receptor) delayed barrier recovery. Topical application of suramin (nonspecific ATP receptor antagonist), pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS) (P2X receptor antagonist), and 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (TNP-ATP) (P2X1, P2X3, P2X2/3 antagonist) after barrier disruption accelerated the barrier repair. The P2Y type receptor antagonist Reactive Blue 2 did not affect the barrier repair process. Moreover, topical application of TNP-ATP prevented epidermal hyperplasia induced by barrier insult under low environmental humidity. ATP was secreted immediately after tape stripping on skin in organ culture. alpha,beta-Methylene ATP increased intercellular calcium in cultured keratinocytes and the increase was blocked by TNP-ATP. Both reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay and immunohistochemical study showed the existence of protein that had a structure similar to P2X3 on hairless mouse epidermis. These results suggest that cutaneous barrier homeostasis can be regulated by cation flux through a P2X3-like ATP receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Denda
- Shiseido Research Center, 2-12-1 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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26
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Uchida Y, Murata S, Schmuth M, Behne MJ, Lee JD, Ichikawa S, Elias PM, Hirabayashi Y, Holleran WM. Glucosylceramide synthesis and synthase expression protect against ceramide-induced stress. J Lipid Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m100442-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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27
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Hamanaka S, Hara M, Nishio H, Otsuka F, Suzuki A, Uchida Y. Human epidermal glucosylceramides are major precursors of stratum corneum ceramides. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:416-23. [PMID: 12190865 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides are the major component of the stratum corneum, accounting for 30%-40% of stratum corneum lipids by weight, and are composed of at least seven molecular groups (designated ceramides 1-7). Stratum corneum ceramides, together with cholesterol and fatty acids, form extracellular lamellae that are responsible for the epidermal permeability barrier. Previous studies indicated that beta-glucocerebrosidase- and sphingomyelinase-dependent ceramide production from glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins, respectively, is important for epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. A recent study indicated that sphingomyelins are precursors of two stratum corneum ceramide molecular groups (ceramides 2 and 5). In this study, we have examined the role of glucosylceramides in the generation of each of the seven stratum corneum ceramide molecular groups. First, the structures of various glucosylceramide species in human epidermis were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results indicate that total epidermal glucosylceramides are composed of six distinct molecular groups, glucosylceramides 1-6. Glucosylceramide 1 contains sphingenine and nonhydroxy fatty acids, glucosylceramide 2, phytosphingosine and nonhydroxy fatty acids, glucosylceramide 3, phytosphingosine with one double bond and nonhydroxy fatty acids, glucosylceramide 4, sphingenine and alpha-hydroxy fatty acids, glucosylceramide 5, phytosphingosine and alpha-hydroxy fatty acids, and glucosylceramide 6, phytosphingosine with one double bond and alpha-hydroxy fatty acids. The nonhydroxy fatty acids typically have 16-24-carbon-length chains, whereas alpha-hydroxy fatty acids are limited to 24-, 25-, and 26-carbon chains. The sphingosine bases are C18 or C20 chains. Next, acylglucosylceramides and glucosylceramides were treated with beta-glucocerebrosidase and the ceramides released were compared with stratum corneum ceramides. Ceramide moieties of acylglucosylceramides and glucosylceramides 1, 2, 4-6 correspond to stratum corneum ceramides 1-7. These results, together with those of our previous reports characterizing epidermal sphingomyelins, indicate that all ceramide species, including omega-hydroxy fatty-acid-containing ceramides, are derived from glucosylceramides, and fractions of ceramides 2 and 5 are from sphingomyelins. Furthermore, structural analysis of glucosylceramides revealed that human epidermal glycosphingolipids display a unique lipid profile that is rich in very long chain hydroxylated (alpha- and omega-hydroxy) fatty acids and phytosphingosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Hamanaka
- Sphingolipid Expression Laboratory, Supra-Biomolecular System Research, RIKEN Frontier Research System, Wako, Japan
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28
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Abstract
