1
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Catanzaro I, Gerrits R, Feldmann I, Gorbushina AA, Onofri S, Schumacher J. Deletion of the polyketide synthase-encoding gene pks1 prevents melanization in the extremophilic fungus Cryomyces antarcticus. IUBMB Life 2024. [PMID: 39011777 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Cryomyces antarcticus, a melanized cryptoendolithic fungus endemic to Antarctica, can tolerate environmental conditions as severe as those in space. Particularly, its ability to withstand ionizing radiation has been attributed to the presence of thick and highly melanized cell walls, which-according to a previous investigation-may contain both 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) and L-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) melanin. The genes putatively involved in the synthesis of DHN melanin were identified in the genome of C. antarcticus. Most important is capks1 encoding a non-reducing polyketide synthase (PKS) and being the ortholog of the functionally characterized kppks1 from the rock-inhabiting fungus Knufia petricola. The co-expression of CaPKS1 or KpPKS1 with a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the formation of a yellowish pigment, suggesting that CaPKS1 is the enzyme providing the precursor for DHN melanin. To dissect the composition and function of the melanin layer in the outer cell wall of C. antarcticus, non-melanized mutants were generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Notwithstanding its slow growth (up to months), three independent non-melanized Δcapks1 mutants were obtained. The mutants exhibited growth similar to the wild type and a light pinkish pigmentation, which is presumably due to carotenoids. Interestingly, visible light had an adverse effect on growth of both melanized wild-type and non-melanized Δcapks1 strains. Further evidence that light can pass the melanized cell walls derives from a mutant expressing a H2B-GFP fusion protein, which can be detected by fluorescence microscopy. In conclusion, the study reports on the first genetic manipulation of C. antarcticus, resulting in non-melanized mutants and demonstrating that the melanin is rather of the DHN type. These mutants will allow to elucidate the relevance of melanization for surviving extreme conditions found in the natural habitat as well as in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Catanzaro
- Department Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ruben Gerrits
- Department Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Feldmann
- Department Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna A Gorbushina
- Department Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvano Onofri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Department Materials and the Environment, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Zhao S, Shen Z, Zhai Z, Yin R, Xu D, Wang M, Wang Q, Peng YL, Zhou L, Lai D. Elucidation of Palmarumycin Spirobisnaphthalene Biosynthesis Reveals a Set of Previously Unrecognized Oxidases and Reductases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401979. [PMID: 38581278 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Spirobisnaphthalenes (SBNs) are a class of highly oxygenated, fungal bisnaphthalenes containing a unique spiroketal bridge, that displayed diverse bioactivities. Among the reported SBNs, palmarumycins are the major type, which are precursors for the other type of SBNs structurally. However, the biosynthesis of SBNs is unclear. In this study, we elucidated the biosynthesis of palmarumycins, using gene disruption, heterologous expression, and substrate feeding experiments. The biosynthetic gene cluster for palmarumycins was identified to be distant from the polyketide synthase gene cluster, and included two cytochrome P450s (PalA and PalB), and one short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (PalC) encoding genes as key structural genes. PalA is an unusual, multifunctional P450 that catalyzes the oxidative dimerization of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene to generate the spiroketal linkage and 2,3-epoxy group. Chemical synthesis of key intermediate and in vitro biochemical assays proved that the oxidative dimerization proceeded via a binaphthyl ether. PalB installs the C-5 hydroxy group, widely found in SBNs. PalC catalyzes 1-keto reduction, the reverse 1-dehydrogenation, and 2,3-epoxide reduction. Moreover, an FAD-dependent oxidoreductase, encoded by palD, which locates outside the cluster, functions as a 1-dehydrogenase. These results provided the first genetic and biochemical evidence for the biosynthesis of palmarumycin SBNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siji Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan west Road, Haidian district, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan west Road, Haidian district, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqi Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan west Road, Haidian district, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Ruya Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan west Road, Haidian district, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan west Road, Haidian district, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Mingan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan west Road, Haidian district, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan west Road, Haidian district, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan west Road, Haidian district, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan west Road, Haidian district, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan west Road, Haidian district, 100193, Beijing, China
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3
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Zhao S, Yin R, Zhang M, Zhai Z, Shen Z, Mou Y, Xu D, Zhou L, Lai D. Efficient gene editing in the slow-growing, non-sporulating, melanized, endophytic fungus Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12 using a CRISPR/Cas9 system. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:176. [PMID: 38652405 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12 that was isolated from Dioscorea zingiberensis, is a proficient producer of palmarumycins, which are intriguing polyketides of the spirobisnaphthalene class. These compounds displayed a wide range of bioactivities, including antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities. However, conventional genetic manipulation of Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12 is difficult and inefficient, partially due to the slow-growing, non-sporulating, and highly pigmented behavior of this fungus. Herein, we developed a CRISPR/Cas9 system suitable for gene editing in Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12. The protoplast preparation was optimized, and the expression of Cas9 in Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12 was validated. To assess the gene disruption efficiency, a putative 1, 3, 6, 8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene synthase encoding gene, bdpks, involved in 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis, was selected as the target for gene disruption. Various endogenous sgRNA promoters were tested, and different strategies to express sgRNA were compared, resulting in the construction of an optimal system using the U6 snRNA-1 promoter as the sgRNA promoter. Successful disruption of bdpks led to a complete abolishment of the production of spirobisnaphthalenes and melanin. This work establishes a useful gene targeting disruption system for exploration of gene functions in Berkleasmium sp. Dzf12, and also provides an example for developing an efficient CRISPR/Cas9 system to the fungi that are difficult to manipulate using conventional genetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siji Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruya Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ziqi Zhai
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Mou
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Daowan Lai
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian district, Beijing, 100193, China.
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4
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Li P, Zhu H, Wang C, Zeng F, Jia J, Feng S, Han X, Shen S, Wang Y, Hao Z, Dong J. StRAB4 gene is required for filamentous growth, conidial development, and pathogenicity in Setosphaeria turcica. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1302081. [PMID: 38264490 PMCID: PMC10804457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1302081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Setosphaeria turcica, the fungal pathogen responsible for northern corn leaf blight in maize, forms specialized infectious structures called appressoria that are critical for fungal penetration of maize epidermal cells. The Rab family of proteins play a crucial role in the growth, development, and pathogenesis of many eukaryotic species. Rab4, in particular, is a key regulator of endocytosis and vesicle trafficking, essential for filamentous growth and successful infection by other fungal pathogens. In this study, we silenced StRAB4 in S. turcica to gain a better understanding the function of Rab4 in this plant pathogen. Phenotypically, the mutants exhibited a reduced growth rate, a significant decline in conidia production, and an abnormal conidial morphology. These phenotypes indicate that StRab4 plays an instrumental role in regulating mycelial growth and conidial development in S. turcica. Further investigations revealed that StRab4 is a positive regulator of cell wall integrity and melanin secretion. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes highlighted primary enrichments in peroxisome pathways, oxidoreductase and catalytic activities, membrane components, and cell wall organization processes. Collectively, our findings emphasize the significant role of StRab4 in S. turcica infection and pathogenicity in maize and provide valuable insights into fungal behavior and disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chengze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Fanli Zeng
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingzhe Jia
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shang Feng
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinpeng Han
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shen Shen
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhimin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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5
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Rajput A, Manna T, Husain SM. Anthrol reductases: discovery, role in biosynthesis and applications in natural product syntheses. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1672-1686. [PMID: 37475701 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00027c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2023Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductases (SDR) are known to catalyze the regio- and stereoselective reduction of a variety of substrate types. Investigations of the deoxygenation of emodin to chrysophanol has led to the discovery of the anthrol reductase activity of an SDR, MdpC involved in monodictyphenone biosynthesis of Aspergillus nidulans and provided access to (R)-dihydroanthracenone, a putative biosynthetic intermediate. This facilitated the identification of several MdpC-related enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of aflatoxins B1, cladofulvin, neosartorin, agnestins and bisanthraquinones. Because of their ability to catalyze the reduction of hydroanthraquinone (anthrols) using NADPH, they were named anthrol reductases. This review provides a comprehensive summary of all the anthrol reductases that have been identified and characterized in the last decade along with their role in the biosynthesis of natural products. In addition, the applications of these enzymes towards the chemoenzymatic synthesis of flavoskyrins, modified bisanthraquinones, 3-deoxy anthraquinones, chiral cycloketones and β-halohydrins have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Rajput
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.
| | - Tanaya Manna
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.
| | - Syed Masood Husain
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India.
