1
|
Gureev AP, Shaforostova EA, Vitkalova IY, Sadovnikova IS, Kalinina YI, Cherednichenko VR, Reznikova KA, Valuyskikh VV, Popov VN. Long-term mildronate treatment increased Proteobacteria level in gut microbiome, and caused behavioral deviations and transcriptome change in liver, heart and brain of healthy mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 398:115031. [PMID: 32389661 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mildronate is a cardiac and neuroprotective drug that is widely used in some countries. By inhibiting carnitine biosynthesis, mildronate impairs the fatty acids transport into mitochondria, thereby decreasing the β-oxidation intensity. Since 2016, it has been prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). However, the information on its safety and its influence on the athletes' health is scarce. There are no published studies on whether mildronate-induced long-term metabolism "rearrangement" may cause negative effects on high-metabolic-rate organs and on the whole organism. Here, we demonstrate that long-term mildronate treatment of healthy mice induced global metabolism change at the transcriptome level in liver, heart, and brain. Mildronate treatment also induced some behavioral changes such as anxiety-related behavior and diminished explorative behavior. We also found that mildronate induced a dysbiosis, as manifested by an increase in Proteobacteria level in gut microbiome. At the same time, the absence of a statistically significant increase in mouse strength and endurance procedures suggests that mildronate effect on productivity is negligible. The sum of our data suggests that long-term treatment of healthy mice with mildronate induces dysbiosis and behavioral deviations despite the effectiveness of mildronate for cardiac and neurological diseases. Thus, we suggest that long-term mildronate treatment is undesirable or at the very least should be accompanied by prebiotics treatments, but this issue should be studied further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artem P Gureev
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina A Shaforostova
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Inna Yu Vitkalova
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia; Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Irina S Sadovnikova
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Yulia I Kalinina
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Vadim R Cherednichenko
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Karina A Reznikova
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Valeria V Valuyskikh
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Vasily N Popov
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia; Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blázquez-Moraleja A, Sáenz-de-Santa María I, Chiara MD, Álvarez-Fernández D, García-Moreno I, Prieto-Montero R, Martínez-Martínez V, López Arbeloa I, Chiara JL. Shedding light on the mitochondrial matrix through a functional membrane transporter. Chem Sci 2019; 11:1052-1065. [PMID: 34084361 PMCID: PMC8146229 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The first fluorescent probes that are actively channeled into the mitochondrial matrix by a specific mitochondrial membrane transporter in living cells have been developed. The new functional probes (BCT) have a minimalist structural design based on the highly efficient and photostable BODIPY chromophore and carnitine as a biotargeting element. Both units are orthogonally bonded through the common boron atom, thus avoiding the use of complex polyatomic connectors. In contrast to known mitochondria-specific dyes, BCTs selectively label these organelles regardless of their transmembrane potential and in an enantioselective way. The obtained experimental evidence supports carnitine–acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) as the key transporter protein for BCTs, which behave therefore as acylcarnitine biomimetics. This simple structural design can be readily extended to other structurally diverse starting F-BODIPYs to obtain BCTs with varied emission wavelengths along the visible and NIR spectral regions and with multifunctional capabilities. BCTs are the first fluorescent derivatives of carnitine to be used in cell microscopy and stand as promising research tools to explore the role of the carnitine shuttle system in cancer and metabolic diseases. Extension of this approach to other small-molecule mitochondrial transporters is envisaged. A BODIPY derivative of carnitine enters mitochondria regardless of their membrane potential and in an enantioselective way through a specific mitochondrial membrane transporter in living cells.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ines Sáenz-de-Santa María
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Instituto de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), CIBERONC, Universidad de Oviedo, Hospital Central de Asturias 33011 Oviedo Spain
| | - María D Chiara
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Instituto de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), CIBERONC, Universidad de Oviedo, Hospital Central de Asturias 33011 Oviedo Spain
| | | | | | - Ruth Prieto-Montero
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología Apartado 644 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Virginia Martínez-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología Apartado 644 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Iñigo López Arbeloa