Glycolipid expression is highly regulated during development and differeniation. The control relies mainly on transcriptional modulation of key glycosyltransferases acting at the branching points of the pathway of biosynthesis. Transferases are Golgi residents that depend on N-glycosylation and oligosaccharide processing for proper folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. The N-terminal domain bears information for their transport to the Golgi, retention in the organelle and differential concentration in sub-Golgi compartments. In the Golgi, some transferases associate forming functional multienzyme complexes. It is envisaged that the machinery for synthesis in the Golgi complex, and its dynamics, constitute a potential target for fine tuning of the control of glycolipid expression according to cell demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo J F Maccioni
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC (UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
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29
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Denda M, Kumazawa N. Negative electric potential induces alteration of ion gradient and lamellar body secretion in the epidermis, and accelerates skin barrier recovery after barrier disruption. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118:65-72. [PMID: 11851877 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports suggested that ion gradients of ions such as calcium and magnesium in the epidermis play a crucial part in skin barrier homeostasis. We hypothesized that external electric potential affects the ionic gradient and skin barrier homeostasis. We demonstrated here that application of a negative electric potential (0.50 V) on hairless mice skin accelerated the barrier recovery approximately 60.7% of the original level within 1 h compared with control (37.5%) after barrier disruption by acetone treatment. Even after the application of a negative potential, the skin showed accelerated repair for 6 h. On the contrary, the skin that was applied a positive potential for 1 h showed a significant delay in barrier recovery (25.3%) than the control. Ultrastructural studies by electron microscopy suggested that the extent of lamellar body exocytosis into the stratum corneum/stratum granulosum interface increased under a negative potential. Magnesium and calcium ion concentrations in the upper epidermis were relatively higher in the negative portion than in the portion where the positive potential was applied. Topical application of these ions on mice skin also accelerated the barrier recovery. These results suggest that the external electric potential affects the ionic gradients in the epidermis and also influences the skin barrier homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Denda
- Shiseido Research Center, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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30
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Liu YY, Han TY, Giuliano AE, Cabot MC. Ceramide glycosylation potentiates cellular multidrug resistance. FASEB J 2001; 15:719-30. [PMID: 11259390 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0223com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide glycosylation, through glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), allows cellular escape from ceramide-induced programmed cell death. This glycosylation event confers cancer cell resistance to cytotoxic anticancer agents [Liu, Y. Y., Han, T. Y., Giuliano, A. E., and M. C. Cabot. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 1140-1146]. We previously found that glucosylceramide, the glycosylated form of ceramide, accumulates in adriamycin-resistant breast carcinoma cells, in vinblastine-resistant epithelioid carcinoma cells, and in tumor specimens from patients showing poor response to chemotherapy. Here we show that multidrug resistance can be increased over baseline and then totally reversed in human breast cancer cells by GCS gene targeting. In adriamycin-resistant MCF-7-AdrR cells, transfection of GCS upgraded multidrug resistance, whereas transfection of GCS antisense markedly restored cellular sensitivity to anthracyclines, Vinca alkaloids, taxanes, and other anticancer drugs. Sensitivity to the various drugs by GCS antisense transfection increased 7- to 240-fold and was consistent with the resumption of ceramide-caspase-apoptotic signaling. GCS targeting had little influence on cellular sensitivity to either 5-FU or cisplatin, nor did it modify P-glycoprotein expression or rhodamine-123 efflux. GCS antisense transfection did enhance rhodamine-123 uptake compared with parent MCF-7-AdrR cells. This study reveals that GCS is a novel mechanism of multidrug resistance and positions GCS antisense as an innovative force to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Liu
- John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