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6
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Podlech J, Gutsche M. Benzo[ j]fluoranthene-Derived Natural Products. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1632-1640. [PMID: 37276341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this overview the literature on benzo[j]fluoranthene-derived toxins produced by fungi is discussed with a view on isolation, structure, biological activities, biosynthesis, and total syntheses of the natural products. This class of compounds consists until now of 33 naturally occurring compounds, where 25 are chiral and eight contain no stereogenic centers. The relative configuration of xylarenol was clarified by comparison of experimental and calculated ECD spectra, and absolute configurations of four toxins were corrected. The compounds show various biological activities including antibiotic and cytotoxic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Podlech
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maximilian Gutsche
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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7
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Mansouri N, Benslama O, Arhab R. Homology modeling, docking and molecular dynamics studies of some secondary metabolites of actinomycetes as biocontrol agents against the 3HNR enzyme of the phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:871-883. [PMID: 34895071 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2014970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Early blight of tomatoes is a common disease caused by the phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria, in particular the species A. alternata. This disease causes significant losses in the tomato harvest. The enzyme 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene reductase (3HNR) is a key enzyme involved in the production of melanin, that plays a crucial role in the process of fungi invasion. This enzyme is the target of some chemical fungicides, but the problem of resistance against these molecules requires the search for new molecules that are both effective and environment-friendly. Actinomycetes represent an important source of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity. Thus, in this study 110 secondary metabolites of actinomycetes were subjected to an in silico screening of their antifungal activity as possible inhibitors of the 3HNR of A. alternata. For this reason, the 3D structure of this enzyme was modeled. Then, a molecular docking study of the secondary actinomycetal metabolites was carried out within the catalytic site of the enzyme. Indole-3-carboxylic acid, Streptokordin, 3-Phenylpropionic acid, Phenylacetate, and 8-Hydroxyquinoline have shown the most promising results with binding energies of -6.1 kcal/mol, -6.1 kcal/mol, -5.4 kcal/mol, -5.3 kcal/mol, and -5.0 kcal/mol, respectively. These metabolites have also shown satisfactory results for drug-likeness and ADMET analysis. The interaction stability of the Streptokordin, Indole-3-carboxylic acid, Phenylacetate, and 8-Hydroxyquinoline within the catalytic site of 3HNR was confirmed by the results of the MD simulation and MM-PBSA analyzes. With their favorable interactive and pharmacokinetic characteristics, these metabolites may be potential antifungal molecules against A. alternata, and good candidates for further studies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedjwa Mansouri
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Biomolecules and Biotechnological Applications, Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Larbi Ben M'Hidi University, Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
| | - Ouided Benslama
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Biomolecules and Biotechnological Applications, Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Larbi Ben M'Hidi University, Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
| | - Rabah Arhab
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Biomolecules and Biotechnological Applications, Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Larbi Ben M'Hidi University, Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria
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8
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de Mattos-Shipley KMJ, Simpson TJ. The 'emodin family' of fungal natural products-amalgamating a century of research with recent genomics-based advances. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:174-201. [PMID: 36222427 PMCID: PMC9890505 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00040g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2022A very large group of biosynthetically linked fungal secondary metabolites are formed via the key intermediate emodin and its corresponding anthrone. The group includes anthraquinones such as chrysophanol and cladofulvin, the grisandienes geodin and trypacidin, the diphenyl ether pestheic acid, benzophenones such as monodictyphenone and various xanthones including the prenylated shamixanthones, the agnestins and dimeric xanthones such as the ergochromes, cryptosporioptides and neosartorin. Such compounds exhibit a wide range of bioactivities and as such have been utilised in traditional medicine for centuries, as well as garnering more recent interest from the pharmaceutical sector. Additional interest comes from industries such as textiles and cosmetics due to their use as natural colourants. A variety of biosynthetic routes and mechanisms have been proposed for this family of compounds, being altered and updated as new biosynthetic methods develop and new results emerge. After nearly 100 years of such research, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of what is currently known about the biosynthesis of this important family, amalgamating the early chemical and biosynthetic studies with the more recent genetics-based advances and comparative bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J Simpson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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9
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Khan MA, Al Mamun Khan MA, Mahfuz AMUB, Sanjana JM, Ahsan A, Gupta DR, Hoque MN, Islam T. Highly potent natural fungicides identified in silico against the cereal killer fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20232. [PMID: 36418863 PMCID: PMC9684433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22217-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most notorious fungal pathogens that causes blast disease in cereals, and results in enormous loss of grain production. Many chemical fungicides are being used to control the pathogen but none of them are fully effective in controlling blast disease. Therefore, there is a demand for the discovery of a new natural biofungicide to manage the blast disease efficiently. A large number of new natural products showed inhibitory activities against M. oryzae in vitro. To find out effective biofungicides, we performed in silico molecular docking analysis of some of the potent natural compounds targeting four enzymes namely, scytalone dehydratase, SDH1 (PDB ID:1STD), trihydroxynaphthalene reductase, 3HNR (PDB ID:1YBV), trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, Tps1 (PDB ID:6JBI) and isocitrate lyase, ICL1 (PDB ID:5E9G) of M. oryzae fungus that regulate melanin biosynthesis and/or appresorium formation. Thirty-nine natural compounds that were previously reported to inhibit the growth of M. oryzae were subjected to rigid and flexible molecular docking against aforementioned enzymes followed by molecular dynamic simulation. The results of virtual screening showed that out of 39, eight compounds showed good binding energy with any one of the target enzymes as compared to reference commercial fungicides, azoxystrobin and strobilurin. Among the compounds, camptothecin, GKK1032A2 and chaetoviridin-A bind with more than one target enzymes of M. oryzae. All of the compounds except tricyclazole showed good bioactivity score. Taken together, our results suggest that all of the eight compounds have the potential to develop new fungicides, and remarkably, camptothecin, GKK1032A2 and chaetoviridin-A could act as multi-site mode of action fungicides against the blast fungus M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Arif Khan
- grid.443057.10000 0004 4683 7084Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, 1209 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdullah Al Mamun Khan
- grid.443019.b0000 0004 0479 1356Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902 Bangladesh
| | - A. M. U. B. Mahfuz
- grid.443057.10000 0004 4683 7084Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, 1209 Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Maowa Sanjana
- grid.443019.b0000 0004 0479 1356Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902 Bangladesh
| | - Asif Ahsan
- grid.411511.10000 0001 2179 3896Department of Biotechnology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Dipali Rani Gupta
- grid.443108.a0000 0000 8550 5526Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, 1706 Bangladesh
| | - M. Nazmul Hoque
- grid.443108.a0000 0000 8550 5526Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, BSMRAU, Gazipur, 1706 Bangladesh
| | - Tofazzal Islam
- grid.443108.a0000 0000 8550 5526Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, 1706 Bangladesh
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10
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Sun T, Jin X, Zhang X, Lu X, Wang C, Cui J, Xu H, Yang X, Liu X, Zhang L, Ling Y. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Novel Laccase Inhibitors as Fungicides against Rice Blast. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14367-14376. [PMID: 36318476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Laccase is a potential target for novel agricultural fungicide discovery. PMDD-5Y was the first agent reported with high activity against laccase to control phytopathogenic fungi. Thirty-two novel agents containing cinnamaldehyde thiosemicarbazide were synthesized with PMDD-5Y as the lead compound, with most of the target compounds exhibiting excellent activity in vitro. Compound a2 (EC50 = 9.71 μg/mL) exhibited greater potency against Magnaporthe oryzae than the commercial fungicide isoprothiolane (EC50 = 18.62 μg/mL). The curative and protective effects of a2 against M. oryzae on rice were more than those of PMDD-5Y. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that a2 could cause mycelial growth atrophy and malformation. Furthermore, a2 (IC50 = 0.18 mmol/L) showed higher activity against laccase than PMDD-5Y (IC50 = 0.33 mmol/L) and cysteine (IC50 = 0.30 mmol/L). Molecular docking analysis revealed the nature of interaction between these compounds and laccase. This research identified a novel laccase inhibitor a2 as a fungicide candidate to control rice blast in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengda Sun
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jin
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingxing Lu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changkai Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jialin Cui
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinling Yang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712110, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Lim W, Verbon A, van de Sande W. Identifying novel drugs with new modes of action for neglected tropical fungal skin diseases (fungal skinNTDs) using an Open Source Drug discovery approach. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:641-659. [PMID: 35612364 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2080195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The three fungal skin neglected tropical diseases (NTD) mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis and sporotrichosis currently lack prioritization and support to establish drug discovery programs in search for novel treatment options. This has made the efforts to identify novel drugs for these skinNTDs fragmented. AREAS COVERED To help escalate the discovery of novel drugs to treat these fungal skinNTDs, the authors have prepared an overview of the compounds with activity against fungal skinNTDs by analyzing data from individual drug discovery studies including those performed on the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) open access boxes. EXPERT OPINION The authors were unable to identify studies in which causative agents of all three skinNTDs were included, indicating that an integrated approach is currently lacking. From the currently available data, the azoles and iodoquinol were the only compounds with activity against causative agents from the three different fungal skinNTDs. Fungal melanin inhibition enhanced the activity of antifungal agents. For mycetoma, the fenarimols, aminothiazoles and benzimidazole carbamates are currently being investigated in the MycetOS initiative. To come to a more integrated approach to identify drugs active against all three fungal skinNTDs, compounds made in the MycetOS initiative could also be explored for chromoblastomycosis and sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy van de Sande
