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Cao ZQ, Wang GQ, Luo R, Gao YH, Lv JM, Qin SY, Chen GD, Awakawa T, Bao XF, Mei QH, Yao XS, Hu D, Abe I, Gao H. Biosynthesis of Enfumafungin-type Antibiotic Reveals an Unusual Enzymatic Fusion Pattern and Unprecedented C-C Bond Cleavage. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12723-12733. [PMID: 38654452 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Enfumafungin-type antibiotics, represented by enfumafungin and fuscoatroside, belong to a distinct group of triterpenoids derived from fungi. These compounds exhibit significant antifungal properties with ibrexafungerp, a semisynthetic derivative of enfumafungin, recently gaining FDA's approval as the first oral antifungal drug for treating invasive vulvar candidiasis. Enfumafungin-type antibiotics possess a cleaved E-ring with an oxidized carboxyl group and a reduced methyl group at the break site, suggesting unprecedented C-C bond cleavage chemistry involved in their biosynthesis. Here, we show that a 4-gene (fsoA, fsoD, fsoE, fsoF) biosynthetic gene cluster is sufficient to yield fuscoatroside by heterologous expression in Aspergillus oryzae. Notably, FsoA is an unheard-of terpene cyclase-glycosyltransferase fusion enzyme, affording a triterpene glycoside product that relies on enzymatic fusion. FsoE is a P450 enzyme that catalyzes successive oxidation reactions at C19 to facilitate a C-C bond cleavage, producing an oxidized carboxyl group and a reduced methyl group that have never been observed in known P450 enzymes. Our study thus sets the important foundation for the manufacture of enfumafungin-type antibiotics using biosynthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qin Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510317, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gao-Qian Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rui Luo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yao-Hui Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jian-Ming Lv
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Sheng-Ying Qin
- Clinical Experimental Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guo-Dong Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Xue-Feng Bao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing-Hua Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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2
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Wang H, Abe I. Recent developments in the enzymatic modifications of steroid scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3559-3583. [PMID: 38639195 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00327f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Steroids are an important family of bioactive compounds. Steroid drugs are renowned for their multifaceted pharmacological activities and are the second-largest category in the global pharmaceutical market. Recent developments in biocatalysis and biosynthesis have led to the increased use of enzymes to enhance the selectivity, efficiency, and sustainability for diverse modifications of steroids. This review discusses the advancements achieved over the past five years in the enzymatic modifications of steroid scaffolds, focusing on enzymatic hydroxylation, reduction, dehydrogenation, cascade reactions, and other modifications for future research on the synthesis of novel steroid compounds and related drugs, and new therapeutic possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Yuan X, Li R, He W, Xu W, Xu W, Yan G, Xu S, Chen L, Feng Y, Li H. Progress in Identification of UDP-Glycosyltransferases for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024. [PMID: 38449105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the primary pharmacologically active constituents of the Panax genus, have demonstrated a variety of medicinal properties, including anticardiovascular disease, cytotoxic, antiaging, and antidiabetes effects. However, the low concentration of ginsenosides in plants and the challenges associated with their extraction impede the advancement and application of ginsenosides. Heterologous biosynthesis represents a promising strategy for the targeted production of these natural active compounds. As representative triterpenoids, the biosynthetic pathway of the aglycone skeletons of ginsenosides has been successfully decoded. While the sugar moiety is vital for the structural diversity and pharmacological activity of ginsenosides, the mining of uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis has attracted a lot of attention and made great progress in recent years. In this paper, we summarize the identification and functional study of UGTs responsible for ginsenoside synthesis in both plants, such as Panax ginseng and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and microorganisms including Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The UGT-related microbial cell factories for large-scale ginsenoside production are also mentioned. Additionally, we delve into strategies for UGT mining, particularly potential rapid screening or identification methods, providing insights and prospects. This review provides insights into the study of other unknown glycosyltransferases as candidate genetic elements for the heterologous biosynthesis of rare ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Yuan
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ruiqiong Li
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Weishen He
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Guohong Yan
- Pharmacy Department, People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yaqian Feng
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
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Pereira de Sa N, Del Poeta M. Sterylglucosides in Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1130. [PMID: 36354897 PMCID: PMC9698648 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterylglucosides (SGs) are sterol conjugates widely distributed in nature. Although their universal presence in all living organisms suggests the importance of this kind of glycolipids, they are yet poorly understood. The glycosylation of sterols confers a more hydrophilic character, modifying biophysical properties of cell membranes and altering immunogenicity of the cells. In fungi, SGs regulate different cell pathways to help overcome oxygen and pH challenges, as well as help to accomplish cell recycling and other membrane functions. At the same time, the level of these lipids is highly controlled, especially in wild-type fungi. In addition, modulating SGs metabolism is becoming a novel tool for vaccine and antifungal development. In the present review, we bring together multiple observations to emphasize the underestimated importance of SGs for fungal cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivea Pereira de Sa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery (ICB&DD), Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA
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Li X, Li M, Liu X, Jiang Y, Zhao D, Gao J, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Chen C. RNA-Seq Provides Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying Ilyonectria robusta Responding to Secondary Metabolites of Bacillus methylotrophicus NJ13. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080779. [PMID: 35893148 PMCID: PMC9332032 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Ilyonectria robusta can cause ginseng to suffer from rusty root rot. Secondary metabolites (SMs) produced by Bacillus methylotrophicus NJ13 can inhibit the mycelial growth of I. robusta. However, the molecular mechanism of the inhibition and response remains unclear. (2) Methods: Through an in vitro trial, the effect of B. methylotrophicus NJ13’s SMs on the hyphae and conidia of I. robusta was determined. The change in the physiological function of I. robusta was evaluated in response to NJ13’s SMs by measuring the electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and glucose content. The molecular interaction mechanism of I. robusta’s response to NJ13’s SMs was analyzed by using transcriptome sequencing. (3) Results: NJ13’s SMs exhibited antifungal activity against I. robusta: namely, the hyphae swelled and branched abnormally, and their inclusions leaked out due to changes in the cell membrane permeability and the peroxidation level; the EC50 value was 1.21% (v/v). In transcripts at 4 dpi and 7 dpi, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (|log2(fold change)| > 1, p adj ≤ 0.05) was 1960 and 354, respectively. NJ13’s SMs affected the glucose metabolism pathway, and the sugar-transporter-related genes were downregulated, which are utilized by I. robusta for energy production. The cell wall structure of I. robusta was disrupted, and chitin-synthase-related genes were downregulated. (4) Conclusions: A new dataset of functional responses of the ginseng pathogenic fungus I. robusta was obtained. The results will benefit the development of targeted biological fungicides for I. robusta and the study of the molecular mechanisms of interaction between biocontrol bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Mengtao Li
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Xiangkai Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Yilin Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Dongfang Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Agro-Tech Extension Center, Changchun 130031, China;
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
| | - Zhenhui Wang
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
| | - Yun Jiang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Changqing Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (M.L.); (X.L.); (Y.J.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (C.C.)
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Gao J, Xu Y, Hua C, Li C, Zhang Y. Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Sterol 3- O-Glucosyltransferase Involved in Biosynthesis of Steroidal Saponins in Trigonella foenum-graecum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:809579. [PMID: 34966407 PMCID: PMC8710529 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.809579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), a pharmacologically important herb, is widely known for its antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and anticancer effects. The medicinal properties of this herb are accredited to the presence of bioactive steroidal saponins with one or more sugar moieties linked to the C-3 OH position of disogenin or its C25-epimer yamogenin. Despite intensive studies regarding pharmacology and phytochemical profiles of this plant, enzymes and/or genes involved in synthesizing the glycosidic part of fenugreek steroidal saponins are still missing so far. This study reports the molecular cloning and functional characterization of a key sterol-specific glucosyltransferase, designated as TfS3GT2 here, from fenugreek plant. The recombinant TfS3GT2 was purified via expression in Escherichia coli, and biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme suggested its role in transferring a glucose group onto the C-3 hydroxyl group of diosgenin or yamogenin. The functional role of TfS3GT2 in the steroidal saponin biosynthesis was also demonstrated by suppressing the gene in the transgenic fenugreek hairy roots via the RNA interference (RNAi) approach. Down-regulation of TfS3GT2 in fenugreek generally led to reduced levels of diosgenin or yamogenin-derived steroidal saponins. Thus, Tf3SGT2 was identified as a steroid-specific UDP-glucose 3-O-glucosyltransferase that appears to be involved in steroidal saponin biosynthesis in T. foenum-graecum.
