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de Pao Mendonca K, Chaurand P, Campos A, Angeletti B, Rovezzi M, Delage L, Borchiellini C, Le Bivic A, Issartel J, Renard E, Levard C. Hyper-accumulation of vanadium in animals: Two sponges compete with urochordates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169410. [PMID: 38123080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium (V) concentrations in organisms are usually very low. To date, among animals, only some urochordate and annelid species contain very high levels of V in their tissues. A new case of hyper-accumulation of V in a distinct animal phylum (Porifera), namely, the two homoscleromorph sponge species Oscarella lobularis and O. tuberculata is reported. The measured concentrations (up to 30 g/kg dry weight) exceed those reported previously and are not found in all sponge classes. In both Oscarella species, V is mainly accumulated in the surface tissues, and in mesohylar cells, as V(IV), before being partly reduced to V(III) in the deeper tissues. Candidate genes from Bacteria and sponges have been identified as possibly being involved in the metabolism of V. This finding provides clues for the development of bioremediation strategies in marine ecosystems and/or bioinspired processes to recycle this critical metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra de Pao Mendonca
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Marseille, France
| | - Perrine Chaurand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Andrea Campos
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM (FR1739), CP2M, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Angeletti
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, FR 3098 ECCOREV, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Mauro Rovezzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Irstea, Météo France, OSUG, FAME, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ludovic Delage
- CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M, UMR8227), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), Sorbonne Université, Roscoff, France
| | | | - André Le Bivic
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Issartel
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, FR 3098 ECCOREV, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Emmanuelle Renard
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, FR 3098 ECCOREV, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Clément Levard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France.
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Peña Corredor A, Wendling L, Preziosi D, Schlur L, Leuvrey C, Thiaudière D, Elklaim E, Blanc N, Grenier S, Roulland F, Viart N, Lefevre C. Oxygen crystallographic positions in thin films by non-destructive resonant elastic X-ray scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722003673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Precisely locating oxygen atoms in nanosized systems is a real challenge. The traditional strategies used for bulk samples fail at probing samples with much less matter. Resonant elastic X-ray scattering (REXS) experiments in the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) domain have already proved their efficiency in probing transition metal cations in thin films, but it is not feasible to perform such experiments at the low-energy edges of lighter atoms – such as oxygen. In this study, the adequacy of using REXS in the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) domain, also known as extended diffraction absorption fine structure (EDAFS), to solve this issue is shown. The technique has been validated on a bulk FeV2O4 sample, through comparison with results obtained with conventional X-ray diffraction measurements. Subsequently, the positions of oxygen atoms in a thin film were unveiled by using the same strategy. The approach described in this study can henceforth be applied to solve the crystallographic structure of oxides, and will help in better understanding the properties and functionalities which are dictated by the positions of the oxygen atoms in functional nanosized materials.
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Frank P, Carlson RMK, Carlson EJ, Hedman B, Hodgson KO. Biological sulfur in the blood cells of Ascidia ceratodes: XAS spectroscopy and a cellular-enzymatic hypothesis for vanadium reduction in the ascidians. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 205:110991. [PMID: 31945647 PMCID: PMC7033024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two samples of living blood cells and of cleared blood plasma from the Phlebobranch tunicate Ascidia ceratodes from Bodega Bay, California, and one of fresh Henze solution from A. ceratodes of Monterey Bay, California, have been examined using sulfur K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Biological sulfur included sulfate esters, sulfate and bisulfate ions, benzothiazole, thianthrene, epi-sulfide, thiol and disulfide. Glutathione dominated reduced sulfur, from which an average intracellular Voltage of -0.21 V was calculated. Sulfate-bisulfate ratios yielded blood cell pH values of 2.0 and 2.8. Total blood cell [sulfur] was 373±9 mM or 296±73 mM from BaSO4 gravimetry. Two plasma samples (pH 6.9 or 7.0; [S] = 33±6 mM or 26±4 mM) were dominated by sulfate and disulfide. Fresh Henze solution evidenced a sulfur inventory similar to blood cells, with calculated pH = 2.7. A V(III)-sulfonate fraction varied systematically with intracellular pH across six independent blood cell samples, implying a vanadium mobilization pathway. Bodega Bay and Monterey Bay A. ceratodes appear to maintain alternative suites of low-valent sulfur. The significance of the vanabins to vanadium metabolism is critically examined in terms of known protein - V(IV) biochemistry. Finally, a detailed hypothesis for the reduction of [VO4]3- to V(III) in ascidians is introduced. A vanadium oxido-reductase is proposed to span the signet ring membrane and to release V(III) into the inner acidic vacuole. The V(V) to V(III) reduction is predicted require an inner-sphere mechanism, a thiol reductant, 7-coordinate V(III), a biologically accessible Voltage, and proton-facilitated release of V(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Frank
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation laboratory, SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America.