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Manna T, Rajput A, Saha N, Mondal A, Debnath SC, Husain SM. Chemoenzymatic total synthesis of nodulones C and D using a naphthol reductase of Magnaporthe grisea. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3737-3741. [PMID: 35468177 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the asymmetric and chemoenzymatic synthesis of (R)-nodulone C, cis-nodulone D and related (R)-dihydronaphthalenone is reported. It involves multistep chemical synthesis of putative biosynthetic substrates followed by regio- and stereoselective reduction using a NADPH-dependent tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase of Magnaporthe grisea to obtain chiral nodulones in a biomimetic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Manna
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anshul Rajput
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Nirmal Saha
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Amit Mondal
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | | | - Syed Masood Husain
- Department of Biological and Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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13
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Motoyama T, Kondoh Y, Shimizu T, Hayashi T, Honda K, Uchida M, Osada H. Identification of Scytalone Dehydratase Inhibitors Effective against Melanin Biosynthesis Dehydratase Inhibitor-Resistant Pyricularia oryzae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3109-3116. [PMID: 35234040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is a secondary metabolite required for the infection of the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. Melanin biosynthesis enzymes are targets for controlling rice blast disease, and three types of commercial melanin biosynthesis inhibitors (MBIs) including MBI-R, MBI-D, and MBI-P have been developed. However, the occurrence of MBI-D-resistant strains containing scytalone dehydratase (SDH1/RSY1) with V75M mutations has been recently reported. In this study, we aimed to identify inhibitors of SDH1-V75M. We screened the RIKEN Natural Products Depository chemical library using chemical array technology and evaluated the inhibition of SDH1-V75M by candidate compounds. NPD13731 strongly inhibited the activity of wild-type and mutant SDH1. The structure-activity relationship data were used to create a more potent inhibitor 16, which controlled rice blast disease in rice plants infected with MBI-D-resistant P. oryzae. Compound 16, which we named melabiostin, may be used to develop fungicides for controlling rice blast infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kondoh
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Teruo Hayashi
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kaori Honda
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Motoko Uchida
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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14
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Lim W, Konings M, Parel F, Eadie K, Strepis N, Fahal A, Verbon A, van de Sande WWJ. OUP accepted manuscript. Med Mycol 2022; 60:6513817. [PMID: 35064672 PMCID: PMC9295015 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eumycetoma is a neglected tropical disease, and Madurella mycetomatis, the most common causative agent of this disease forms black grains in hosts. Melanin was discovered to be one of the constituents in grains. Melanins are hydrophobic, macromolecular pigments formed by oxidative polymerisation of phenolic or indolic compounds. M. mycetomatis was previously known to produce DHN-melanin and pyomelanin in vitro. These melanin was also discovered to decrease M. mycetomatis’s susceptibility to antifungals itraconazole and ketoconazole in vitro. These findings, however, have not been confirmed in vivo. To discover the melanin biosynthesis pathways used by M. mycetomatis in vivo and to determine if inhibiting melanin production would increase M. mycetomatis's susceptibility to itraconazole, inhibitors targeting DHN-, DOPA- and pyomelanin were used. Treatment with DHN-melanin inhibitors tricyclazole, carpropamid, fenoxanil and DOPA-melanin inhibitor glyphosate in M. mycetomatis infected Galleria mellonella larvae resulted in presence of non-melanized grains. Our finding suggested that M. mycetomatis is able to produce DOPA-melanin in vivo. Inhibiting DHN-melanin with carpropamid in combination with the antifungal itraconazole also significantly increased larvae survival. Our results suggested that combination treatment of antifungals and melanin inhibitors can be an alternative treatment strategy that can be further explored. Since the common black-grain eumycetoma causing agents uses similar melanin biosynthesis pathways, this strategy may be applied to them and other eumycetoma causative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Lim
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mickey Konings
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Florianne Parel
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kimberly Eadie
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Strepis
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Fahal
- Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy W J van de Sande
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Wendy van de Sande, Assoc Prof. Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Tel: +31 10 703 35 10; E-mail:
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15
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Motoyama T, Yun CS, Osada H. Biosynthesis and biological function of secondary metabolites of the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:kuab058. [PMID: 34379774 PMCID: PMC8788799 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi have many secondary metabolism genes and produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites with complex and unique structures. However, the role of most secondary metabolites remains unclear. Moreover, most fungal secondary metabolism genes are silent or poorly expressed under laboratory conditions and are difficult to utilize. Pyricularia oryzae, the causal pathogen of rice blast disease, is a well-characterized plant pathogenic fungus. P. oryzae also has a large number of secondary metabolism genes and appears to be a suitable organism for analyzing secondary metabolites. However, in case of this fungus, biosynthetic genes for only four groups of secondary metabolites have been well characterized. Among two of the four groups of secondary metabolites, biosynthetic genes were identified by activating secondary metabolism. These secondary metabolites include melanin, a polyketide compound required for rice infection; tenuazonic acid, a well-known mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi and biosynthesized by a unique nonribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase hybrid enzyme; nectriapyrones, antibacterial polyketide compounds produced mainly by symbiotic fungi, including plant pathogens and endophytes, and pyriculols, phytotoxic polyketide compounds. This review mainly focuses on the biosynthesis and biological functions of the four groups of P. oryzae secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Choong-Soo Yun
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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16
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Gupta L, Vermani M, Kaur Ahluwalia S, Vijayaraghavan P. Molecular virulence determinants of Magnaporthe oryzae: disease pathogenesis and recent interventions for disease management in rice plant. Mycology 2021; 12:174-187. [PMID: 34552809 PMCID: PMC8451642 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1868594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae, causative agent of the rice blast disease, is a major concern for the loss in yield of rice crop across the globe. It is known for its characteristic melanised dome-shaped appressorium containing a dense melanin layer. The melanised layer is of considerable importance as it is required to generate turgor pressure for initiating peg formation, consequently rupturing the plant cuticle. Various virulence factors play an important role in the disease progression as well as pathogenesis of the fungus. Some of the proteins encoded by virulence genes are associated with signalling, secondary metabolism, protein deprivation, defence responses and conidiation. The purpose of this review is to describe various fungal virulence determinants and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that are involved in progression of the disease. Besides, the recent molecular approaches being employed to combat the rice blast have also been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovely Gupta
- Anti-mycotic and Drug Susceptibility Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Maansi Vermani
- Anti-mycotic and Drug Susceptibility Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Simran Kaur Ahluwalia
- Anti-mycotic and Drug Susceptibility Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Pooja Vijayaraghavan
- Anti-mycotic and Drug Susceptibility Lab, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
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17
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Motoyama T, Ishii T, Kamakura T, Osada H. Screening of tenuazonic acid production-inducing compounds and identification of NPD938 as a regulator of fungal secondary metabolism. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2200-2208. [PMID: 34379730 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The control of secondary metabolism in fungi is essential for the regulation of various cellular functions. In this study, we searched the RIKEN Natural Products Depository (NPDepo) chemical library for inducers of tenuazonic acid (TeA) production in the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae and identified NPD938. NPD938 transcriptionally induced TeA production. We explored the mode of action of NPD938 and observed that this compound enhanced TeA production via LAE1, a global regulator of fungal secondary metabolism. NPD938 could also induce production of terpendoles and pyridoxatins in Tolypocladium album RK99-F33. Terpendole production was induced transcriptionally. We identified the pyridoxatin biosynthetic gene cluster among transcriptionally induced secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. Therefore, NPD938 is useful for the control of fungal secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomoaki Ishii
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN CSRS, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamakura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN CSRS, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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18
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Wang X, Lu D, Tian C. Analysis of melanin biosynthesis in the plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:679-692. [PMID: 34420695 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is recognized as a dark pigment that can protect fungi from the harm of environmental stresses. To investigate what roles of melanin played in the pathogenicity and development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a causal agent of poplar anthracnose, genes encoding a transcription factor CgCmr1 and a polyketide synthase CgPks1 were isolated as the ortholog of Magnaporthe oryzae Pig1 and Pks1 respectively. Deletion of CgCmr1 or CgPks1 resulted in melanin-deficient fungal colony. The ΔCgPks1 mutant showed no melanin accumulation in appressoria, and lack of CgCmr1 also resulted in the delayed and decreased melanization of appressoria. In addition, the turgor pressure of the appressorium was lower in ΔCgPks1 and ΔCgCmr1 than in the wild-type (WT). However, DHN melanin was not a vital factor for virulence in C. gloeosporioides. Moreover, deletion of CgCmr1 and CgPks1 resulted in the hypersensitivity to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidative stress but not to other abiotic stresses. Collectively, these results suggest that CgCmr1 and CgPks1 play an important role in DHN melanin biosynthesis, and melanin was not an essential factor in penetration and pathogenicity in C. gloeosporioides. The data presented in this study will facilitate future evaluations of the melanin biosynthetic pathway and development in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxiao Lu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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19
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Zhu J, Liu M, Deng J, Chen W, Zhu D, Duan J, Li Y, Wang H, Shen Y. The coupled reaction catalyzed by EchB and EchC lead to the formation of the common 2',3',5'-trihydroxy-benzene core in echosides biosynthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 559:62-69. [PMID: 33932901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
p-Terphenyls represent a unique family of aromatic natural products generated by nonribosomal peptide synthetase-like (NRPS-like) enzyme. After formation of p-terphenyl skeleton, tailoring modifications will give rise to structural diversity and various biological activities. Here we demonstrated a two-enzyme (EchB, a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR), and EchC, a nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)-like dehydratase) participated transformation from dihydroxybenzoquinone core to 2',3',5'-trihydroxy-benzene in the biosynthesis of echosides. Beginning with polyporic acid as substrate, successive steps of reduction-dehydration-reduction cascade catalyzed by EchB-EchC-EchB were concluded after in vivo gene disruption and in vitro bioassay experiments. These findings demonstrated a conserved synthesis pathway of 2',3',5'-trihydroxy-p-terphenyls in bacteria, such as Actinomycetes and Burkholderia. The parallel pathway in fungi has yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Mengyujie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Wang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Deyu Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Jing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Haoxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