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Ren J, Tang W, Barton CD, Price OM, Mortensen MW, Phillips A, Wald B, Hulme SE, Stanley LP, Hevel J, Zhan J. A highly versatile fungal glucosyltransferase for specific production of quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside in different hosts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:227-245. [PMID: 34874472 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an effective way to improve the water solubility of natural products. In this work, a novel glycosyltransferase gene (BbGT) was discovered from Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159 and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme was functionally characterized through in vitro enzymatic reactions as a UDP-glucosyltransferase, converting quercetin to five monoglucosylated and one diglucosylated products. The optimal pH and temperature for BbGT are 35 ℃ and 8.0, respectively. The activity of BbGT was stimulated by Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+, but inhibited by Zn2+. BbGT enzyme is flexible and can glycosylate a variety of substrates such as curcumin, resveratrol, and zearalenone. The enzyme was also expressed in other microbial hosts including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pseudomonas putida, and Pichia pastoris. Interestingly, the major glycosylation product of quercetin in E. coli, P. putida, and P. pastoris was quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, while the enzyme dominantly produced quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside in S. cerevisiae. The BbGT-harboring E. coli and S. cerevisiae strains were used as whole-cell biocatalysts to specifically produce the two valuable quercetin glucosides, respectively. The titer of quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucosides was 0.34 ± 0.02 mM from 0.83 mM quercetin in 24 h by BbGT-harboring E. coli. The yield of quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside was 0.22 ± 0.02 mM from 0.41 mM quercetin in 12 h by BbGT-harboring S. cerevisiae. This work thus provides an efficient way to produce two valuable quercetin glucosides through the expression of a versatile glucosyltransferase in different hosts. KEY POINTS: • A highly versatile glucosyltransferase was identified from B. bassiana ATCC 7159. • BbGT converts quercetin to five mono- and one di-glucosylated derivatives in vitro. • Different quercetin glucosides were produced by BbGT in E. coli and S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Wenzhu Tang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA.,School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, Liaoning, China
| | - Caleb Don Barton
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Owen M Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-0300, USA
| | - Mark Wayne Mortensen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Alexandra Phillips
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Banner Wald
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Simon Elgin Hulme
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Logan Powell Stanley
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA
| | - Joan Hevel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-0300, USA
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-4105, USA.
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Endo I, Watanabe T, Miyamoto T, Monjusho-Goda H, Ohara J, Hayashi M, Hama Y, Ishibashi Y, Okino N, Ito M. C4-monomethylsterol β-glucoside and its synthase in Aurantiochytrium limacinum mh0186. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1350-1363. [PMID: 34224567 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids, unicellular marine protists, synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and PUFA-containing phospholipids; however, little is known about their glycolipids and their associated metabolism. Here, we report two glycolipids (GL-A, B) and their synthases in Aurantiochytrium limacinum mh0186. Two glycolipids were purified from A. limacinum mh0186, and they were determined by gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance to be 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-stigmasta-5,7,22-triene (GL-A) and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4α-methyl-stigmasta-7,22-diene (GL-B), both of which are sterol β-glucosides (β-SGs); the structure of GL-B has not been reported thus far. Seven candidate genes responsible for the synthesis of these β-SGs were extracted from the draft genome database of A. limacinum using the yeast sterol β-glucosyltransferase (SGT; EC 2.4.1.173) sequence as a query. Expression analysis using Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that two gene products (AlSGT-1 and 2) catalyze the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to sterols, generating sterylglucosides (SGs). Compared to AlSGT-1, AlSGT-2 exhibited wide specificity for sterols and used C4-monomethylsterol to synthesize GL-B. The disruption of alsgt-2 but not alsgt-1 in strain mh0186 resulted in a decrease in total SG and almost complete loss of GL-B, indicating that AlSGT-2 is responsible for the synthesis of β-SGs in A. limacinum mh0186, especially GL-B, which possesses a unique sterol structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Endo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology
| | | | - Tomofumi Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Hama
- Applied Biochemistry and Food Science Course, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | | | | | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology.,Innovative Bio-Architecture Center, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395
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Zhao JN, Wang RF, Zhao SJ, Wang ZT. Advance in glycosyltransferases, the important bioparts for production of diversified ginsenosides. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 18:643-658. [PMID: 32928508 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a series of glycosylated triterpenoids predominantly originated from Panax species with multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-aging, mediatory effect on the immune system and the nervous system. During the biosynthesis of ginsenosides, glycosyltransferases play essential roles by transferring various sugar moieties to the sapogenins in contributing to form structure and bioactivity diversified ginsenosides, which makes them important bioparts for synthetic biology-based production of these valuable ginsenosides. In this review, we summarized the functional elucidated glycosyltransferases responsible for ginsenoside biosynthesis, the advance in the protein engineering of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and their application with the aim to provide in-depth understanding on ginsenoside-related UGTs for the production of rare ginsenosides applying synthetic biology-based microbial cell factories in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ning Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ru-Feng Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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10
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Zhao S, Ge W, Watanabe A, Fortwendel JR, Gibbons JG. Genome-Wide Association for Itraconazole Sensitivity in Non-resistant Clinical Isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 1:617338. [PMID: 37743877 PMCID: PMC10512406 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2020.617338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a potentially lethal opportunistic pathogen that infects over ~200,000 people and causes ~100,000 deaths per year globally. Treating A. fumigatus infections is particularly challenging because of the recent emergence of azole-resistance. The majority of studies focusing on the molecular mechanisms underlying azole resistance have examined azole-resistant isolates. However, isolates that are susceptible to azoles also display variation in their sensitivity, presenting a unique opportunity to identify genes contributing to azole sensitivity. Here, we used genome-wide association (GWA) analysis to identify loci involved in azole sensitivity by analyzing the association between 68,853 SNPs and itraconazole (ITCZ) minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in 76 clinical isolates of A. fumigatus from Japan. Population structure analysis suggests the presence of four distinct populations, with ITCZ MICs distributed relatively evenly across populations. We independently conducted GWA when treating ITCZ MIC as a quantitative trait and a binary trait, and identified two SNPs with strong associations in both analyses. These SNPs fell within the coding regions of Afu2g02220 and Afu2g02140. We functionally validated Afu2g02220 by knocking it out using a CRISPR/Cas9 approach, because orthologs of this gene are involved in sterol modification and ITCZ targets the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Knockout strains displayed no difference in growth compared to the parent strain in minimal media, yet a minor but consistent inhibition of growth in the presence of 0.15 μg/ml ITCZ. Our results suggest that GWA paired with efficient gene deletion is a powerful and unbiased strategy for identifying the genetic basis of complex traits in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhao
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Wenbo Ge
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Division of Clinical Research, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jarrod R. Fortwendel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - John G. Gibbons
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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11
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Bandara HMHN, Wood DLA, Vanwonterghem I, Hugenholtz P, Cheung BPK, Samaranayake LP. Fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans is induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7769. [PMID: 32385378 PMCID: PMC7211000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms employ quorum sensing (QS) mechanisms to communicate with each other within microbial ecosystems. Emerging evidence suggests that intraspecies and interspecies QS plays an important role in antimicrobial resistance in microbial communities. However, the relationship between interkingdom QS and antimicrobial resistance is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that interkingdom QS interactions between a bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a yeast, Candida albicans, induce the resistance of the latter to a widely used antifungal fluconazole. Phenotypic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses reveal that P. aeruginosa's main QS molecule, N-(3-Oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone, induces candidal resistance to fluconazole by reversing the antifungal's effect on the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway. Accessory resistance mechanisms including upregulation of C. albicans drug-efflux, regulation of oxidative stress response, and maintenance of cell membrane integrity, further confirm this phenomenon. These findings demonstrate that P. aeruginosa QS molecules may confer protection to neighboring yeasts against azoles, in turn strengthening their co-existence in hostile polymicrobial infection sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M H N Bandara
- Oral Microbiology, Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK.