| | - Robert M K Carlson
- Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America
| | - Elaine J Carlson
- University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States of America
| | - Britt Hedman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation laboratory, SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America
| | - Keith O Hodgson
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation laboratory, SLAC, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States of America
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4
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Levina A, Crans DC, Lay PA. Speciation of metal drugs, supplements and toxins in media and bodily fluids controls in vitro activities. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Leblanc C, Vilter H, Fournier JB, Delage L, Potin P, Rebuffet E, Michel G, Solari P, Feiters M, Czjzek M. Vanadium haloperoxidases: From the discovery 30 years ago to X-ray crystallographic and V K-edge absorption spectroscopic studies. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Krzystek J, Ozarowski A, Telser J, Crans DC. High-frequency and -field electron paramagnetic resonance of vanadium(IV, III, and II) complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Žižić M, Dučić T, Grolimund D, Bajuk-Bogdanović D, Nikolic M, Stanić M, Križak S, Zakrzewska J. X-ray absorption near-edge structure micro-spectroscopy study of vanadium speciation in Phycomyces blakesleeanus mycelium. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7487-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Horton DC, VanDerveer D, Krzystek J, Telser J, Pittman T, Crans DC, Holder AA. Spectroscopic Characterization of L-ascorbic Acid-induced Reduction of Vanadium(V) Dipicolinates: Formation of Vanadium(III) and Vanadium(IV) Complexes from Vanadium(V) Dipicolinate Derivatives. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Yoon S, Maegli AE, Karvonen L, Shkabko A, Populoh S, Gałązka K, Sagarna L, Aguirre MH, Jakes P, Eichel RA, Ebbinghaus SG, Pokrant S, Weidenkaff A. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Electric and Magnetic Properties of LaVO2.78N0.10. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Structure, biosynthesis and possible function of tunichromes and related compounds. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 163:1-25. [PMID: 22580032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Several species of ascidians (phylum Chordata, subphylum Urochordata) contain a group of oligopeptides called "tunichromes" in their blood cells. These peptides have been implicated in (a) metal chelation and accumulation/sequestration of vanadium or iron; (b) crosslinking of structural fibers in tunic formation, (c) wound healing and (d) defense reactions. However, their biosynthesis, metabolism, and biological function remain largely un-elucidated due to their extreme instability and high reactivity. Tunichromes and related compounds uniquely possess dehydrodopamine moieties, all originating from post-translational modification of peptidyl tyrosine. It is conceivable that the presence of such novel post-translationally modified groups provide attributes that are crucial for their biological roles. Therefore, we examined the chemistry and reactivity of tunichromes in light of the available knowledge of the biochemistry of simple monomeric dehydro-N-acyldopamine units. Based on the reactivity of such simple compounds, the potential biological activities of tunichromes are predicted. Their possible biosynthetic route from peptidyl tyrosine is critically evaluated to provide a better basis for unraveling their biological functions. Prevalence of dehydro-N-acyldopamine units in different tunichromes, some marine antibiotic compounds, insect cuticular sclerotizing precursors and some bioadhesive marine proteins may aid in the de novo design of unique biomaterials with potential antibiotic/adhesive properties.