| | - Yuemao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
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20
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Yeh YC, Kim HJ, Liu HW. Mechanistic Investigation of 1,2-Diol Dehydration of Paromamine Catalyzed by the Radical S-Adenosyl-l-methionine Enzyme AprD4. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5038-5043. [PMID: 33784078 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AprD4 is a radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) enzyme catalyzing C3'-deoxygenation of paromamine to form 4'-oxo-lividamine. It is the only 1,2-diol dehydratase in the radical SAM enzyme superfamily that has been identified and characterized in vitro. The AprD4 catalyzed 1,2-diol dehydration is a key step in the biosynthesis of several C3'-deoxy-aminoglycosides. While the regiochemistry of the hydrogen atom abstraction catalyzed by AprD4 has been established, the mechanism of the subsequent chemical transformation remains not fully understood. To investigate the mechanism, several substrate analogues were synthesized and their fates upon incubation with AprD4 were analyzed. The results support a mechanism involving formation of a ketyl radical intermediate followed by direct elimination of the C3'-hydroxyl group rather than that of a gem-diol intermediate generated via 1,2-migration of the C3'-hydroxyl group to C4'. The stereochemistry of hydrogen atom incorporation after radical-mediated dehydration was also established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hak Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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21
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Skellam E. Analysis of the Secondary Metabolism in Magnaporthe oryzae. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2356:41-56. [PMID: 34236675 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1613-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae produces a number of secondary metabolites, some of which are thought to be responsible for the virulence of this fungus toward rice. Due to the importance of understanding plant-pathogen interactions, several of these metabolites have been investigated chemically and biosynthetically. This chapter provides an overview of the secondary metabolites isolated from M. oryzae and describes a general method for metabolite extraction, followed by an analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with mass spectrometry (LCMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Skellam
- Department of Chemistry & BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Rice blast disease is both the most explosive and potentially damaging disease of the world's rice (Oryza sativa) crop and a model system for research on the molecular mechanisms that fungi use to cause plant disease. The blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, is highly evolved to sense when it is on a leaf surface; to develop a pressurized cell, the appressorium, to punch through the leaf cuticle; and then to hijack living rice cells to assist it in causing disease. Host specificity, determining which plants particular fungal strains can infect, is also an important topic for research. The blast fungus is a moving target, quickly overcoming rice resistance genes we deploy to control it, and recently emerging to cause devastating disease on an entirely new cereal crop, wheat. M. oryzae is highly adaptable, with multiple examples of genetic instability at certain gene loci and in certain genomic regions. Understanding the biology of the fungus in the field, and its potential for genetic and genome variability, is key to keep it from adapting to life in the research laboratory and losing relevance to the significant impact it has on global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Valent
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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23
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Motoyama T. Secondary Metabolites of the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae: Biosynthesis and Biological Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8698. [PMID: 33218033 PMCID: PMC7698770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites with unique and complex structures. However, most fungal secondary metabolism genes are poorly expressed under laboratory conditions. Moreover, the relationship between pathogenicity and secondary metabolites remains unclear. To activate silent gene clusters in fungi, successful approaches such as epigenetic control, promoter exchange, and heterologous expression have been reported. Pyricularia oryzae, a well-characterized plant pathogenic fungus, is the causal pathogen of rice blast disease. P. oryzae is also rich in secondary metabolism genes. However, biosynthetic genes for only four groups of secondary metabolites have been well characterized in this fungus. Biosynthetic genes for two of the four groups of secondary metabolites have been identified by activating secondary metabolism. This review focuses on the biosynthesis and roles of the four groups of secondary metabolites produced by P. oryzae. These secondary metabolites include melanin, a polyketide compound required for rice infection; pyriculols, phytotoxic polyketide compounds; nectriapyrones, antibacterial polyketide compounds produced mainly by symbiotic fungi including endophytes and plant pathogens; and tenuazonic acid, a well-known mycotoxin produced by various plant pathogenic fungi and biosynthesized by a unique NRPS-PKS enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN CSRS, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Zhu S, Yan Y, Qu Y, Wang J, Feng X, Liu X, Lin F, Lu J. Role refinement of melanin synthesis genes by gene knockout reveals their functional diversity in Pyricularia oryzae strains. Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126620. [PMID: 33189072 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyricularia oryzae is a plant pathogenic fungus that severely affects rice production. Past studies, primarily using mutants generated by spontaneous mutations or artificial physical and chemical mutagenesis, have determined that melanin is required for appressorium turgor, penetration, and virulence of P. oryzae. However, these roles need to be verified by gene knockout and/or overexpression in different strains considering the potential differences in the level of virulence. Here, we confirmed the indispensable roles of melanin in the development and virulence of P. oryzae by knocking out and over-expressing three melanin synthesis genes (ALB1, RSY1, and BUF1) in two wild-type strains (Guy11 and 70-15). Deletion of ALB1, RSY1, or BUF1 led to loss of melanin and virulence in both strains. ALB1, RSY1 and BUF1 in Guy11, and BUF1 in 70-15 were required for conidiation, respectively. ALB1, RSY1, and BUF1 were required for conidial resistance to environmental stresses (UV exposure, oxidization, and freezing damage) in both strains. Guy11 cells had greater amounts of melanin and more transcripts of melanin synthesis genes than 70-15 cells. Paired culture experiments between the deletion or over-expression mutants of melanin synthesis genes suggested that the reaction catalyzed by Buf1, but not Alb1 and Rsy1, was likely a rate-limiting step in melanin biosynthesis in 70-15. These results expand our understanding on melanin and its synthesis genes in P. oryzae as well as its responses to biotic and abiotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yingmin Qu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Wang P, Li B, Pan YT, Zhang YZ, Li DW, Huang L. Calcineurin-Responsive Transcription Factor CgCrzA Is Required for Cell Wall Integrity and Infection-Related Morphogenesis in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 36:385-397. [PMID: 33082723 PMCID: PMC7542025 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.04.2020.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ascomycete fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infects a wide range of plant hosts and causes enormous economic losses in the world. The transcription factors (TFs) play an important role in development and pathogenicity of many organisms. In this study, we found that the C2H2 TF CgCrzA is localized in both cytoplasm and nucleus under standard condition, and it translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus in a calcineurin-dependent manner. Moreover, the ΔCgCrzA was hypersensitive to cell wall perturbing agents and showed severe cell wall integrity defects. Deletion of the CgCRZA inhibited the development of invasive structures and lost pathogenicity to plant hosts. Our results suggested that calcineurin-responsive TF CgCrzA was not only involved in regulating cell wall integrity, but also in morphogenesis and virulence in C. gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 20037, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 5009, China
| | - Yu-Ting Pan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 20037, China
| | - Yun-Zhao Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 20037, China
| | - De-Wei Li
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory, Windsor, CT 06095, USA
| | - Lin Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 20037, China
- Corresponding author. Phone) +86-25-85427301, E-mail) , ORCID, De-Wei Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2788-7938, Lin Huang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7536-0914
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26
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Hantke V, Wang C, Skellam EJ, Cox RJ. Function of pathway specific regulators in the ACE1 and pyrichalasin H biosynthetic gene clusters. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35797-35802. [PMID: 35528102 PMCID: PMC9074748 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07028a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic expression of BC1 which encodes a putative pathway specific transcription factor from the ACE1 biosynthetic gene cluster of the rice pathogen Pyricularia oryzae Guy11 did not lead to the production of ACE1-related compounds. However the known compound hinnulin A was formed. A putative partial gene cluster potentially involved in the biosynthesis of hinnulin A and DHN melanin was validated by RT-PCR and a possible biosynthetic pathway is proposed. Ectopic expression of pyiR which encodes a pathway specific transcription factor from the pyrichalasin H biosynthetic gene cluster in Magnaporthe grisea NI980 led to the apparent up-regulation of the pyi cluster and a 3-fold increase in pyrichalasin production under standard fermentation conditions, but did not lead to the formation of new compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hantke
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BMWZ, Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 38 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Chongqing Wang
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BMWZ, Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 38 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Elizabeth J Skellam
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BMWZ, Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 38 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Russell J Cox
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BMWZ, Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 38 30167 Hannover Germany
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27
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The Role of Melanin in Fungal Pathogenesis for Animal Hosts. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 422:1-30. [PMID: 31278515 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Melanins are a class of pigments that are ubiquitous throughout biology. They play incredibly diverse and important roles ranging from radiation protection to immune defense, camouflage, and virulence. Fungi have evolved to use melanin to be able to persist in the environment and within organisms. Fungal melanins are often located within the cell well and are able to neutralize reactive oxygen species and other radicals, defend against UV radiation, bind and sequester non-specific peptides and compounds, and produce a physical barrier that defends the cell. For this reason, melanized fungi are often well-suited to be human pathogens-melanin allows fungi to neutralize the microbicidal oxidative bursts of our innate immune system, bind and inactivate to antimicrobial peptides and enzymes, sequester antifungal pharmaceuticals, and create a shield to block immune recognition of the fungus. Due to the importance and pervasiveness of melanin in fungal virulence, mammalian immune systems have evolved antifungal strategies that involve directly detecting and binding to fungal melanins. Such strategies include the use of melanin-specific antibody responses and C-type lectins like the newly discovered melanin-specific MelLec receptor.