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31
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Kang MK, Bibb C, Baluda MA, Rey O, Park NH. In vitro replication and differentiation of normal human oral keratinocytes. Exp Cell Res 2000; 258:288-97. [PMID: 10896780 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The replication kinetics and cytological changes of normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK) isolated from the basal surface of oral epithelial sheet and cultured as dispersed cells in low (0.15 mM) Ca(2+) medium without serum were analyzed. Replicating NHOK were quantitated by cell count and identified by [(3)H]thymidine uptake. Cell morphology was analyzed by phase contrast and transmission electron microscopy, and by cytochemical staining for endogenous beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) activity, involucrin, and cytokeratin types 1 and 10 (K1/K10). Primary NHOK obtained from 15 different donors whose ages ranged from 21 to 62 years consistently showed three distinct phases of replication, i.e., exponential, senescing, and senescent, which were independent of the donors' age. Initially, the cells replicated exponentially for a period of 20 days with a doubling time of 26.6 +/- 3.5 h. They then gradually entered replication arrest over a period of 18 days. The cells underwent a maximum of 22.1 +/- 2.8 population doublings. The onset of gradual replication arrest coincided with an increase in the fraction of cells, which stopped DNA synthesis within a maximum of 48 h and which stained for beta-gal. The fraction of terminally differentiated cells stained for K1/K10 did not increase until nearly all the cells had stopped replicating (senescent phase) and maximal beta-gal staining had been reached. Subsequently, the percentage of beta-gal stained cells actually decreased while the percentage of those stained for K1/K10 increased to a maximum of 80-90% within 2-3 weeks. Exposure of exponentially replicating NHOK to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza CdR) inhibited DNA replication within 18-48 h and induced terminal differentiation 6 days later. In contrast, exposure of these cells to 1.5 mM Ca(2+) induced expression of involucrin and K1/K10 within 48 h without inhibiting DNA synthesis. Thus, replication arrest preceded differentiation in NHOK serially subcultured in vitro; however, differentiation could be induced without replication arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Kang
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Center for Health Sciences, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1668, USA
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32
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Huwiler A, Kolter T, Pfeilschifter J, Sandhoff K. Physiology and pathophysiology of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1485:63-99. [PMID: 10832090 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(00)00042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Huwiler
- Zentrum der Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany.
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33
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Boldin SA, Futerman AH. Up-regulation of glucosylceramide synthesis upon stimulation of axonal growth by basic fibroblast growth factor. Evidence for post-translational modification of glucosylceramide synthase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:9905-9. [PMID: 10744663 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.14.9905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that ongoing glucosylceramide (GlcCer) synthesis is required for basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and laminin to stimulate axonal growth in cultured hippocampal neurons (Boldin, S., and Futerman, A. H. (1997) J. Neurochem. 68, 882-885). We now demonstrate that stimulation of axonal growth by bFGF leads to an increase in the rate of GlcCer synthesis. Within minutes of incubation with bFGF, a significant increase in the rate of metabolism of [(14)C]hexanoyl ceramide to [(14)C]hexanoyl GlcCer is detected, but there are no changes in the rate of [(14)C]hexanoyl sphingomyelin synthesis. In vitro analysis of GlcCer synthase activity revealed an approximately 2-fold increase in the rate of [(14)C]hexanoyl GlcCer synthesis upon incubation with either bFGF or laminin; other growth factors, which did not effect the rate of axon growth, had no effect on the rate of [(14)C]hexanoyl GlcCer synthesis. The increased rate of [(14)C]hexanoyl GlcCer synthesis was not affected by preincubation with either cycloheximide or actinomycin, and no elevation of GlcCer synthase mRNA levels was detected, suggesting that GlcCer synthase is up-regulated by a post-translational mechanism. The relevance of these results for understanding the regulation of axonal growth