| | - D L A Wood
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - I Vanwonterghem
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - P Hugenholtz
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - B P K Cheung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Rd, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - L P Samaranayake
- College of Dental Medicine, The University of Sharjah, P.O. Box, 27272, Sharjah, UAE
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12
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Normile TG, McEvoy K, Del Poeta M. Steryl Glycosides in Fungal Pathogenesis: An Understudied Immunomodulatory Adjuvant. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E25. [PMID: 32102324 PMCID: PMC7151148 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections pose an increasing threat to human hosts, especially in immunocompromised individuals. In response to the increasing morbidity and mortality of fungal infections, numerous groups have shown great strides in uncovering novel treatment options and potential efficacious vaccine candidates for this increasing threat due to the increase in current antifungal resistance. Steryl glycosides are lipid compounds produced by a wide range of organisms, and are largely understudied in the field of pathogenicity, especially to fungal infections. Published works over the years have shown these compounds positively modulating the host immune response. Recent advances, most notably from our lab, have strongly indicated that steryl glycosides have high efficacy in protecting the host against lethal Cryptococcal infection through acting as an immunoadjuvant. This review will summarize the keystone studies on the role of steryl glycosides in the host immune response, as well as elucidate the remaining unknown characteristics and future perspectives of these compounds for the host-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G. Normile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (T.G.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Kyle McEvoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (T.G.N.); (K.M.)
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (T.G.N.); (K.M.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, New York, NY 11768, USA
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13
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Torres-Trenas A, Cañizares MC, García-Pedrajas MD, Pérez-Artés E. Molecular and Biological Characterization of the First Hypovirus Identified in Fusarium oxysporum. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3131. [PMID: 32038565 PMCID: PMC6992542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel mycovirus named Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi hypovirus 2 (FodHV2) has been identified infecting isolates Fod 408 and Fod 409 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi from Morocco. The genome of FodHV2 is 9,444 nucleotides long excluding the poly(A) tail, and has a single open reading frame encoding a polyprotein. The polyprotein contains three highly conserved domains of UDP glucose/sterol glucosyltransferase, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and viral RNA helicase. In addition, particular residues of Cys, Hys, and Gly detected in the N-terminal region suggest the presence of the catalytic site of a highly diverged papain-like protease. Genomic organization, presence of particular conserved motifs, and phylogenetic analyses based on multiple alignments clearly grouped FodHV2 with the members of the family Hypoviridae. FodHV2 was transferred by hyphal anastomosis to a recipient HygR-tagged virus-free strain. The comparison of the infected and non-infected isogenic strains showed that FodHV2 did not alter the vegetative growth, neither the conidiation nor the virulence of its fungal host. Efficiency of FodHV2 transmission through the conidia was 100% in both the original and the recipient infected-isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a hypovirus infecting the plant pathogen F. oxysporum, and also the first one of a hypovirus detected in a fungal strain from the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Torres-Trenas
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Cañizares
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - M. Dolores García-Pedrajas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Encarnación Pérez-Artés
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Córdoba, Spain
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14
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Chen L, Zhang Y, Feng Y. Structural dissection of sterol glycosyltransferase UGT51 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae for substrate specificity. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:371-379. [PMID: 30395931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sterol glycosyltransferases catalyze the formation of a variety of glycosylated sterol derivatives and are involved in producing a plethora of bioactive natural products. To understand the molecular mechanism of sterol glycosyltransferases, we determined crystal structures of a sterol glycosyltransferase UGT51 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The structures of the UGT51 and its complex with uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) were solved at resolutions of 2.77 Å and 1.9 Å, respectively. The structural analysis revealed that a long hydrophobic cavity, 9.2 Å in width and 17.6 Å in length located at the N-terminal domain of UGT51, is suitable for the accommodation of sterol acceptor substrates. Furthermore, a short, conserved sequence of S847-M851 was identified at the bottom of the hydrophobic cavity, which might be the steroid binding site and play an important role for the UGT51 catalytic specificity towards sterols. Molecular docking simulations indicated that changed unique interaction network in mutant M7_1 (S801A/L802A/V804A/K812A/E816K/S849A/N892D), with an 1800-fold activity improvement toward an unnatural substrate protopanaxadiol (PPD), might influence its substrate preference. This study reported the first sterol glycosyltransferase structure, providing a molecular blueprint for generating tailored sterol glycosyltransferases as potential catalytic elements in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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15
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Liu M, Kong JQ. The enzymatic biosynthesis of acylated steroidal glycosides and their cytotoxic activity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:981-994. [PMID: 30505666 PMCID: PMC6251810 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe the discovery and functional characterization of a steroidal glycosyltransferase (SGT) from Ornithogalum saundersiae and a steroidal glycoside acyltransferase (SGA) from Escherichia coli and their application in the biosynthesis of acylated steroidal glycosides (ASGs). Initially, an SGT gene, designated as OsSGT1, was isolated from O. saundersiae. OsSGT1-containing cell free extract was then used as the biocatalyst to react with 49 structurally diverse drug-like compounds. The recombinant OsSGT1 was shown to be active against both 3β- and 17β-hydroxyl steroids. Unexpectedly, in an effort to identify OsSGT1, we found the bacteria lacA gene in lac operon actually encoded an SGA, specifically catalyzing the acetylations of sugar moieties of steroid 17β-glucosides. Finally, a novel enzymatic two-step synthesis of two ASGs, acetylated testosterone-17-O-β-glucosides (AT-17β-Gs) and acetylated estradiol-17-O-β-glucosides (AE-17β-Gs), from the abundantly available free steroids using OsSGT1 and EcSGA1 as the biocatalysts was developed. The two-step process is characterized by EcSGA1-catalyzed regioselective acylations of all hydroxyl groups on the sugar unit of unprotected steroidal glycosides (SGs) in the late stage, thereby significantly streamlining the synthetic route towards ASGs and thus forming four monoacylates. The improved cytotoxic activities of 3′-acetylated testosterone17-O-β-glucoside towards seven human tumor cell lines were thus observable.