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28
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Zhang P, Zhou S, Wang G, An Z, Liu X, Li K, Yin WB. Two transcription factors cooperatively regulate DHN melanin biosynthesis and development in Pestalotiopsis fici. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:649-666. [PMID: 31116900 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungal 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin plays important roles in UV protection, oxidative stress and pathogenesis. However, knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of its biosynthesis is limited. Previous studies showed two transcription factors, PfmaF and PfmaH, located in the DHN melanin biosynthetic gene cluster (Pfma) in Pestalotiopsis fici. In this study, deletion of PfmaH resulted in loss of melanin and affected conidia cell wall integrity. Specifically, PfmaH directly regulates the expression of scytalone dehydratase, which catalyzes the transition of scytalone to T3 HN. However, PfmaF disruption using CRISPR/Cas9 system affected neither DHN melanin distribution nor conidia cell wall integrity in P. fici. Unexpectedly, overexpression of PfmaF leads to heavy pigment accumulation in P. fici hyphae. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses provide insight into the roles of PfmaF and PfmaH in DHN melanin regulation. PfmaH, as a pathway specific regulator, mainly regulates melanin biosynthesis that contributes to cell wall development. Furthermore, PfmaF functions as a broad regulator to stimulate PfmaH expression in melanin production, secondary metabolism as well as fungal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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29
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Sugahara A, Yoshimi A, Shoji F, Fujioka T, Kawai K, Umeyama H, Komatsu K, Enomoto M, Kuwahara S, Hagiwara D, Katayama T, Horiuchi H, Miyazawa K, Nakayama M, Abe K. Novel Antifungal Compound Z-705 Specifically Inhibits Protein Kinase C of Filamentous Fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e02923-18. [PMID: 30902853 PMCID: PMC6498157 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02923-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell wall integrity signaling (CWIS) pathway is involved in fungal cell wall biogenesis. This pathway is composed of sensor proteins, protein kinase C (PKC), and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and it controls the transcription of many cell wall-related genes. PKC plays a pivotal role in this pathway; deficiencies in PkcA in the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans and in MgPkc1p in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea are lethal. This suggests that PKC in filamentous fungi is a potential target for antifungal agents. In the present study, to search for MgPkc1p inhibitors, we carried out in silico screening by three-dimensional (3D) structural modeling and performed growth inhibition tests for M. grisea on agar plates. From approximately 800,000 candidate compounds, we selected Z-705 and evaluated its inhibitory activity against chimeric PKC expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in which the kinase domain of native S. cerevisiae PKC was replaced with those of PKCs of filamentous fungi. Transcriptional analysis of MLP1, which encodes a downstream factor of PKC in S. cerevisiae, and phosphorylation analysis of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Mpk1p, which is activated downstream of PKC, revealed that Z-705 specifically inhibited PKCs of filamentous fungi. Moreover, the inhibitory activity of Z-705 was similar to that of a well-known PKC inhibitor, staurosporine. Interestingly, Z-705 inhibited melanization induced by cell wall stress in M. grisea We discuss the relationships between PKC and melanin biosynthesis.IMPORTANCE A candidate inhibitor of filamentous fungal protein kinase C (PKC), Z-705, was identified by in silico screening. A screening system to evaluate the effects of fungal PKC inhibitors was constructed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Using this system, we found that Z-705 is highly selective for filamentous fungal PKC in comparison with S. cerevisiae PKC. Analysis of the AGS1 mRNA level, which is regulated by Mps1p mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) via PKC, in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea revealed that Z-705 had a PKC inhibitory effect comparable to that of staurosporine. Micafungin induced hyphal melanization in M. grisea, and this melanization, which is required for pathogenicity of M. grisea, was inhibited by PKC inhibition by both Z-705 and staurosporine. The mRNA levels of 4HNR, 3HNR, and SCD1, which are essential for melanization in M. grisea, were suppressed by both PKC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asumi Sugahara
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- ABE-project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fumio Shoji
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | | | - Hideaki Umeyama
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Enomoto
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Kuwahara
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hagiwara
- ABE-project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuya Katayama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Horiuchi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Microbial Resources, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Keietsu Abe
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- ABE-project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Microbial Resources, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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30
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Zhang H, Li Y, Dickman MB, Wang Z. Cytoprotective Co-chaperone BcBAG1 Is a Component for Fungal Development, Virulence, and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) of Botrytis cinerea. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:685. [PMID: 31024482 PMCID: PMC6467101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bcl-2 associated athanogene (BAG) family is an evolutionarily conserved group of co-chaperones that confers stress protection against a variety of cellular insults extending from yeasts, plants to humans. Little is known, however, regarding the biological role of BAG proteins in phytopathogenic fungi. Here, we identified the unique BAG gene (BcBAG1) from the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. BcBAG1 is the homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana AtBAG4, and ectopic expression of BcBAG1 in atbag4 knock-out mutants restores salt tolerance. BcBAG1 deletion mutants (ΔBcbag1) exhibited decreased conidiation, enhanced melanin accumulation and lost the ability to develop sclerotia. Also, BcBAG1 disruption blocked fungal conidial germination and successful penetration, leading to a reduced virulence in host plants. BcBAG1 contains BAG (BD) domain at C-terminus and ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain at N-terminus. Complementation assays indicated that BD can largely restored pathogenicity of ΔBcbag1. Abiotic stress assays showed ΔBcbag1 was more sensitive than the wild-type strain to NaCl, calcofluor white, SDS, tunicamycin, dithiothreitol (DTT), heat and cold stress, suggesting BcBAG1 plays a cytoprotective role during salt stress, cell wall stress, and ER stress. BcBAG1 negatively regulated the expression of BcBIP1, BcIRE1 and the splicing of BcHAC1 mRNA, which are core regulators of unfolded protein response (UPR) during ER stress. Moreover, BcBAG1 interacted with HSP70-type chaperones, BcBIP1 and BcSKS2. In summary, this work demonstrates that BcBAG1 is pleiotropic and not only essential for fungal development, hyphal melanization, and virulence, but also required for response to multiple abiotic stresses and UPR pathway of B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Zhang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Yurong Li
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Martin B Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
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31
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Ebert MK, Spanner RE, de Jonge R, Smith DJ, Holthusen J, Secor GA, Thomma BPHJ, Bolton MD. Gene cluster conservation identifies melanin and perylenequinone biosynthesis pathways in multiple plant pathogenic fungi. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:913-927. [PMID: 30421572 PMCID: PMC7379194 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Perylenequinones are a family of structurally related polyketide fungal toxins with nearly universal toxicity. These photosensitizing compounds absorb light energy which enables them to generate reactive oxygen species that damage host cells. This potent mechanism serves as an effective weapon for plant pathogens in disease or niche establishment. The sugar beet pathogen Cercospora beticola secretes the perylenequinone cercosporin during infection. We have shown recently that the cercosporin toxin biosynthesis (CTB) gene cluster is present in several other phytopathogenic fungi, prompting the search for biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of structurally similar perylenequinones in other fungi. Here, we report the identification of the elsinochrome and phleichrome BGCs of Elsinoë fawcettii and Cladosporium phlei, respectively, based on gene cluster conservation with the CTB and hypocrellin BGCs. Furthermore, we show that previously reported BGCs for elsinochrome and phleichrome are involved in melanin production. Phylogenetic analysis of the corresponding melanin polyketide synthases (PKSs) and alignment of melanin BGCs revealed high conservation between the established and newly identified C. beticola, E. fawcettii and C. phlei melanin BGCs. Mutagenesis of the identified perylenequinone and melanin PKSs in C. beticola and E. fawcettii coupled with mass spectrometric metabolite analyses confirmed their roles in toxin and melanin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaika K. Ebert