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología Apartado 644 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Jose Luis Chiara
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG-CSIC) Juan de la Cierva 3 28006 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aguer C, McCoin CS, Knotts TA, Thrush AB, Ono-Moore K, McPherson R, Dent R, Hwang DH, Adams SH, Harper ME. Acylcarnitines: potential implications for skeletal muscle insulin resistance. FASEB J 2014; 29:336-45. [PMID: 25342132 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-255901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance may be linked to incomplete fatty acid β-oxidation and the subsequent increase in acylcarnitine species in different tissues including skeletal muscle. It is not known if acylcarnitines participate in muscle insulin resistance or simply reflect dysregulated metabolism. The aims of this study were to determine whether acylcarnitines can elicit muscle insulin resistance and to better understand the link between incomplete muscle fatty acid β-oxidation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin-resistance development. Differentiated C2C12, primary mouse, and human myotubes were treated with acylcarnitines (C4:0, C14:0, C16:0) or with palmitate with or without carnitine acyltransferase inhibition by mildronate. Treatment with C4:0, C14:0, and C16:0 acylcarnitines resulted in 20-30% decrease in insulin response at the level of Akt phosphorylation and/or glucose uptake. Mildronate reversed palmitate-induced insulin resistance concomitant with an ∼25% decrease in short-chain acylcarnitine and acetylcarnitine secretion. Although proinflammatory cytokines were not affected under these conditions, oxidative stress was increased by 2-3 times by short- or long-chain acylcarnitines. Acylcarnitine-induced oxidative stress and insulin resistance were reversed by treatment with antioxidants. Results are consistent with the conclusion that incomplete muscle fatty acid β-oxidation causes acylcarnitine accumulation and associated oxidative stress, raising the possibility that these metabolites play a role in muscle insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Aguer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin S McCoin
- Molecular, Cellular, & Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, USA
| | - Trina A Knotts
- Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - A Brianne Thrush
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kikumi Ono-Moore
- Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ruth McPherson
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Dent
- Ottawa Hospital Weight Management Clinic, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel H Hwang
- Immunity & Disease Prevention Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, USA Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Molecular, Cellular, & Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aguer C, Fiehn O, Seifert EL, Bézaire V, Meissen JK, Daniels A, Scott K, Renaud JM, Padilla M, Bickel DR, Dysart M, Adams SH, Harper ME. Muscle uncoupling protein 3 overexpression mimics endurance training and reduces circulating biomarkers of incomplete β-oxidation. FASEB J 2013; 27:4213-25. [PMID: 23825224 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-234302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exercise substantially improves metabolic health, making the elicited mechanisms important targets for novel therapeutic strategies. Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein highly selectively expressed in skeletal muscle. Here we report that moderate UCP3 overexpression (roughly 3-fold) in muscles of UCP3 transgenic (UCP3 Tg) mice acts as an exercise mimetic in many ways. UCP3 overexpression increased spontaneous activity (∼40%) and energy expenditure (∼5-10%) and decreased oxidative stress (∼15-20%), similar to exercise training in wild-type (WT) mice. The increase in complete fatty acid oxidation (FAO; ∼30% for WT and ∼70% for UCP3 Tg) and energy expenditure (∼8% for WT and 15% for UCP3 Tg) in response to endurance training was higher in UCP3 Tg than in WT mice, showing an additive effect of UCP3 and endurance training on these two parameters. Moreover, increases in circulating short-chain acylcarnitines in response to acute exercise in untrained WT mice were absent with training or in UCP3 Tg mice. UCP3 overexpression had the same effect as training in decreasing long-chain acylcarnitines. Outcomes coincided with a reduction in muscle carnitine acetyltransferase activity that catalyzes the formation of acylcarnitines. Overall, results are consistent with the conclusions that circulating acylcarnitines could be used as a marker of incomplete muscle FAO and that UCP3 is a potential target for the treatment of prevalent metabolic diseases in which muscle FAO is affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Aguer
- 2M.-E.H., Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ceccarelli SM, Chomienne O, Gubler M, Arduini A. Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT) Modulators: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective on 35 Years of Research. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3109-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100809g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona M. Ceccarelli