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Key Words
- 6′-AE-17β-G, 6′-acetylated estradiol 17-O-β-glucoside
- 6′-AT-17β-G, 6′-acetylated testosterone 17-O-β-glucoside
- AE-17β-G, acetylated estradiol-17-O-β-glucoside
- ASGs, acylated steroidal glycosides
- AT-17β-G, acetylated testosterone-17-O-β-glucoside
- Acylated steroidal glyco sides
- E-17β-G, estradiol-17-O-β-glucoside
- EcSGA1, E. coli steroidal glucoside acetyltransferase
- HPLC—SPE—NMR, high-performance liquid chromatography–solid phase extraction–NMR spectroscopy
- IPTG, isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside
- LacA
- ORF, open reading frame
- Ornithogalum saunder siae
- PSBD, putative steroid-binding domain
- PSPG, plant secondary product glycosyltranferase box
- RIN, RNA integrity number
- RP-HPLC, reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SGAs, steroidal glycoside acyltransferases
- SGEs, steroidal glycoside esters
- SGTs, steroidal glycosyltransferases
- SGs, steroidal glycosides
- Steroidal glycoside acyl transferase
- Steroidal glycosyltrans ferase
- T-17β-G, testosterone-17-O-β-glucoside
- UDP-Ara, UDP-l-arabinose
- UDP-Gal, UDP-D-galactose
- UDP-GalA, UDP-D-Galacturonic acid
- UDP-Glc, UDP-D-glucose
- UDP-GlcA, UDP-D-glucuronic acid
- UDP-GlcNAc, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
- UDP-Xyl, UDP-D-xylose
- UTR, untranslated region
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16
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Kuhnert E, Li Y, Lan N, Yue Q, Chen L, Cox RJ, An Z, Yokoyama K, Bills GF. Enfumafungin synthase represents a novel lineage of fungal triterpene cyclases. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3325-3342. [PMID: 30051576 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Enfumafungin is a glycosylated fernene-type triterpenoid produced by the fungus Hormonema carpetanum. Its potent antifungal activity, mediated by its interaction with β-1,3-glucan synthase and the fungal cell wall, has led to its development into the semi-synthetic clinical candidate, ibrexafungerp (=SCY-078). We report on the preliminary identification of the enfumafungin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) based on genome sequencing, phylogenetic reconstruction, gene disruption, and cDNA sequencing studies. Enfumafungin synthase (efuA) consists of a terpene cyclase domain (TC) fused to a glycosyltransferase (GT) domain and thus represents a novel multifunctional enzyme. Moreover, the TC domain bears a phylogenetic relationship to bacterial squalene-hopene cyclases (SHC) and includes a typical DXDD motif within the active centre suggesting that efuA evolved from SHCs. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the GT domain indicated that this portion of the fusion gene originated from fungal sterol GTs. Eleven genes flanking efuA are putatively involved in the biosynthesis, regulation, transport and self-resistance of enfumafungin and include an acetyltransferase, three P450 monooxygenases, a dehydrogenase, a desaturase and a reductase. A hypothetical scheme for enfumafungin assembly is proposed in which the E-ring is oxidatively cleaved to yield the four-ring system of enfumafungin. EfuA represents the first member of a widespread lineage of fungal SHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kuhnert
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Leibniz University Hannover, Institute for Organic Chemistry and BMWZ, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yan Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Lan
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qun Yue
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Russell J Cox
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute for Organic Chemistry and BMWZ, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kenichi Yokoyama
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gerald F Bills
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Yamaguchi T, Lee JH, Lim AR, Sim JS, Yu EJ, Oh TJ. Bioconversion of Corticosterone into Corticosterone-Glucoside by Glucosyltransferase. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071783. [PMID: 30029555 PMCID: PMC6100193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosylation of the 21-hydroxyl group of glucocorticoid changes its solubility into hydrophilicity from hydrophobicity and, as with glucocorticoid glucuronides as a moving object in vivo, it is conceivable that it exhibits the same behavior. Therefore, glucosylation to the 21-hydroxyl group while maintaining the 11β-hydroxyl group is particularly important, and glucosylation of corticosterone was confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry and 1D (¹H and 13C) and 2D (COSY, ROESY, HSQC-DEPT and HMBC) NMR. Moreover, the difference in bioactivity between corticosterone and corticosterone 21-glucoside was investigated in vitro. Corticosterone 21-glucoside showed greater neuroprotective effects against H₂O₂-induced cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared with corticosterone. These results for the first time demonstrate that bioconversion of corticosterone through the region-selective glucosylation of a novel compound can present structural potential for developing new neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokutaro Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Korea.
- Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Korea.
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Korea.
| | - Joo-Ho Lee
- Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Korea.
| | - A-Rang Lim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Korea.
| | - Joon-Soo Sim
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea.
| | - Eun-Ji Yu
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Korea.
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Korea.
- Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Korea.
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Korea.
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18
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Xie L, Zhang L, Wang C, Wang X, Xu YM, Yu H, Wu P, Li S, Han L, Gunatilaka AAL, Wei X, Lin M, Molnár I, Xu Y. Methylglucosylation of aromatic amino and phenolic moieties of drug-like biosynthons by combinatorial biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4980-E4989. [PMID: 29760061 PMCID: PMC5984488 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716046115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a prominent strategy to optimize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drug-like small-molecule scaffolds by modulating their solubility, stability, bioavailability, and bioactivity. Glycosyltransferases applicable for "sugarcoating" various small-molecule acceptors have been isolated and characterized from plants and bacteria, but remained cryptic from filamentous fungi until recently, despite the frequent use of some fungi for whole-cell biocatalytic glycosylations. Here, we use bioinformatic and genomic tools combined with heterologous expression to identify a glycosyltransferase-methyltransferase (GT-MT) gene pair that encodes a methylglucosylation functional module in the ascomycetous fungus Beauveria bassiana The GT is the founding member of a family nonorthologous to characterized fungal enzymes. Using combinatorial biosynthetic and biocatalytic platforms, we reveal that this GT is a promiscuous enzyme that efficiently modifies a broad range of drug-like substrates, including polyketides, anthraquinones, flavonoids, and naphthalenes. It yields both O- and N-glucosides with remarkable regio- and stereospecificity, a spectrum not demonstrated for other characterized fungal enzymes. These glucosides are faithfully processed by the dedicated MT to afford 4-O-methylglucosides. The resulting "unnatural products" show increased solubility, while representative polyketide methylglucosides also display increased stability against glycoside hydrolysis. Upon methylglucosidation, specific polyketides were found to attain cancer cell line-specific antiproliferative or matrix attachment inhibitory activities. These findings will guide genome mining for fungal GTs with novel substrate and product specificities, and empower the efficient combinatorial biosynthesis of a broad range of natural and unnatural glycosides in total biosynthetic or biocatalytic formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Xie
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Natural Products Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85706
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Natural Products Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85706
| | - Ya-Ming Xu
- Natural Products Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85706
| | - Hefen Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Capital Medical University, 100069 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lida Han
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xiaoyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510650 Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Lin
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, People's Republic of China;
| | - István Molnár
- Natural Products Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85706;
| | - Yuquan Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, People's Republic of China;
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19
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Agustinho DP, Miller LC, Li LX, Doering TL. Peeling the onion: the outer layers of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180040. [PMID: 29742198 PMCID: PMC5951675 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen