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA,Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA,Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Rebecca E. Spanner
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA,Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of BiologyScience4Life, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands,Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium,VIB Center for Plant Systems BiologyGhentBelgium
| | - David J. Smith
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
| | - Jason Holthusen
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
| | - Gary A. Secor
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | | | - Melvin D. Bolton
- Red River Valley Agricultural Research CenterUSDA Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA,Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
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32
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Motoyama T, Nogawa T, Hayashi T, Hirota H, Osada H. Induction of Nectriapyrone Biosynthesis in the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae
by Disturbance of the Two-Component Signal Transduction System. Chembiochem 2019; 20:693-700. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Hirota
- CSRS; RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- CSRS; RIKEN; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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33
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Griffiths SA, Cox RJ, Overdijk EJR, Mesarich CH, Saccomanno B, Lazarus CM, de Wit PJGM, Collemare J. Assignment of a dubious gene cluster to melanin biosynthesis in the tomato fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209600. [PMID: 30596695 PMCID: PMC6312243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigments and phytotoxins are crucial for the survival and spread of plant pathogenic fungi. The genome of the tomato biotrophic fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum contains a predicted gene cluster (CfPKS1, CfPRF1, CfRDT1 and CfTSF1) that is syntenic with the characterized elsinochrome toxin gene cluster in the citrus pathogen Elsinoë fawcettii. However, a previous phylogenetic analysis suggested that CfPks1 might instead be involved in pigment production. Here, we report the characterization of the CfPKS1 gene cluster to resolve this ambiguity. Activation of the regulator CfTSF1 specifically induced the expression of CfPKS1 and CfRDT1, but not of CfPRF1. These co-regulated genes that define the CfPKS1 gene cluster are orthologous to genes involved in 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin biosynthesis in other fungi. Heterologous expression of CfPKS1 in Aspergillus oryzae yielded 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene, a typical precursor of DHN melanin. Δcfpks1 deletion mutants showed similar altered pigmentation to wild type treated with DHN melanin inhibitors. These mutants remained virulent on tomato, showing this gene cluster is not involved in pathogenicity. Altogether, our results showed that the CfPKS1 gene cluster is involved in the production of DHN melanin and suggests that elsinochrome production in E. fawcettii likely involves another gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Griffiths
- Fungal Natural Products, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Russell J. Cox
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover
| | - Elysa J. R. Overdijk
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Saccomanno
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Colin M. Lazarus
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jérôme Collemare
- Fungal Natural Products, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Huang L, Liu M, Huang H, Wen Y, Zhang X, Wei Y. Recent Advances and Progress on Melanin-like Materials and Their Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1858-1868. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Meiying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Hongye Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yuanqing Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yen Wei
- Department of Chemistry and the Tsinghua Center for Frontier Polymer Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung-Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan
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Development of an Expression Vector to Overexpress or Downregulate Genes in Curvularia protuberata. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4020054. [PMID: 29734743 PMCID: PMC6023383 DOI: 10.3390/jof4020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Curvularia protuberata, an endophytic fungus in the Ascomycota, provides plants with thermotolerance only when it carries a mycovirus known as Curvularia thermotolerance virus (CThTV), and forms a three-way symbiotic relationship among these organisms. Under heat stress, several genes are expressed differently between virus-free C. protuberata (VF) and C. protuberata carrying CThTV (AN). We developed an expression vector, pM2Z-fun, carrying a zeocin resistance gene driven by the ToxA promoter, to study gene functions in C. protuberata to better understand this three-way symbiosis. Using this new 3.7-kb vector, five genes that are differentially expressed in C. protuberata—including genes involved in the trehalose, melanin, and catalase biosynthesis pathways—were successfully overexpressed or downregulated in VF or AN C. protuberata strains, respectively. The VF overexpression lines showed higher metabolite and enzyme activity than in the control VF strain. Furthermore, downregulation of expression of the same genes in the AN strain resulted in lower metabolite and enzyme activity than in the control AN strain. The newly generated expression vector, pM2Z-fun, has been successfully used to express target genes in C. protuberata and will be useful in further functional expression studies in other Ascomycota fungi.
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Bacterial Enzymes Catalyzing the Synthesis of 1,8-Dihydroxynaphthalene, a Key Precursor of Dihydroxynaphthalene Melanin, from Sorangium cellulosum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00258-18. [PMID: 29500263 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00258-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
1,8-Dihydroxynaphthalene (1,8-DHN) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of DHN melanin, which is specific to fungi. In this study, we characterized the enzymatic properties of the gene products of an operon consisting of soceCHS1, bdsA, and bdsB from the Gram-negative bacterium Sorangium cellulosum Heterologous expression of soceCHS1, bdsA, and bdsB in Streptomyces coelicolor caused secretion of a dark-brown pigment into the broth. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the broth revealed that the recombinant strain produced 1,8-DHN, indicating that the operon encoded a novel enzymatic system for the synthesis of 1,8-DHN. Simultaneous incubation of the recombinant SoceCHS1, BdsA, and BdsB with malonyl-coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA) and NADPH resulted in the synthesis of 1,8-DHN. SoceCHS1, a type III polyketide synthase (PKS), catalyzed the synthesis of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (T4HN) in vitro T4HN was in turn converted to 1,8-DHN by successive steps of reduction and dehydration, which were catalyzed by BdsA and BdsB. BdsA, which is a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily, catalyzed the reduction of T4HN and 1,3,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (T3HN) to scytalone and vermelone, respectively. The stereoselectivity of T4HN reduction by BdsA occurred on the si-face to give (R)-scytalone with more than 99% optical purity. BdsB, a SnoaL2-like protein, catalyzed the dehydration of scytalone and vermelone to T3HN and 1,8-DHN, respectively. The fungal pathway for the synthesis of 1,8-DHN is composed of a type I PKS, naphthol reductases of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily, and scytalone dehydratase (SD). These findings demonstrated 1,8-DHN synthesis by novel enzymes of bacterial origin.IMPORTANCE Although the DHN biosynthetic pathway was thought to be specific to fungi, we discovered novel DHN synthesis enzymes of bacterial origin. The biosynthesis of bacterial DHN utilized a type III PKS for polyketide synthesis, an AKR superfamily for reduction, and a SnoaL2-like NTF2 superfamily for dehydration, whereas the biosynthesis of fungal DHN utilized a type I PKS, SDR superfamily enzyme, and SD-like NTF2 superfamily. Surprisingly, the enzyme systems comprising the pathway were significantly different from each other, suggesting independent, parallel evolution leading to the same biosynthesis. DHN melanin plays roles in host invasion and adaptation to stress in pathogenic fungi and is therefore important to study. However, it is unclear whether DHN biosynthesis occurs in bacteria. Importantly, we did find that bacterial DHN biosynthetic enzymes were conserved among pathogenic bacteria.