is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Boldin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Smits P, Poumay Y, Karperien M, Tylzanowski P, Wauters J, Huylebroeck D, Ponec M, Merregaert J. Differentiation-dependent alternative splicing and expression of the extracellular matrix protein 1 gene in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:718-24. [PMID: 10733679 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The human extracellular matrix protein 1 (Ecm1) gene is located at chromosome band 1q21 close to the epidermal differentiation complex and is transcribed in two discrete mRNAs: a full length Ecm1a and a shorter, alternatively spliced, Ecm1b transcript, the expression of which is restricted to tonsils and skin. The chromosomal localization and the Ecm1b expression in skin prompted us to investigate the role of Ecm1 in keratinocyte differentiation. In this study, we provide evidence for the existence of a relationship between keratinocyte differentiation and expression of the Ecm1b transcript. Cultures of subconfluent undifferentiated normal human keratinocytes express only Ecm1a. Upon reaching confluence, the cells start to differentiate, as measured by keratin K10 mRNA expression. Concomitantly Ecm1b mRNA expression is induced, although expression of Ecm1a mRNA remains unchanged. In addition, treatment of undifferentiated normal human keratinocyte cells with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate strongly induces the expression of Ecm1b mRNA. Expression of Ecm1b can also be induced by coculturing normal human keratinocytes with lethally irradiated feeder cells and by a diffusible factor secreted by stromal cells. In adult human skin, Ecm1a mRNA is expressed throughout the epidermis with the strongest expression in the basal and first suprabasal cell layers, whereas expression of Ecm1b mRNA is predominantly found in spinous and granular cell layers. Immunohistochemically, Ecm1a expression is almost completely restricted to the basal cell layer, whereas Ecm1b is detected in the suprabasal layers. These results are strongly suggestive of a role for Ecm1b in terminal keratinocyte differentiation, which is also supported by the localization of the Ecm1 gene at 1q21. Refinement of its genomic localization, however, placed Ecm1 centromeric of the epidermal differentiation complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Smits
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, U. I.A, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Liu YY, Han TY, Giuliano AE, Hansen N, Cabot MC. Uncoupling ceramide glycosylation by transfection of glucosylceramide synthase antisense reverses adriamycin resistance. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:7138-43. [PMID: 10702281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.10.7138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that increased competence to glycosylate ceramide conferred adriamycin resistance in MCF-7 breast cancer cells (Liu, Y. Y., Han, T. Y., Giuliano, A. E. , and M. C. Cabot. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 1140-1146). This was achieved by cellular transfection with glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), the enzyme that converts ceramide to glucosylceramide. With this, we hypothesized that a decrease in cellular ceramide glycosylation would result in heightened drug sensitivity and reverse adriamycin resistance. To down-regulate ceramide glycosylation potential, we transfected adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cells (MCF-7-AdrR) with GCS antisense (asGCS), using a pcDNA 3.1/his A vector and developed a new cell line, MCF-7-AdrR/asGCS. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay and Western blot analysis revealed marked decreases in both GCS mRNA and protein in MCF-7-AdrR/asGCS cells compared with the MCF-7-AdrR parental cells. MCF-7-AdrR/asGCS cells exhibited 30% less GCS activity by in vitro enzyme assay (19.7 +/- 1.1 versus 27.4 +/- 2.3 pmol GC/h/microg protein, p < 0.001) and were 28-fold more sensitive to adriamycin (EC(50), 0.44 +/- 0.01 versus 12.4 +/- 0.7 microM, p < 0. 0001). GCS antisense transfected cells were also 2.4-fold more sensitive to C(6)-ceramide compared with parental cells (EC(50) = 4. 0 +/- 0.03 versus 9.6 +/- 0.5 microM, p < 0.0005). Under adriamycin stress, GCS antisense transfected cells compared with parental cells displayed time- and dose-dependent increases in endogenous ceramide and dramatically higher levels of apoptotic effector, caspase-3. Western blotting showed that adriamycin sensitivity, introduced by asGCS gene transfection, was independent of P-glycoprotein and Bcl-2 expression. In summary, this work shows that transfection of GCS antisense tempers the expression of native GCS and restores cell sensitivity to adriamycin. Therefore, limiting the potential to glycosylate ceramide, which is an apoptotic signal in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, provides a promising approach to combat drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Liu