that is ubiquitous in the environment. It causes a deadly meningitis that is
responsible for over 180,000 deaths worldwide each year, including 15% of all
AIDS-related deaths. The high mortality rates for this infection, even with
treatment, suggest a need for improved therapy. Unique characteristics of
C. neoformans may suggest directions for drug discovery.
These include features of three structures that surround the cell: the plasma
membrane, the cell wall around it, and the outermost polysaccharide capsule. We
review current knowledge of the fundamental biology of these fascinating
structures and highlight open questions in the field, with the goal of
stimulating further investigation that will advance basic knowledge and human
health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Agustinho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Liza C Miller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lucy X Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tamara L Doering
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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20
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Singh G, Dhar YV, Asif MH, Misra P. Exploring the functional significance of sterol glycosyltransferase enzymes. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 69:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Pook VG, Nair M, Ryu K, Arpin JC, Schiefelbein J, Schrick K, DeBolt S. Positioning of the SCRAMBLED receptor requires UDP-Glc:sterol glucosyltransferase 80B1 in Arabidopsis roots. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5714. [PMID: 28720840 PMCID: PMC5515990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological function of sterol glucosides (SGs), the most abundant sterol derivatives in higher plants, remains uncertain. In an effort to improve our understanding of these membrane lipids we examined phenotypes exhibited by the roots of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) lines carrying insertions in the UDP-Glc:sterol glucosyltransferase genes, UGT80A2 and UGT80B1. We show that although ugt80A2 mutants exhibit significantly lower levels of total SGs they are morphologically indistinguishable from wild-type plants. In contrast, the roots of ugt80B1 mutants are only deficient in stigmasteryl glucosides but exhibit a significant reduction in root hairs. Sub-cellular investigations reveal that the plasma membrane cell fate regulator, SCRAMBLED (SCM), is mislocalized in ugt80B1 mutants, underscoring the aberrant root epidermal cell patterning. Live imaging of roots indicates that SCM:GFP is localized to the cytoplasm in a non cell type dependent manner instead of the hair (H) cell plasma membrane in these mutants. In addition, we provide evidence for the localization of the UGT80B1 enzyme in the plasma membrane. These data lend further support to the notion that deficiencies in specific SGs are sufficient to disrupt normal cell function and point to a possible role for SGs in cargo transport and/or protein targeting to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Pook
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Meera Nair
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - KookHui Ryu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James C Arpin
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kathrin Schrick
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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22
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Biosynthesis of plant-derived ginsenoside Rh2 in yeast via repurposing a key promiscuous microbial enzyme. Metab Eng 2017; 42:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Feng J, Zhang P, Cui Y, Li K, Qiao X, Zhang YT, Li SM, Cox RJ, Wu B, Ye M, Yin WB. Regio- and StereospecificO-Glycosylation of Phenolic Compounds Catalyzed by a Fungal Glycosyltransferase fromMucor hiemalis. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201601317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100101 Beijing People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; 100191 Beijing People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100101 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100101 Beijing People's Republic of China
- Savaid Medical School; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100101 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; 100191 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; 100191 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; 100191 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Philipps-Universität Marburg; Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie; Robert-Koch-Strasse 4 35037 Marburg Germany
| | - Russell J. Cox
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; Leibniz Universität Hannover and Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ); Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Bian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100101 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; 100191 Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100101 Beijing People's Republic of China
- Savaid Medical School; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing People's Republic of China
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A glycosyltransferase gene responsible for pullulan biosynthesis in Aureobasidium melanogenum P16. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:539-549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Chou FP, Tsai CT, Chiou YS, Chen YJ, Li ME, Guo TW, Lyu JW, Chou SH, Wu TK. An enzymatic approach to configurationally raretrans-androsteronyl-α-glucoside and Its potential anticancer application. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:61-66. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Pai Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Tse Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Sheng Chiou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Meng-Erh Li
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ting-Wei Guo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jason WenJay Lyu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Hao Chou
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tung-Kung Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology; National Chiao Tung University; Hsin-Chu Taiwan, R.O.C
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26
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Bock KW. The UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) superfamily expressed in humans, insects and plants: Animalplant arms-race and co-evolution. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 99:11-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Rella A, Farnoud AM, Del Poeta M. Plasma membrane lipids and their role in fungal virulence. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 61:63-72. [PMID: 26703191 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There has been considerable evidence in recent years suggesting that plasma membrane lipids are important regulators of fungal pathogenicity. Various glycolipids have been shown to impart virulent properties in several fungal species, while others have been shown to play a role in host defense. In addition to their role as virulence factors, lipids also contribute to other virulence mechanisms such as drug resistance, biofilm formation, and release of extracellular vesicles. In addition, lipids also affect the mechanical properties of the plasma membrane through the formation of packed microdomains composed mainly of sphingolipids and sterols. Changes in the composition of lipid microdomains have been shown to disrupt the localization of virulence factors and affect fungal pathogenicity. This review gathers evidence on the various roles of plasma membrane lipids in fungal virulence and how lipids might contribute to the different processes that occur during infection and treatment. Insight into the role of lipids in fungal virulence can lead to an improved understanding of the process of fungal pathogenesis and the development of new lipid-mediated therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rella
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Amir M Farnoud
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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28
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Rella A, Mor V, Farnoud AM, Singh A, Shamseddine AA, Ivanova E, Carpino N, Montagna MT, Luberto C, Del Poeta M. Role of Sterylglucosidase 1 (Sgl1) on the pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans: potential applications for vaccine development. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:836. [PMID: 26322039 PMCID: PMC4531891 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii affects a large population and is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. Despite its public health burden, there are currently no vaccines against cryptococcosis and new strategies against such infections are needed. In this study, we demonstrate that C. neoformans has the biochemical ability to metabolize sterylglucosides (SGs), a class of immunomodulatory glycolipids. Genetic manipulations that eliminate cryptococccal sterylglucosidase lead to the accumulation of SGs and generate a mutant strain (Δsgl1) that is non-pathogenic in the mouse models of cryptococcosis. Interestingly, this mutant strain acts as a vaccine strain and protects mice against cryptococcosis following infection with C. neoformans or C. gattii. The immunity induced by the Δsgl1 strain is not CD4+ T-cells dependent. Immunocompromised mice, which lack CD4+ T-cells, are able to control the infection by Δsgl1 and acquire immunity against the challenge by wild-type C. neoformans following vaccination with the Δsgl1 strain. These findings are particularly important in the context of HIV/AIDS immune deficiency and suggest that the Δsgl1 strain might provide a potential vaccination strategy against cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rella
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, USA
| | - Visesato Mor
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, USA
| | - Amir M Farnoud
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, USA
| | - Ashutosh Singh
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, USA
| | | | - Elitza Ivanova
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Carpino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, USA
| | - Maria T Montagna
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Hygiene Section, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Luberto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, USA
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook NY, USA
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29
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Watanabe T, Tani M, Ishibashi Y, Endo I, Okino N, Ito M. Ergosteryl-β-glucosidase (Egh1) involved in sterylglucoside catabolism and vacuole formation inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Glycobiology 2015; 25:1079-89. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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30
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Watanabe T, Ishibashi Y, Ito M. Physiological Significance of Glycolipid Catabolism in Cryptococcus neoformans. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2015. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1504.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