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Shi Y, Wang H, Yan Y, Cao H, Liu X, Lin F, Lu J. Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle Is Involved in Development and Virulence in the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:687. [PMID: 29875789 PMCID: PMC5974175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The glycerol-3-phosphate (G-3-P) shuttle is an important pathway for delivery of cytosolic reducing equivalents into mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and plays essential physiological roles in yeast, plants, and animals. However, its role has been unclear in filamentous and pathogenic fungi. Here, we characterize the function of the G-3-P shuttle in Pyricularia oryzae by genetic and molecular analyses. In P. oryzae, a glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (PoGpd1) is involved in NO production, conidiation, and utilization of several carbon sources (pyruvate, sodium acetate, glutamate, and glutamine). A glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (PoGpd2) is essential for glycerol utilization and fungal development. Deletion of PoGPD2 led to delayed aerial hyphal formation, accelerated aerial hyphal collapse, and reduced conidiation on complete medium (CM) under a light-dark cycle. Aerial mycelial surface hydrophobicity to water and Tween 20 was decreased in ΔPogpd2. Melanin synthesis genes required for cell wall construction and two transcription factor genes (COS1 and CONx2) required for conidiation and/or aerial hyphal differentiation were down-regulated in the aerial mycelia of ΔPogpd2 and ΔPogpd1. Culturing under continuous dark could complement the defects of aerial hyphal differentiation of ΔPogpd2 observed in a light-dark cycle. Two light-sensitive protein genes (PoSIR2 encoding an NAD+-dependent deacetylase and TRX2 encoding a thioredoxin 2) were up-regulated in ΔPogpd2 cultured on CM medium in a light-dark cycle. ΔPogpd2 showed an increased intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and total NAD content, and alteration of intracellular ATP production. Culturing on minimal medium also could restore aerial hyphal differentiation of ΔPogpd2, which is deficient on CM medium in a light-dark cycle. Two glutamate synthesis genes, GDH1 and PoGLT1, which synthesize glutamate coupled with oxidation of NADH to NAD+, were significantly up-regulated in ΔPogpd2 in a light-dark cycle. Moreover, deletion of PoGpd1 or PoGpd2 led to reduced virulence of conidia or hyphae on rice. The glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is involved in cellular redox, fungal development, and virulence in P. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkai Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianping Lu,
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Cairns T, Meyer V. In silico prediction and characterization of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:631. [PMID: 28818040 PMCID: PMC5561558 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal pathogens of plants produce diverse repertoires of secondary metabolites, which have functions ranging from iron acquisition, defense against immune perturbation, to toxic assaults on the host. The wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici causes Septoria tritici blotch, a foliar disease which is a significant threat to global food security. Currently, there is limited knowledge of the secondary metabolite arsenal produced by Z. tritici, which significantly restricts mechanistic understanding of infection. In this study, we analyzed the genome of Z. tritici isolate IP0323 to identify putative secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters, and used comparative genomics to predict their encoded products. RESULTS We identified 32 putative secondary metabolite clusters. These were physically enriched at subtelomeric regions, which may facilitate diversification of cognate products by rapid gene rearrangement or mutations. Comparative genomics revealed a four gene cluster with significant similarity to the ferrichrome-A biosynthetic locus of the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis, suggesting this siderophore is deployed by Z. tritici to acquire iron. The Z. tritici genome also contains several isoprenoid biosynthetic gene clusters, including one with high similarity to a carotenoid/opsin producing locus in several fungi. Furthermore, we identify putative phytotoxin biosynthetic clusters, suggesting Z. tritici can produce an epipolythiodioxopiperazine, and a polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide with predicted structural similarities to fumonisin and the Alternaria alternata AM-toxin, respectively. Interrogation of an existing transcriptional dataset suggests stage specific deployment of numerous predicted loci during infection, indicating an important role of these secondary metabolites in Z. tritici disease. CONCLUSIONS We were able to assign putative biosynthetic products to numerous clusters based on conservation amongst other fungi. However, analysis of the majority of secondary metabolite loci did not enable prediction of a cluster product, and consequently the capacity of these loci to play as yet undetermined roles in disease or other stages of the Z. tritici lifecycle is significant. These data will drive future experimentation for determining the role of these clusters and cognate secondary metabolite products in Z. tritici virulence, and may lead to discovery of novel bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Cairns
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Vera Meyer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang P, Wang X, Fan A, Zheng Y, Liu X, Wang S, Zou H, Oakley BR, Keller NP, Yin WB. A cryptic pigment biosynthetic pathway uncovered by heterologous expression is essential for conidial development inPestalotiopsis fici. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:469-483. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuna Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Aili Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjing Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial (Wenzhou) Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Huixi Zou
- Zhejiang Provincial (Wenzhou) Key Lab for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science; Wenzhou University; Wenzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Berl R. Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS USA
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin, WI USA
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
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Shao W, Lv C, Zhang Y, Wang J, Chen C. Involvement of BcElp4 in vegetative development, various environmental stress response and virulence of Botrytis cinerea. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:886-895. [PMID: 28474462 PMCID: PMC5481526 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Elongator complex consisting of the six Elp1-Elp6 proteins has been proposed to participate in three distinct cellular processes: transcriptional elongation, polarized exocytosis and formation of modified wobble uridines in tRNA. In this study, we investigated the function of BcElp4 in Botrytis cinerea, which is homologous to S. cerevisiae Elp4. A bcelp4 deletion mutant was significantly impaired in vegetative growth, sclerotia formation and melanin biosynthesis. This mutant exhibited decreased sensitivity to osmotic and oxidative stresses as well as cell way-damaging agent. Pathogenicity assays revealed that BcElp4 is involved in the virulence of B. cinerea. In addition, the deletion of bcelp4 led to increased aerial mycelia development. All these defects were restored by genetic complementation of the bcelp4 deletion mutant with the wild-type bcelp4 gene. The results of this study indicated that BcElp4 is involved in regulation of vegetative development, various environmental stress response and virulence in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Shao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chiyuan Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Lǚ Z, Kang X, Xiang Z, He N. Laccase Gene Sh-lac Is Involved in the Growth and Melanin Biosynthesis of Scleromitrula shiraiana. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:353-361. [PMID: 27870600 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-16-0180-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Scleromitrula shiraiana causes the popcorn disease in mulberry trees resulting in severe economic losses. Previous studies have shown that melanin may play a vital role in establishing the pathogenicity of fungi. In the present study, we identified the melanin produced in S. shiraiana belongs to DHN melanin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and cloned the laccase Sh-lac, a potential DHN melanin biosynthesis gene from S. shiraiana. We obtained two stable Sh-lac silenced transformants using RNAi, ilac-4 and 8 to elucidate the DHN melanin biosynthetic pathway in S. shiraiana. The melanin production of ilac-4 and ilac-8 was significantly reduced, and their vegetative growth was also suppressed. Results such as these led to a proposal that Sh-lac played a key role in DHN melanin formation in S. shiraiana and may function differentially with other melanin biosynthetic genes. The inhibition of melanin was accompanied by the decrease of oxalic acid and the adhesion of hyphae was impaired. Our results indicated that laccase was an important enzyme in the synthesis of melanin and might play a critical role in the pathogenicity of S. shiraiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Lǚ
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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Hydroxyl regioisomerization of anthracycline catalyzed by a four-enzyme cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1554-1559. [PMID: 28137838 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610097114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranking among the most effective anticancer drugs, anthracyclines represent an important family of aromatic polyketides generated by type II polyketide synthases (PKSs). After formation of polyketide cores, the post-PKS tailoring modifications endow the scaffold with various structural diversities and biological activities. Here we demonstrate an unprecedented four-enzyme-participated hydroxyl regioisomerization process involved in the biosynthesis of kosinostatin. First, KstA15 and KstA16 function together to catalyze a cryptic hydroxylation of the 4-hydroxyl-anthraquinone core, yielding a 1,4-dihydroxyl product, which undergoes a chemically challenging asymmetric reduction-dearomatization subsequently acted by KstA11; then, KstA10 catalyzes a region-specific reduction concomitant with dehydration to afford the 1-hydroxyl anthraquinone. Remarkably, the shunt product identifications of both hydroxylation and reduction-dehydration reactions, the crystal structure of KstA11 with bound substrate and cofactor, and isotope incorporation experiments reveal mechanistic insights into the redox dearomatization and rearomatization steps. These findings provide a distinguished tailoring paradigm for type II PKS engineering.
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Liu Y, Stuhldreier F, Kurtán T, Mándi A, Arumugam S, Lin W, Stork B, Wesselborg S, Weber H, Henrich B, Daletos G, Proksch P. Daldinone derivatives from the mangrove-derived endophytic fungus Annulohypoxylon sp. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new benzo[j]fluoranthene metabolites, including an isolation artefact which induces intrinsic apoptosis and blocks autophagy, were isolated fromAnnulohypoxylonsp.