- John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Marks
- Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Memon RA, Holleran WM, Uchida Y, Moser AH, Ichikawa S, Hirabayashi Y, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR. Regulation of glycosphingolipid metabolism in liver during the acute phase response. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:19707-13. [PMID: 10391911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.28.19707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The host response to infection is associated with multiple alterations in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. We have shown recently that endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) and cytokines enhance hepatic sphingolipid synthesis, increase the activity and mRNA levels of serine palmitoyltransferase, the first committed step in sphingolipid synthesis, and increase the content of sphingomyelin, ceramide, and glucosylceramide (GlcCer) in circulating lipoproteins in Syrian hamsters. Since the LPS-induced increase in GlcCer content of lipoproteins was far greater than that of ceramide or sphingomyelin, we have now examined the effect of LPS and cytokines on glycosphingolipid metabolism. LPS markedly increased the mRNA level of hepatic GlcCer synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first glycosylation step of glycosphingolipid synthesis. The LPS-induced increase in GlcCer synthase mRNA levels was seen within 2 h, sustained for 8 h, and declined to base line by 24 h. LPS-induced increase in GlcCer synthase mRNA was partly accounted for by an increase in its transcription rate. LPS produced a 3-4-fold increase in hepatic GlcCer synthase activity and significantly increased the content of GlcCer (the immediate product of GlcCer synthase reaction) as well as ceramide trihexoside and ganglioside GM3 (products distal to the GlcCer synthase step) in the liver. Moreover, both tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta, cytokines that mediate many of the metabolic effects of LPS, increased hepatic GlcCer synthase mRNA levels in vivo as well as in HepG2 cells in vitro, suggesting that these cytokines can directly stimulate glycosphingolipid metabolism. These results indicate that LPS and cytokines up-regulate glycosphingolipid metabolism in vivo and in vitro. An increase in GlcCer synthase mRNA levels and activity leads to the increase in hepatic GlcCer content and may account for the increased GlcCer content in circulating lipoproteins during the acute phase response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Memon
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, Metabolism Section, Medical Service and Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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Maccioni HJ, Daniotti JL, Martina JA. Organization of ganglioside synthesis in the Golgi apparatus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1437:101-18. [PMID: 10064894 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H J Maccioni
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, CIQUIBIC (UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Meivar-Levy I, Futerman AH. Up-regulation of neutral glycosphingolipid synthesis upon long term inhibition of ceramide synthesis by fumonisin B1. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:4607-12. [PMID: 9988695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.8.4607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study we observed that long term (5 days) incubation with fumonisin B1 (FB1), an inhibitor of acylation of sphingoid long chain bases to (dihydro)ceramide, resulted in morphological and biochemical changes in 3T3 fibroblasts (Meivar-Levy, I., Sabanay, H., Bershadsky, A. D., and Futerman, A. H. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 1558-1564). Among these were changes in the profile of synthesis of sphingolipids (SLs) and glycosphingolipids (GSLs). Whereas [3H]globotriaosylceramide ([3H]Gb3) comprised 1.9% of the total [3H]SLs and [3H]GSLs synthesized in control cells, it comprised 16. 5% in FB1-treated cells. We now demonstrate by in vitro analysis that inhibition of ceramide synthesis by FB1 for 5 days results in up-regulation of the activities of three enzymes in the pathway of Gb3 synthesis, namely glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and Gb3 synthases; up-regulation is due to an increase in Vmax, with no change in Km values toward lipid substrates. Moreover, molecular analysis (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) of glucosylceramide synthase indicated that this enzyme is up-regulated at the transcriptional level. No changes in either the Vmax or Km values of sphingomyelin or of GM3 synthase were detected after FB1 treatment. Analysis of SL and GSL synthesis in cultured cells using [4,5-3H]sphinganine as a metabolic precursor demonstrated that at low substrate concentrations, Gb3 synthesis is favored over GM3 synthesis and glucosylceramide synthesis is favored over sphingomyelin synthesis, whereas the opposite is true at high substrate concentrations. These data demonstrate that GSL synthesis and in particular Gb3 synthesis are tightly regulated in fibroblasts, presumably so as to maintain constant levels of Gb3 on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Meivar-Levy