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11
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Treberg JR, Stacey JE, Driedzic WR. Vanadium accumulation in ascidian coelomic cells is associated with enhanced pentose phosphate pathway capacity but not overall aerobic or anaerobic metabolism. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 161:323-30. [PMID: 22227371 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Some suborders of ascidians (sea squirts) accumulate remarkable levels of the heavy metal vanadium while others accumulate negligible amounts. The function of this vanadium is unclear, but enhanced pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) has been implicated in its reduction and accumulation. We compared aspects of intermediary metabolism in coelomic cells from ascidian species that have a wide range of vanadium accumulation including non-accumulators. All species appear to have similar aerobic poise with no apparent link to vanadium accumulation. Similarly, all species examined have a limited anaerobic poise that does not seem to relate to vanadium levels. Based on the activities of phosphoglucose isomerase and glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase we demonstrate that, relative to the capacity for entry into glycolysis, vanadium-accumulating species have enhanced capacity to metabolize glucose-6 phosphate via the PPP compared to non-accumulators. This finding provides the first comparative support for enhanced PPP capacity linked to vanadium accumulation in tunicates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Treberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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12
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Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has emerged as one of the premier tools for investigating the structure and dynamic properties of metals in cells and in metal containing biomolecules. Utilizing the high flux and broad energy range of X-rays supplied by synchrotron light sources, one can selectively excite core electronic transitions in each metal. Spectroscopic signals from these electronic transitions can be used to dissect the chemical architecture of metals in cells, in cellular components, and in biomolecules at varying degrees of structural resolution. With the development of ever-brighter X-ray sources, X-ray methods have grown into applications that can be utilized to provide both a cellular image of the relative distribution of metals throughout the cell as well as a high-resolution picture of the structure of the metal. As these techniques continue to grow in their capabilities and ease of use, so too does the demand for their application by chemists and biochemists interested in studying the structure and dynamics of metals in cells, in cellular organelles, and in metalloproteins.
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13
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Electrochemical and X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of copper coatings on a hydrogen storage alloy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Frank P, Carlson RMK, Carlson EJ, Hodgson KO. The vanadium environment in blood cells of Ascidia ceratodes is divergent at all organismal levels: an XAS and EPR spectroscopic study. J Inorg Biochem 2003; 94:59-71. [PMID: 12620674 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(02)00636-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
K-edge X-ray absorption and EPR spectroscopies were used to test the variation in blood cell vanadium between and within specimens of the tunicate Ascidia ceratodes from Bodega Bay, California. Intracellular vanadium was speciated by fitting the XAS spectra of whole blood cells with linear combinations of the XAS spectra of models. Blood cell samples representing one specimen each, respectively, revealed 92.5 and 38.7% of endogenous vanadium as [V(H(2)O)(6)](3+), indicating dissimilar distributions. Conversely, vanadium distributions within blood cell samples respectively representing one and six specimens proved very similar. The derived array of V(III) complexes was consistent with multiple intracellular regions that differ both in pH and c(sulfate), both within and between specimens. No systematic effect on vanadium distribution was apparent on mixing blood cells. EPR and XAS results indicated at least three forms of endogenous vanadyl ion, two of which may be dimeric. An inverse linear correlation was found between soluble and complexed forms of vanadyl ion, implying co-regulation. The EPR A value of endogenous vanadyl ion [A(0)=(1.062+/-0.008)x10(-2) cm(-1)] was marginally different from that representing Monterey Bay A. ceratodes [A(0)=(1.092+/-0.006) x10(-2) cm(-1)]. Comparisons indicate that Bodega Bay A. ceratodes maintain V(III) in a more acidic intracellular environment on average than do those from Monterey Bay, showing variation across populations. Blood cell vanadium thus noticeably diverges at all organismal levels among A. ceratodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Frank
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, SLAC, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309, USA
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15