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31
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Stucky DF, Arpin JC, Schrick K. Functional diversification of two UGT80 enzymes required for steryl glucoside synthesis in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:189-201. [PMID: 25316063 PMCID: PMC4265157 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Steryl glucosides (SG) are abundant steroid conjugates in plant membranes. Beyond structural roles in lipid bilayers, functions in sugar transport, storage, and/or signalling are predicted. UDP-glucose:sterol glucosyltransferase 80A2 (UGT80A2) and UGT80B1, which share similarity to fungal counterparts, are implicated in SG synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. A third related enzyme, which seems specific to the plant lineage, is encoded by UGT713B1/At5g24750. Genetic and biochemical approaches were employed to determine the role of each UGT gene in the production of specific SGs and acyl SGs (ASGs). Using direct infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), SG and acyl SG (ASG) contents of ugt80 and ugt713 mutants, and triple and double mutants were profiled in seeds. In vitro enzyme assays were performed to assay substrate preferences. Both UGT80A2 and UGT80B1, but not UGT713B1 were shown to be coordinately down-regulated during seed imbibition when SG levels decline, consistent with similar functions as UGT80 enzymes. UGT80A2 was found to be required for normal levels of major SGs in seeds, whereas UGT80B1 is involved in accumulation of minor SG and ASG compounds. Although the results demonstrate specific activities for UGT80A2 and UGT80B1, a role for UGT713B1 in SG synthesis was not supported. The data show that UGT80A2, the more highly conserved enzyme, is responsible for the bulk production of SGs in seeds, whereas UGT80B1 plays a critical accessory role. This study extends our knowledge of UGT80 enzymes and provides evidence for specialized functions for distinct classes of SG and ASG molecules in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Stucky
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
| | - James C Arpin
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
| | - Kathrin Schrick
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, USA
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32
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Watanabe T, Ishibashi Y, Ito M. Physiological Significance of Glycolipid Catabolism in Cryptococcus neoformans (Jpn. Ed.). TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2015. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1504.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
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Watanabe T, Ito T, Goda HM, Ishibashi Y, Miyamoto T, Ikeda K, Taguchi R, Okino N, Ito M. Sterylglucoside catabolism in Cryptococcus neoformans with endoglycoceramidase-related protein 2 (EGCrP2), the first steryl-β-glucosidase identified in fungi. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1005-19. [PMID: 25361768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.616300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic fungi, such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. The ceramide structure (methyl-d18:2/h18:0) of C. neoformans glucosylceramide (GlcCer) is characteristic and strongly related to its pathogenicity. We recently identified endoglycoceramidase-related protein 1 (EGCrP1) as a glucocerebrosidase in C. neoformans and showed that it was involved in the quality control of GlcCer by eliminating immature GlcCer during the synthesis of GlcCer (Ishibashi, Y., Ikeda, K., Sakaguchi, K., Okino, N., Taguchi, R., and Ito, M. (2012) Quality control of fungus-specific glucosylceramide in Cryptococcus neoformans by endoglycoceramidase-related protein 1 (EGCrP1). J. Biol. Chem. 287, 368-381). We herein identified and characterized EGCrP2, a homologue of EGCrP1, as the enzyme responsible for sterylglucoside catabolism in C. neoformans. In contrast to EGCrP1, which is specific to GlcCer, EGCrP2 hydrolyzed various β-glucosides, including GlcCer, cholesteryl-β-glucoside, ergosteryl-β-glucoside, sitosteryl-β-glucoside, and para-nitrophenyl-β-glucoside, but not α-glucosides or β-galactosides, under acidic conditions. Disruption of the EGCrP2 gene (egcrp2) resulted in the accumulation of a glycolipid, the structure of which was determined following purification to ergosteryl-3β-glucoside, a major sterylglucoside in fungi, by mass spectrometric and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. This glycolipid accumulated in vacuoles and EGCrP2 was detected in vacuole-enriched fraction. These results indicated that EGCrP2 was involved in the catabolism of ergosteryl-β-glucoside in the vacuoles of C. neoformans. Distinct growth arrest, a dysfunction in cell budding, and an abnormal vacuole morphology were detected in the egcrp2-disrupted mutants, suggesting that EGCrP2 may be a promising target for anti-cryptococcal drugs. EGCrP2, classified into glycohydrolase family 5, is the first steryl-β-glucosidase identified as well as a missing link in sterylglucoside metabolism in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watanabe
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Ito
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hatsumi M Goda
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Miyamoto
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- the Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan, and
| | - Ryo Taguchi
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- From the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan,
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Malik V, Zhang M, Dover LG, Northen JS, Flinn A, Perry JJ, Black GW. Sterol 3β-glucosyltransferase biocatalysts with a range of selectivities, including selectivity for testosterone. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 9:2816-22. [PMID: 24056940 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70303g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The main objectives of this work were to characterise a range of purified recombinant sterol 3β-glucosyltransferases and show that rational sampling of the diversity that exists within sterol 3β-glucosyltransferase sequence space can result in a range of enzyme selectivities. In our study the catalytically active domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3β-glucosyltransferase was used to mine putative sterol 3β-glucosyltransferases from the databases. Selected diverse sequences were expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli and shown to have different selectivities for the 3β-hydroxysteroids ergosterol and cholesterol. Surprisingly, three enzymes were also selective for testosterone, a 17β-hydroxysteroid. This study therefore reports for the first time sterol 3β-glucosyltransferases with selectivity for both 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroids and is also the first report of recombinant 3β-glucosyltransferases with selectivity for steroids with a hydroxyl group at positions other than C-3. These enzymes could therefore find utility in the pharmaceutical industry for the green synthesis of a range of glycosylated compounds of medicinal interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatsala Malik
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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Choi H, Ohyama K, Kim YY, Jin JY, Lee SB, Yamaoka Y, Muranaka T, Suh MC, Fujioka S, Lee Y. The role of Arabidopsis ABCG9 and ABCG31 ATP binding cassette transporters in pollen fitness and the deposition of steryl glycosides on the pollen coat. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:310-24. [PMID: 24474628 PMCID: PMC3963578 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.118935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The pollen coat protects pollen grains from harmful environmental stresses such as drought and cold. Many compounds in the pollen coat are synthesized in the tapetum. However, the pathway by which they are transferred to the pollen surface remains obscure. We found that two Arabidopsis thaliana ATP binding cassette transporters, ABCG9 and ABCG31, were highly expressed in the tapetum and are involved in pollen coat deposition. Upon exposure to dry air, many abcg9 abcg31 pollen grains shriveled up and collapsed, and this phenotype was restored by complementation with ABCG9pro:GFP:ABCG9. GFP-tagged ABCG9 or ABCG31 localized to the plasma membrane. Electron microscopy revealed that the mutant pollen coat resembled the immature coat of the wild type, which contained many electron-lucent structures. Steryl glycosides were reduced to about half of wild-type levels in the abcg9 abcg31 pollen, but no differences in free sterols or steryl esters were observed. A mutant deficient in steryl glycoside biosynthesis, ugt80A2 ugt80B1, exhibited a similar phenotype. Together, these results indicate that steryl glycosides are critical for pollen fitness, by supporting pollen coat maturation, and that ABCG9 and ABCG31 contribute to the accumulation of this sterol on the surface of pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Choi
- Pohang University of Science and Technology–University of Zurich Cooperative Laboratory, Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Kiyoshi Ohyama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0045, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Yu-Young Kim
- Pohang University of Science and Technology–University of Zurich Cooperative Laboratory, Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Jin
- Pohang University of Science and Technology–University of Zurich Cooperative Laboratory, Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Saet Buyl Lee
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Yasuyo Yamaoka
- Pohang University of Science and Technology–University of Zurich Cooperative Laboratory, Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0045, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | - Shozo Fujioka
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Pohang University of Science and Technology–University of Zurich Cooperative Laboratory, Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
- Address correspondence to