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Liu YY, Han TY, Giuliano AE, Cabot MC. Expression of glucosylceramide synthase, converting ceramide to glucosylceramide, confers adriamycin resistance in human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:1140-6. [PMID: 9873062 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.2.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant cancer cells display elevated levels of glucosylceramide (Lavie, Y., Cao, H. T., Volner, A., Lucci, A., Han, T. Y., Geffen, V., Giuliano, A. E., and Cabot, M. C. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 1682-1687). In this study, we have introduced glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) into wild type MCF-7 breast cancer cells using a retroviral tetracycline-on expression system, and we developed a cell line, MCF-7/GCS. MCF-7/GCS cells expressed an 11-fold higher level of GCS activity compared with the parental cell line. Interestingly, the transfected cells demonstrated strong resistance to adriamycin and to ceramide, whereas both agents were highly cytotoxic to MCF-7 cells. The EC50 values of adriamycin and ceramide were 11-fold (p < 0.0005) and 5-fold (p < 0.005) higher, respectively, in MCF-7/GCS cells compared with MCF-7 cells. Ceramide resistance displayed by MCF-7/GCS cells closely paralleled the activity of expressed GCS with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. In turn, cellular resistance and GCS activity were dependent upon the concentration of the expression mediator doxycycline. Adriamycin resistance in MCF-7/GCS cells was related to the hyperglycosylation of ceramide and was not related to shifts in the levels of either P-glycoprotein or Bcl-2. This work demonstrates that overexpression of GCS, which catalyzes ceramide glycosylation, induces resistance to adriamycin and ceramide in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Liu
- John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA
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Marks DL, Wu K, Paul P, Kamisaka Y, Watanabe R, Pagano RE. Oligomerization and topology of the Golgi membrane protein glucosylceramide synthase. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:451-6. [PMID: 9867864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.1.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) catalyzes the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to ceramide to form glucosylceramide, the precursor of most higher order glycosphingolipids. Recently, we characterized GCS activity in highly enriched fractions from rat liver Golgi membranes (Paul, P., Kamisaka, Y., Marks, D. L., and Pagano, R. E. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 2287-2293), and human GCS was cloned by others (Ichikawa, S., Sakiyama, H., Suzuki, G., Hidari, K. I.-P. J., and Hirabayashi, Y. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 4638-4643). However, the polypeptide responsible for GCS activity has never been identified or characterized. In this study, we made polyclonal antibodies against peptides based on the predicted amino acid sequence of human GCS and used these antibodies to characterize the GCS polypeptide in rat liver Golgi membranes. Western blotting of rat liver Golgi membranes, human cells, and recombinant rat GCS expressed in bacteria showed that GCS migrates as an approximately 38-kDa protein on SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Trypsinization and immunoprecipitation studies with Golgi membranes showed that both the C terminus and a hydrophilic loop near the N terminus of GCS are accessible from the cytosolic face of the Golgi membrane. Treatment of Golgi membranes with N-hydroxysuccinimide ester-based cross-linking reagents yielded an approximately 50-kDa polypeptide recognized by anti-GCS antibodies; however, treatment of approximately 10,000-fold purified Golgi GCS with the same reagents did not yield cross-linked GCS forms. These results suggest that GCS forms a dimer or oligomer with another protein in the Golgi membrane. The migration of solubilized Golgi GCS in glycerol gradients was also consistent with a predominantly oligomeric organization of GCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Marks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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