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH- 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Odile Chomienne
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH- 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Gubler
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH- 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Degrace P, Demizieux L, Du ZY, Gresti J, Caverot L, Djaouti L, Jourdan T, Moindrot B, Guilland JC, Hocquette JF, Clouet P. Regulation of Lipid Flux between Liver and Adipose Tissue during Transient Hepatic Steatosis in Carnitine-depleted Rats. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20816-26. [PMID: 17496329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611391200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats with carnitine deficiency due to trimethylhydrazinium propionate (mildronate) administered at 80 mg/100 g body weight per day for 10 days developed liver steatosis only upon fasting. This study aimed to determine whether the transient steatosis resulted from triglyceride accumulation due to the amount of fatty acids preserved through impaired fatty acid oxidation and/or from up-regulation of lipid exchange between liver and adipose tissue. In liver, mildronate decreased the carnitine content by approximately 13-fold and, in fasted rats, lowered the palmitate oxidation rate by 50% in the perfused organ, increased 9-fold the triglyceride content, and doubled the hepatic very low density lipoprotein secretion rate. Concomitantly, triglyceridemia was 13-fold greater than in controls. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity and palmitate oxidation capacities measured in vitro were increased after treatment. Gene expression of hepatic proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation, triglyceride formation, and lipid uptake were all increased and were associated with increased hepatic free fatty acid content in treated rats. In periepididymal adipose tissue, mildronate markedly increased lipoprotein lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase activities in fed and fasted rats, respectively. On refeeding, carnitine-depleted rats exhibited a rapid decrease in blood triglycerides and free fatty acids, then after approximately 2 h, a marked drop of liver triglycerides and a progressive decrease in liver free fatty acids. Data show that up-regulation of liver activities, peripheral lipolysis, and lipoprotein lipase activity were likely essential factors for excess fat deposit and release alternately occurring in liver and adipose tissue of carnitine-depleted rats during the fed/fasted transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Degrace
- UMR 866 INSERM-UB, Equipe Physiopathologie des dyslipidémies, Faculté des Sciences, 21000 Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
van Vlies N, Ruiter JPN, Doolaard M, Wanders RJA, Vaz FM. An improved enzyme assay for carnitine palmitoyl transferase I in fibroblasts using tandem mass spectrometry. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 90:24-9. [PMID: 16935015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPTI), which converts acyl-CoA and carnitine into acyl-carnitine and free CoASH, is the rate limiting enzyme of hepatic mitochondrial beta-oxidation. CPTI-deficiency is a severe disorder characterized by Reye-like attacks with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, elevated liver enzymes and hyperammonemia. We developed a simple tandem-MS-based assay to measure CPTI activity in human fibroblasts. Surprisingly, a large part of the palmitoyl-carnitine formed in our assay by CPTI was degraded into C14- to C2-acyl-carnitines. Degradation of the product of CPTI leads to under estimation of the CPTI activity. When we used potassium cyanide to inhibit enzymes downstream of CPTI and thereby degradation of the product, we measured four times more CPTI activity than the previous methods. This inhibition is essential for correct calculation of CPTI activity. In fibroblasts of CPTI-deficient patients, CPTI activity was not detectable and this assay can be used for the diagnosis of CPTI-deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi van Vlies
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases (F0-224), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Peluso G, Petillo O, Margarucci S, Grippo P, Melone MAB, Tuccillo F, Calvani M. Differential carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase expression defines distinct metabolic signatures in skeletal muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2005; 203:439-46. [PMID: 15515015 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Import of acylcarnitine into mitochondrial matrix through carnitine/acylcarnitine-translocase (CACT) is fundamental for lipid catabolism. To probe the effect of CACT down-expression on lipid metabolism in muscle, human myocytes were stably transfected with CACT-antisense construct. In presence of low concentration of palmitate, transfected cells showed decreased palmitate oxidation and acetyl-carnitine content, increased palmitoyl-carnitine level, and reduced insulin-dependent decrease of fatty acylcarnitine-to-fatty acyl-CoA ratio. The augmented palmitoyl-carnitine synthesis, also in the presence of insulin, could be related to an altered regulation of carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase 1 (CPT 1) by malonyl-CoA, whose synthesis is dependent by the availability of cytosolic acetyl-groups. Indeed, all the described effects were completely overcome by CACT neo-expression by recombinant adenovirus vector or by addition of acetyl-carnitine to cultures. Acetyl-carnitine effect was related to an increase of malonyl-CoA and was abolished by down-expression, via antisense RNA strategy, of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-beta, the mitochondrial membrane enzyme involved in the direct CPT 1 inhibition via malonyl-CoA synthesis. Thus, in our experimental model the modulation of CACT expression has consequences for CPT 1 activity, while the biologic effects of acetyl-carnitine are not associated with a generic supply of energy compounds but to the anaplerotic property of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Peluso
- National Cancer Institute-INT Fondazione G. Pascale, via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shneider BL, Rinaldo P, Emre S, Bucuvalas J, Squires R, Narkewicz M, Gondolesi G, Magid M, Morotti R, Hynan LS. Abnormal concentrations of esterified carnitine in bile: a feature of pediatric acute liver failure with poor prognosis. Hepatology 2005; 41:717-21. [PMID: 15791615 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of acute liver failure in children is unknown in a large number of cases. Defects in fatty acid oxidation have been shown to lead to severe liver injury. This retrospective analysis examined the bile acylcarnitine profiles of 27 children with acute liver failure who underwent liver transplantation or died. Results were compared with 758 postmortem samples from individuals without acute liver failure. Cumulative amounts of free carnitine, medium- or long-chain species in excess of the 95th percentile of the control group were considered abnormal. Fourteen samples had normal profiles. Three had markedly elevated concentrations of free carnitine, whereas ten showed elevations in medium- or long-chain species. The relative risk of death was 2.86 (95% confidence interval, 1.08-7.54, P = .01) in the 10 children with elevated concentrations of medium- or long-chain species compared with those with normal analyses. Overall, medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines were increased in those patients who died compared with survivors, (dead vs. alive; medium-chain, 187 +/- 74 vs. 32 +/- 12 micromol/L, P = .008; long-chain, 146 +/- 74 vs. 15 +/- 8 micromol/L, mean +/- standard error of the mean, P = .018). These studies describe biliary free and esterified carnitine profiles in children with acute liver failure. In conclusion, the findings raise the hypothesis that abnormalities in fatty acid oxidation may predispose to a worse outcome in acute liver failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Shneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ok E, Yilmaz Z, Karaküçük I, Akgün H, Sahin H. Use of olive oil based emulsions as an alternative to soybean oil based emulsions in total parenteral nutrition and their effects on liver regeneration following hepatic resection in rats. ANNALS OF NUTRITION & METABOLISM 2003; 47:221-7. [PMID: 12748416 DOI: 10.1159/000070489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2002] [Accepted: 01/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of olive oil to those of soybean oil on liver tissue regeneration following hepatic resection in rats. METHODS Seventy albino Wistar rats were randomly assigned to seven groups which contained 10 rats each. Group 1 was the sham-treated group; groups 2 and 3 received total parenteral nutrition (TPN) containing soybean oil lipid emulsions (20% Lipofundin MCT/LCT) for 48 or 72 h; groups 4 and 5 received TPN containing olive oil (80%)/soybean oil (20%) lipid emulsions (ClinOleic 20%) for 48 or 72 h; group 6 was the control group for 48 h, and group 7 was the control group for 72 h. TPN was given via internal jugular vein, and 70% hepatic resection was performed in the study groups. In addition, hepatic resections with no TPN were performed in the control groups, except the sham group. Relative liver weight, mitotic index, proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index, and carnitine levels in liver tissue samples were used to assess hepatic regeneration. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were measured as an index of lipid peroxidation and oxidative tissue damage. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were parameters for the liver function. RESULTS The relative liver weight increased significantly with minimal hepatosteatosis in the olive oil treated groups. Lipid peroxidation significantly decreased with near-normal serum levels of the liver function parameters in the olive oil/soybean oil treated groups, and mitotic index and proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index reached their maximum level in rats receiving TPN containing any kind of lipid emulsions for 48 h following resection. CONCLUSIONS The use of olive oil/soybean oil lipid emulsions in TPN has important beneficial effects on the liver regeneration, and the antioxidant properties of olive oil originating from its natural components indirectly contribute to the liver regeneration in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Engin Ok