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Xu ZS, Lin YQ, Xu J, Zhu B, Zhao W, Peng RH, Yao QH. Selective Detoxification of Phenols by Pichia pastoris and Arabidopsis thaliana Heterologously Expressing the PtUGT72B1 from Populus trichocarpa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66878. [PMID: 23840543 PMCID: PMC3694158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenols are present in the environment and commonly in contact with humans and animals because of their wide applications in many industries. In a previous study, we reported that uridine diphosphate-glucose-dependent glucosyltransferase PtUGT72B1 from Populus trichocarpa has high activity in detoxifying trichlorophenol by conjugating glucose. In this study, more experiments were performed to determine the substrate specificity of PtUGT72B1 towards phenolic compounds. Among seven phenols tested, three were glucosylated by PtUGT72B1 including phenol, hydroquinone, and catechol. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the enzyme PtUGT72B1 showed higher resistance to hydroquinone and catechol but more sensitivity to phenol than wild type plants. Transgenic Pichia pastoris expressing PtUGT72B1 showed enhanced resistance to all three phenols. Compared with wild type Arabidopsis plants, transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed higher removal efficiencies and exported more glucosides of phenol, phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside, to the medium after cultured with the three phenols. Protein extracts from transgenic Arabidopsis plants showed enhanced conjugating activity towards phenol, hydroquinone and catechol. PtUGT72B1 showed much higher expression level in Pichia pastoris than in Arabidopsis plants. Kinetic analysis of the PtUGT72B1 was also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Sheng Xu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Lin
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ri-He Peng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Hong Yao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Song D, Cho WK, Park SH, Jo Y, Kim KH. Evolution of and horizontal gene transfer in the Endornavirus genus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64270. [PMID: 23667703 PMCID: PMC3647011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transfer of genetic information between unrelated species is referred to as horizontal gene transfer. Previous studies have demonstrated that both retroviral and non-retroviral sequences have been integrated into eukaryotic genomes. Recently, we identified many non-retroviral sequences in plant genomes. In this study, we investigated the evolutionary origin and gene transfer of domains present in endornaviruses which are double-stranded RNA viruses. Using the available sequences for endornaviruses, we found that Bell pepper endornavirus-like sequences homologous to the glycosyltransferase 28 domain are present in plants, fungi, and bacteria. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the glycosyltransferase 28 domain of Bell pepper endornavirus may have originated from bacteria. In addition, two domains of Oryza sativa endornavirus, a glycosyltransferase sugar-binding domain and a capsular polysaccharide synthesis protein, also exhibited high similarity to those of bacteria. We found evidence that at least four independent horizontal gene transfer events for the glycosyltransferase 28 domain have occurred among plants, fungi, and bacteria. The glycosyltransferase sugar-binding domains of two proteobacteria may have been horizontally transferred to the genome of Thalassiosira pseudonana. Our study is the first to show that three glycome-related viral genes in the genus Endornavirus have been acquired from marine bacteria by horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dami Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyong Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mishra MK, Chaturvedi P, Singh R, Singh G, Sharma LK, Pandey V, Kumari N, Misra P. Overexpression of WsSGTL1 gene of Withania somnifera enhances salt tolerance, heat tolerance and cold acclimation ability in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63064. [PMID: 23646175 PMCID: PMC3639950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sterol glycosyltrnasferases (SGT) are enzymes that glycosylate sterols which play important role in plant adaptation to stress and are medicinally important in plants like Withania somnifera. The present study aims to find the role of WsSGTL1 which is a sterol glycosyltransferase from W. somnifera, in plant’s adaptation to abiotic stress. Methodology The WsSGTL1 gene was transformed in Arabidopsis thaliana through Agrobacterium mediated transformation, using the binary vector pBI121, by floral dip method. The phenotypic and physiological parameters like germination, root length, shoot weight, relative electrolyte conductivity, MDA content, SOD levels, relative electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll measurements were compared between transgenic and wild type Arabidopsis plants under different abiotic stresses - salt, heat and cold. Biochemical analysis was done by HPLC-TLC and radiolabelled enzyme assay. The promoter of the WsSGTL1 gene was cloned by using Genome Walker kit (Clontech, USA) and the 3D structures were predicted by using Discovery Studio Ver. 2.5. Results The WsSGTL1 transgenic plants were confirmed to be single copy by Southern and homozygous by segregation analysis. As compared to WT, the transgenic plants showed better germination, salt tolerance, heat and cold tolerance. The level of the transgene WsSGTL1 was elevated in heat, cold and salt stress along with other marker genes such as HSP70, HSP90, RD29, SOS3 and LEA4-5. Biochemical analysis showed the formation of sterol glycosides and increase in enzyme activity. When the promoter of WsSGTL1 gene was cloned from W. somnifera and sequenced, it contained stress responsive elements. Bioinformatics analysis of the 3D structure of the WsSGTL1 protein showed functional similarity with sterol glycosyltransferase AtSGT of A. thaliana. Conclusions Transformation of WsSGTL1 gene in A. thaliana conferred abiotic stress tolerance. The promoter of the gene in W.somnifera was found to have stress responsive elements. The 3D structure showed functional similarity with sterol glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K. Mishra
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Singh
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lokendra K. Sharma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vibha Pandey
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nishi Kumari
- Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratibha Misra
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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Thuan NH, Yamaguchi T, Lee JH, Sohng JK. Characterization of sterol glucosyltransferase from Salinispora tropica CNB-440: potential enzyme for the biosynthesis of sitosteryl glucoside. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 52:234-40. [PMID: 23540924 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A sterol glucosyltransferase-encoded gene was isolated from Salinispora tropica CNB-440, a marine, sediment-dwelling, Gram positive bacterium that produces the potent anticancer compound, salinosporamide A. The full-length gene consists of 1284 nucleotides and encodes 427 amino acids with a calculated mass of 45.65kDa. The gene was then cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The amino acid sequence shares 39% similarity with the glycosyltransferase from Withania somnifera, which belongs to glycosyltransferase family 1. Enzyme reactions were carried out with the various free sterols (acceptor) and NDP-sugars (donor). The purified protein only showed activity for glucosylation of β-sitosterol with UDP-D-glucose and TDP-D-glucose donors, and optimal activity at pH 7.5 and 37°C. Among these two donors, UDP-D-glucose was preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Huy Thuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, SunMoonUniversity, #100, Kalsan-ri, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 336-708, Republic of Korea
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Okada R, Yong CK, Valverde RA, Sabanadzovic S, Aoki N, Hotate S, Kiyota E, Moriyama H, Fukuhara T. Molecular characterization of two evolutionarily distinct endornaviruses co-infecting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). J Gen Virol 2013; 94:220-229. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.044487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Two high-molecular-mass dsRNAs of approximately 14 and 15 kbp were isolated from the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivar Black Turtle Soup. These dsRNAs did not appear to cause obvious disease symptoms, and were transmitted through seeds at nearly 100 % efficiency. Sequence information indicates that they are the genomes of distinct endornavirus species, for which the names Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus 1 (PvEV-1) and Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus 2 (PvEV-2) are proposed. The PvEV-1 genome consists of 13 908 bp and potentially encodes a single polyprotein of 4496 aa, while that of PvEV-2 consists of 14 820 bp and potentially encodes a single ORF of 4851 aa. PvEV-1 is more similar to Oryza sativa endornavirus, while PvEV-2 is more similar to bell pepper endornavirus. Both viruses have a site-specific nick near the 5′ region of the coding strand, which is a common property of the endornaviruses. Their polyproteins contain domains of RNA helicase, UDP-glycosyltransferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which are conserved in other endornaviruses. However, a viral methyltransferase domain was found in the N-terminal region of PvEV-2, but was absent in PvEV-1. Results of cell-fractionation studies suggested that their subcellular localizations were different. Most endornavirus-infected bean cultivars tested were co-infected with both viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Okada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Chee Keat Yong
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Rodrigo A. Valverde
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, 70803, USA
| | - Sead Sabanadzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Nanako Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Hotate
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Eri Kiyota
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Moriyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Shimomura H, Hosoda K, Hirai Y. Interaction of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Cell Membrane with Non-Esterified Cholesterol and Other Steroids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojmm.2013.31011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Malik V, Black GW. Structural, functional, and mutagenesis studies of UDP-glycosyltransferases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2012; 87:87-115. [PMID: 22607753 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398312-1.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of the complex carbohydrates that govern many cellular functions requires the action of a diverse range of selective glycosyltransferases (GTs). Uridine diphosphate sugar-utilizing GTs (UGTs) account for the majority of characterized GTs. GTs have been classified into families (currently 92) based on amino-acid sequence similarity. However, as amino-acid sequence similarity cannot reliable predict catalytic mechanism, GTs have also been grouped into four clans based on catalytic mechanism and structural fold. GTs catalyze glycosidic bond formation with two possible stereochemical outcomes: inversion or retention of anomeric configuration. All UGTs also belong to one of two distinct structural folds, GT-A and GT-B. UGTs have conserved residues that are associated with nucleotide diphosphate sugar recognition and acceptor recognition. UGT diversification has been performed using in vitro DNA recombination, domain swapping, and random mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vatsala Malik