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Luo X, Mao H, Wei Y, Cai J, Xie C, Sui A, Yang X, Dong J. The fungal-specific transcription factor Vdpf influences conidia production, melanized microsclerotia formation and pathogenicity in Verticillium dahliae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:1364-1381. [PMID: 26857810 PMCID: PMC6638448 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne, hemibiotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that causes wilting in crop plants. Here, we constructed a random insertional mutant library using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation to study the pathogenicity and regulatory mechanisms of V. dahliae. The fungal-specific transcription factor-encoding gene Vdpf was shown to be associated with vegetative growth and virulence, with the highest transcript expression occurring during conidia formation in the V991 strain. The deletion mutants (ΔVdpf) and insertion mutants (IMΔVdpf) produced fewer conidia than did the wild-type (WT) fungi, which contributed to the reduced virulence. Unlike the WT, the complemented strains and IMΔVdpf, ΔVdpf formed swollen, thick-walled and hyaline mycelium rather than melanized microsclerotia. The ΔVdpf mutants were melanin deficient, with undetectable expression of melanin biosynthesis-related genes (Brn1, Brn2 and Scd1). The melanin deficiency was related to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and the G-protein-coupled signalling pathways in this study. Similar to the WT and complemented strains, the ΔVdpf and IMΔVdpf mutants could also successfully penetrate into cotton and tobacco roots, but displayed reduced virulence because of lower biomass in the plant roots and significantly reduced expression of pathogenicity-related genes in V. dahliae. In conclusion, these results provide insights into the role of Vdpf in melanized microsclerotia formation, conidia production and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Luo
- The School of Life ScienceSouthwest UniversityChongqing400715China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations and the College of Life ScienceChongqing Normal UniversityChongqing401331China
| | - Hongqiang Mao
- The School of Life ScienceSouthwest UniversityChongqing400715China
| | - Yunming Wei
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations and the College of Life ScienceChongqing Normal UniversityChongqing401331China
| | - Jie Cai
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations and the College of Life ScienceChongqing Normal UniversityChongqing401331China
| | - Chengjian Xie
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations and the College of Life ScienceChongqing Normal UniversityChongqing401331China
| | - Anping Sui
- The School of Life ScienceSouthwest UniversityChongqing400715China
| | - Xingyong Yang
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations and the College of Life ScienceChongqing Normal UniversityChongqing401331China
| | - Jinyan Dong
- The School of Life ScienceSouthwest UniversityChongqing400715China
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Maeda K, Tanaka A, Sugiura R, Koshino H, Tokai T, Sato M, Nakajima Y, Tanahashi Y, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Nishiuchi T, Fujimura M, Takahashi-Ando N, Kimura M. Hydroxylations of trichothecene rings in the biosynthesis ofFusariumtrichothecenes: evolution of alternative pathways in the nivalenol chemotype. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:3798-3811. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Akira Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Toyo University; Kujirai 2100 Kawagoe Saitama 350-0815 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sugiura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- Molecular Structure Characterization Unit, RIKEN CSRS; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Toyo University; 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura Gunma 374-0193 Japan
- Plant and Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit; RIKEN DRI; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Toyo University; 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura Gunma 374-0193 Japan
- Plant and Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit; RIKEN DRI; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yuichi Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanahashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics; Advanced Science Research Centre; 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa University Kanazawa Ishikawa 920-0934 Japan
| | - Makoto Fujimura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Toyo University; 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura Gunma 374-0193 Japan
| | - Naoko Takahashi-Ando
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Toyo University; Kujirai 2100 Kawagoe Saitama 350-0815 Japan
- Plant and Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit; RIKEN DRI; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
- Plant and Microbial Metabolic Engineering Research Unit; RIKEN DRI; 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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Liu XH, Xu F, Snyder JH, Shi HB, Lu JP, Lin FC. Autophagy in plant pathogenic fungi. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 57:128-137. [PMID: 27072489 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved cellular process that degrades cytoplasmic constituents in vacuoles. Plant pathogenic fungi develop special infection structures and/or secrete a range of enzymes to invade their plant hosts. It has been demonstrated that monitoring autophagy processes can be extremely useful in visualizing the sequence of events leading to pathogenicity of plant pathogenic fungi. In this review, we introduce the molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy. In addition, we explore the relationship between autophagy and pathogenicity in plant pathogenic fungi. Finally, we discuss the various experimental strategies available for use in the study of autophagy in plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - John Hugh Snyder
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan-Bin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ping Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Vieira A, Cabral A, Fino J, Azinheira HG, Loureiro A, Talhinhas P, Pires AS, Varzea V, Moncada P, Oliveira H, Silva MDC, Paulo OS, Batista D. Comparative Validation of Conventional and RNA-Seq Data-Derived Reference Genes for qPCR Expression Studies of Colletotrichum kahawae. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150651. [PMID: 26950697 PMCID: PMC4780792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum kahawae is an emergent fungal pathogen causing severe epidemics of Coffee Berry Disease on Arabica coffee crops in Africa. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the Coffea arabica—C. kahawae interaction are still poorly understood, as well as the differences in pathogen aggressiveness, which makes the development of functional studies for this pathosystem a crucial step. Quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) has been one of the most promising approaches to perform gene expression analyses. However, proper data normalization with suitable reference genes is an absolute requirement. In this study, a set of 8 candidate reference genes were selected based on two different approaches (literature and Illumina RNA-seq datasets) to assess the best normalization factor for qPCR expression analysis of C. kahawae samples. The gene expression stability of candidate reference genes was evaluated for four isolates of C. kahawae bearing different aggressiveness patterns (Ang29, Ang67, Zim12 and Que2), at different stages of fungal development and key time points of the plant-fungus interaction process. Gene expression stability was assessed using the pairwise method incorporated in geNorm and the model-based method used by NormFinder software. For C. arabica—C. kahawae interaction samples, the best normalization factor included the combination of PP1, Act and ck34620 genes, while for C. kahawae samples the combination of PP1, Act and ck20430 revealed to be the most appropriate choice. These results suggest that RNA-seq analyses can provide alternative sources of reference genes in addition to classical reference genes. The analysis of expression profiles of bifunctional catalase-peroxidase (cat2) and trihydroxynaphthalene reductase (thr1) genes further enabled the validation of the selected reference genes. This study provides, for the first time, the tools required to conduct accurate qPCR studies in C. kahawae considering its aggressiveness pattern, developmental stage and host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vieira
- CIFC—Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics group, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Cabral
- CIFC—Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Joana Fino
- CIFC—Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics group, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena G. Azinheira
- CIFC—Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Loureiro
- CIFC—Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Talhinhas
- CIFC—Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Plant Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Pires
- CIFC—Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Plant Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vitor Varzea
- CIFC—Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Helena Oliveira
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Silva
- CIFC—Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Octávio S. Paulo
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics group, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dora Batista
- CIFC—Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Computational Biology and Population Genomics group, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Chen H, Han X, Qin N, Wei L, Yang Y, Rao L, Chi B, Feng L, Ren Y, Wan J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel inhibitors against 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene reductase from Magnaporthe grisea. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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Schumacher J. DHN melanin biosynthesis in the plant pathogenic fungusBotrytis cinereais based on two developmentally regulated key enzyme (PKS)-encoding genes. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:729-48. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schumacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP); Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster; Schlossplatz 8 48143 Münster Germany
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50
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Zhang C, He Y, Zhu P, Chen L, Wang Y, Ni B, Xu L. Loss of bcbrn1 and bcpks13 in Botrytis cinerea Not Only Blocks Melanization But Also Increases Vegetative Growth and Virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1091-101. [PMID: 26035129 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-15-0085-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes gray mold disease in a broad range of plants. Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is a major component of the extracellular matrix of B. cinerea, but knowledge of the exact role of melanin biosynthesis in this pathogen is unclear. In this study, we characterize two genes in B. cinerea, bcpks13 and bcbrn1, encoding polyketide synthase and tetrahydroxynaphthalene (THN) reductases, respectively, and both have predicted roles in DHN melanin biosynthesis. The ∆bcpks13 and ∆bcbrn1 mutants show white and orange pigmentation, respectively, and the mutants are also deficient in conidiation in vitro but show enhanced growth rates and virulence on hosts. Moreover, the mutants display elevated acidification of the complete medium (CM), probably due to oxalic acid secretion and secretion of cell wall-degrading enzymes, and preferably utilize plant cell-wall components as carbon sources for mycelium growth in vitro. In contrast, overexpression of bcbrn1 (OE::bcbrn1 strain) results in attenuated hydrolytic enzyme secretion, acidification ability, and virulence. Taken together, these results indicate that bcpks13 and bcbrn1 participate in diverse cellular and developmental processes, such as melanization and conidiation in B. cinerea in vitro, but they negatively regulate the virulence of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Zhang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yifan He
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Pinkuan Zhu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Bing Ni
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Ling Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
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