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Lauth X, Shike H, Burns JC, Westerman ME, Ostland VE, Carlberg JM, Van Olst JC, Nizet V, Taylor SW, Shimizu C, Bulet P. Discovery and characterization of two isoforms of moronecidin, a novel antimicrobial peptide from hybrid striped bass. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:5030-9. [PMID: 11739390 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109173200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated a novel 22-residue, C-terminally amidated antimicrobial peptide, moronecidin, from the skin and gill of hybrid striped bass. Two isoforms, differing by only one amino acid, are derived from each parental species, white bass (Morone chrysops) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Molecular masses (2543 and 2571 Da), amino acid sequences (FFHHIFRGIVHVGKTIH(K/R)LVTGT), cDNA, and genomic DNA sequences were determined for each isoform. A predicted 79-residue moronecidin prepropeptide consists of three domains: a signal peptide (22 amino acids), a mature peptide (22 amino acids), and a C-terminal prodomain (35 amino acids). The synthetic, amidated white bass moronecidin exhibited broad spectrum antimicrobial activity that was retained at high salt concentration. An alpha-helical structure was confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The moronecidin gene consists of three introns and four exons. Peptide sequence and gene organization were similar to pleurocidin, an antimicrobial peptide from winter flounder. A TATA box and several consensus-binding motifs for transcription factors were found in the region 5' to the transcriptional start site. Moronecidin gene expression was detected in gill, skin, intestine, spleen, anterior kidney, and blood cells by kinetic reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Thus, moronecidin is a new alpha-helical, broad spectrum antimicrobial peptide isolated from the skin and gills of hybrid striped bass.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides
- Base Sequence
- Bass
- Circular Dichroism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Exons
- Fish Proteins
- Hemolysis
- Introns
- Kinetics
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Peptide Biosynthesis
- Peptides/chemistry
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteins/chemistry
- Proteins/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Time Factors
- Tissue Distribution
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Lauth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093-0830, USA
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Frank P, Robinson WE, Kustin K, Hodgson KO. Unprecedented forms of vanadium observed within the blood cells of Phallusia nigra using K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2001; 86:635-48. [PMID: 11583781 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(01)00231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fits to the vanadium K-edge X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) of five whole blood cell samples from the tunicate Phallusia nigra revealed unprecedented forms of intracellular vanadium. Endogenous vanadium was divided between the V(III) ion (74.2+/-5.1% of total V) and the vanadyl ion [V(IV)=O](2+) (25.2+/-5.4% of total V). The V(III) fraction included both [V(H(2)O)(6)](3+) (36.7+/-5.5%) modeled as VCl(3) in 1 M HCl, and three previously unprecedented chelated V(III) forms (37.5+/-4.6%). Two of these could be represented by the model ligand environments V(acetylacetonate)(3) (17.9+/-3.2%) and K(3)V(catecholate)(3) (13.1+/-4.7%), implying DOPA-like complexation. The third chelated form was represented by the 7-coordinate N(2)O(5) complex Na[V(edta)(H(2)O)] (8.0+/-1.8%). This coordination array, suggestive of a novel mononuclear V(III) protein site, contributed only to fits to samples 1, 2, 3 and 5, which were prepared in the presence of DTT. Endogenous V(IV) (25.2+/-5.4%) was principally modeled as VOCl(2) in 1 M HCl. EPR spectra (averages: A(parallel)=(1.842+/-0.006)x10(-2) cm(-1); A( perpendicular)=(0.718+/-0.007)x10(-2) cm(-1); g(parallel)=1.936+/-0.002; g( perpendicular)=1.990+/-0.001) confirmed the predominance of the aquated vanadyl ion. Blood cell sample five uniquely required the XAS spectrum of VOSO(4) in 0.1 M H(2)SO(4) solution (13.0%) and of [OV(V)(pivalate)(3)] (3.1%) to successfully fit the XAS pre-edge energy region. This endogenous V(V) signal is also unprecedented. These results are compared with those of analogous fits to the blood cells of Ascidia ceratodes and may support assignment of P. nigra to a different genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Frank
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, SLAC, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309, USA
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Taylor SW, Craig AG, Fischer WH, Park M, Lehrer RI. Styelin D, an extensively modified antimicrobial peptide from ascidian hemocytes. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:38417-26. [PMID: 10978343 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006762200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated styelin D, a 32-residue, C-terminally amidated antimicrobial peptide, from the blood cells (hemocytes) of the solitary ascidian, Styela clava. Styelin D had remarkably extensive post-translational modifications, containing two novel amino acids, dihydroxyarginine and dihydroxylysine, and two distinctly unusual ones, 6-bromotryptophan and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. In addition, the peptide exhibited microheterogeneity because of differential mono- and dihydroxylation of several lysine residues. The primary sequence of one variant was: GW(*)LR(**)K(**)AAK(**)SVGK(**)FY(*)Y(*)K(**)HK(*)Y(*) Y(*)IK(*)AAWQIG KHAL-NH(2), where W(*) is 6-bromotryptophan, R(**) is dihydroxyarginine, Y(*) is 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, K(*) is 5-hydroxylysine, and K(**) is dihydroxylysine. Styelin D exhibited activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and this activity was retained in 200 mm NaCl. The role of the extensive modifications may be to preserve activity at low pH and/or high salinity because, under these conditions, the native peptide was considerably more active against the Gram-positive bacterial strains than its unmodified synthetic analogue. The peptide was also hemolytic and quite cytotoxic to eukaryotic cells. These broad ranging activities, combined with its relative abundance in ascidian hemocytes, suggest that styelin D plays a significant role in the innate immune mechanisms of S. clava.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Taylor
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0204, USA.
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