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Chaturvedi P, Mishra M, Akhtar N, Gupta P, Mishra P, Tuli R. Sterol glycosyltransferases-identification of members of gene family and their role in stress in Withania somnifera. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:9755-64. [PMID: 22744427 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs) catalyze the transfer of sugar molecules to diverse sterol molecules, leading to a change in their participation in cellular metabolism. Withania somnifera is a medicinal plant rich in sterols, sterol glycosides and steroidal lactones. Sterols and their modified counterparts are medicinally important and play a role in adaptation of the plant to stress conditions. We have identified 3 members of SGT gene family through RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) in addition to sgtl1 reported earlier. The amino acid sequence deduced from the ORF's showed homology (45-67 %) to the reported plant SGTs. The expression of the genes was differentially modulated in different organs in W. somnifera and in response to external stimuli. Salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate treatments showed up to 10 fold increase in the expression of sgt genes suggesting their role in defense. The level of expression increased in heat and cold stress indicating the role of sterol modifications in abiotic stress. One of the members, was expressed in E. coli and the enzyme assay showed that the crude enzyme glycosylated stigmasterol. W. somnifera expresses a family of sgt genes and there is a functional recruitment of these genes under stress conditions. The genes which are involved in sterol modification are important in view of medicinal value and understanding stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India
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Yaegashi H, Kanematsu S, Ito T. Molecular characterization of a new hypovirus infecting a phytopathogenic fungus, Valsa ceratosperma. Virus Res 2012; 165:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Schrick K, DeBolt S, Bulone V. Deciphering the molecular functions of sterols in cellulose biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:84. [PMID: 22639668 PMCID: PMC3355633 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sterols play vital roles in plant growth and development, as components of membranes and as precursors to steroid hormones. Analysis of Arabidopsis mutants indicates that sterol composition is crucial for cellulose biosynthesis. Sterols are widespread in the plasma membrane (PM), suggesting a possible link between sterols and the multimeric cellulose synthase complex. In one possible scenario, molecular interactions in sterol-rich PM microdomains or another form of sterol-dependent membrane scaffolding may be critical for maintaining the correct subcellular localization, structural integrity and/or activity of the cellulose synthase machinery. Another possible link may be through steryl glucosides, which could act as primers for the attachment of glucose monomers during the synthesis of β-(1 → 4) glucan chains that form the cellulose microfibrils. This mini-review examines genetic and biochemical data supporting the link between sterols and cellulose biosynthesis in cell wall formation and explores potential approaches to elucidate the mechanism of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schrick
- Division of Biology, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
- *Correspondence: Kathrin Schrick, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Ackert Hall 116, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. e-mail:
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, Royal Institute of Technology, School of Biotechnology, AlbaNova University CentreStockholm, Sweden
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Chung HY, Hwang-Bo J, Kim SK, Baek NI, Lee YH, Chung IS, Park JH. Functional expression of Arabidopsis thaliana sterol glycosyltransferase from stably transformed Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Chaturvedi P, Misra P, Tuli R. Sterol glycosyltransferases--the enzymes that modify sterols. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:47-68. [PMID: 21468635 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sterols are important components of cell membranes, hormones, signalling molecules and defense-related biotic and abiotic chemicals. Sterol glycosyltransferases (SGTs) are enzymes involved in sterol modifications and play an important role in metabolic plasticity during adaptive responses. The enzymes are classified as a subset of family 1 glycosyltransferases due to the presence of a signature motif in their primary sequence. These enzymes follow a compulsory order sequential mechanism forming a ternary complex. The diverse applications of sterol glycosides, like cytotoxic and apoptotic activity, anticancer activity, medicinal values, anti-stress roles and anti-insect and antibacterial properties, draws attention towards their synthesis mechanisms. Many secondary metabolites are derived from sterol pathways, which are important in defense mechanisms against pathogens. SGTs in plants are involved in changed sensitivity to stress hormones and their agrochemical analogs and changed tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. SGTs that glycosylate steroidal hormones, such as brassinosteroids, function as growth and development regulators in plants. In terms of metabolic roles, it can be said that SGTs occupy important position in plant metabolism and may offer future tools for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Chaturvedi
- National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Hanada K. An evolutionary view of functional diversity in family 1 glycosyltransferases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:182-93. [PMID: 21443631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) (EC 2.4.x.y) catalyze the transfer of sugar moieties to a wide range of acceptor molecules, such as sugars, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, antibiotics and other small molecules, including plant secondary metabolites. These enzymes can be classified into at least 92 families, of which family 1 glycosyltransferases (GT1), often referred to as UDP glycosyltransferases (UGTs), is the largest in the plant kingdom. To understand how UGTs expanded in both number and function during evolution of land plants, we screened genome sequences from six plants (Physcomitrella patens, Selaginella moellendorffii, Populus trichocarpa, Oryza sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabidopsis lyrata) for the presence of a conserved UGT protein domain. Phylogenetic analyses of the UGT genes revealed a significant expansion of UGTs, with lineage specificity and a higher duplication rate in vascular plants after the divergence of Physcomitrella. The UGTs from the six species fell into 24 orthologous groups that contained genes derived from the common ancestor of these six species. Some orthologous groups contained multiple UGT families with known functions, suggesting that UGTs discriminate compounds as substrates in a lineage-specific manner. Orthologous groups containing only a single UGT family tend to play a crucial role in plants, suggesting that such UGT families may have not expanded because of evolutionary constraints.
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Akiyama H, Sasaki N, Hanazawa S, Gotoh M, Kobayashi S, Hirabayashi Y, Murakami-Murofushi K. Novel sterol glucosyltransferase in the animal tissue and cultured cells: evidence that glucosylceramide as glucose donor. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:314-22. [PMID: 21397038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholesteryl glucoside (CG), a membrane glycolipid, regulates heat shock response. CG is rapidly induced by heat shock before the activation of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) and production of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and the addition of CG in turn induces HSF1 activation and HSP70 production in human fibroblasts; thus, a reasonable correlation is that CG functions as a crucial lipid mediator in stress responses in the animal. In this study, we focused on a CG-synthesizing enzyme, animal sterol glucosyltransferase, which has not yet been identified. In this study, we describe a novel type of animal sterol glucosyltransferase in hog stomach and human fibroblasts (TIG-3) detected by a sensitive assay with a fluorescence-labeled substrate. The cationic requirement, inhibitor resistance, and substrate specificity of animal sterol glucosyltransferase were studied. Interestingly, animal sterol glucosyltransferase did not use uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-glucose) as an immediate glucose donor, as has been shown in plants and fungi. Among the glycolipids tested in vitro, glucosylceramide (GlcCer) was the most effective substrate for CG formation in animal tissues and cultured cells. Using chemically synthesized [U-((13))C]Glc-β-Cer as a glucose donor, we confirmed by mass spectrometry that [U-((13))C]CG was synthesized in hog stomach homogenate. These results suggest that animal sterol glucosyltransferase transfers glucose moiety from GlcCer to cholesterol. Additionally, using GM-95, a mutant B16 melanoma cell line that does not express ceramide glucosyltransferase, we showed that GlcCer is an essential substrate for animal sterol glucosyltransferase in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Akiyama
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Department of Life Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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Wewer V, Dombrink I, vom Dorp K, Dörmann P. Quantification of sterol lipids in plants by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1039-54. [PMID: 21382968 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d013987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycerolipids, sphingolipids, and sterol lipids constitute the major lipid classes in plants. Sterol lipids are composed of free and conjugated sterols, i.e., sterol esters, sterol glycosides, and acylated sterol glycosides. Sterol lipids play crucial roles during adaption to abiotic stresses and plant-pathogen interactions. Presently, no comprehensive method for sterol lipid quantification in plants is available. We used nanospray ionization quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS) to resolve and identify the molecular species of all four sterol lipid classes from Arabidopsis thaliana. Free sterols were derivatized with chlorobetainyl chloride. Sterol esters, sterol glycosides, and acylated sterol glycosides were ionized as ammonium adducts. Quantification of molecular species was achieved in the positive mode after fragmentation in the presence of internal standards. The amounts of sterol lipids quantified by Q-TOF MS/MS were validated by comparison with results obtained with TLC/GC. Quantification of sterol lipids from leaves and roots of phosphate-deprived A. thaliana plants revealed changes in the amounts and molecular species composition. The Q-TOF method is far more sensitive than GC or HPLC. Therefore, Q-TOF MS/MS provides a comprehensive strategy for sterol lipid quantification that can be adapted to other tandem mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Wewer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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