- Department of General Surgery, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Passarella S, Atlante A, Valenti D, de Bari L. The role of mitochondrial transport in energy metabolism. Mitochondrion 2003; 2:319-43. [PMID: 16120331 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7249(03)00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2002] [Revised: 01/21/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since mitochondria are closed spaces in the cell, metabolite traffic across the mitochondrial membrane is needed to accomplish energy metabolism. The mitochondrial carriers play this function by uniport, symport and antiport processes. We give here a survey of about 50 transport processes catalysed by more than 30 carriers with a survey of the methods used to investigate metabolite transport in isolated mammalian mitochondria. The role of mitochondria in metabolic pathways including ammoniogenesis, amino acid metabolism, mitochondrial shuttles etc. is also reported in more detail, mainly in the light of the existence of new transport processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Passarella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, Vegetali e dell'Ambiente, Università del Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sim KG, Hammond J, Wilcken B. Strategies for the diagnosis of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation disorders. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 323:37-58. [PMID: 12135806 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation disorders (FAOD) are a group of clinically and biochemically heterogeneous inherited metabolic defects. The spectrum of phenotypes has expanded from hepatic encephalopathy to encompass myopathy, cardiomyopathy, peripheral neuropathy, sudden death and pregnancy complicated by fetal FAOD. Pre-symptomatic diagnosis is important to prevent morbidity and this is now achievable through newborn screening using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Moreover, most of the diagnosed defects are treatable and the prognosis is generally favourable. This article reviews the features of FAOD, critically evaluates methods of investigation including metabolite analyses in body fluids, in vitro oxidation rates and acylcarnitine profiling studies, enzymatic and mutational tests, and discusses genotype-phenotype correlation, treatment and monitoring options. Based on this knowledge, strategies for the biochemical investigation and differential diagnosis of patients presenting clinically, asymptomatic neonates detected by newborn screening, infants born after complications during late pregnancy, and cases of sudden death with suspected FAOD are presented. Laboratory investigation commonly begins with a search for diagnostic metabolites in physiological fluids, followed by in vitro functional studies if the initial findings are inconclusive, and confirmation by enzymology and molecular analyses. Occasionally a stress test in vivo may be required. At other times there may be no firm diagnosis achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keow G Sim
- New South Wales Biochemical Genetics Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia. .au
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Giak Sim K, Carpenter K, Hammond J, Christodoulou J, Wilcken B. Quantitative fibroblast acylcarnitine profiles in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation defects: phenotype/metabolite correlations. Mol Genet Metab 2002; 76:327-34. [PMID: 12208138 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-7192(02)00112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation (FAO) disorders are clinically and biochemically heterogeneous diseases mainly associated with intolerance to catabolic stress. These disorders can now be detected pre-symptomatically by newborn screening, and thus the clinical phenotype in an individual patient may be unclear. Correlation of clinical severity with concentrations of acylcarnitine species was investigated in fibroblasts from FAO-deficient patients presenting with various phenotypes and asymptomatic neonates detected by newborn screening. Intact cells were incubated in medium containing deuterium-labelled hexadecanoic acid and L-carnitine for 72h, and the accumulated acylcarnitines in the culture medium analysed using electrospray tandem mass spectrometery. Fibroblasts from patients with long-chain FAO disorders presenting at an early age and with poor clinical outcomes accumulated higher concentrations of long-chain acylcarnitine species compared with those from patients with milder phenotypes. This suggests that the in vitro quantitative acylcarnitine profiling could perhaps predict the prognosis of some FAO defects. This would be particularly useful information for the asymptomatic/pre-symptomatic FAO-deficient infant detected by the expanded newborn screening program, in whom the risk of developing symptoms later in life is not known.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keow Giak Sim
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The control of mitochondrial beta-oxidation, including the delivery of acyl moieties from the plasma membrane to the mitochondrion, is reviewed. Control of beta-oxidation flux appears to be largely at the level of entry of acyl groups to mitochondria, but is also dependent on substrate supply. CPTI has much of the control of hepatic beta-oxidation flux, and probably exerts high control in intact muscle because of the high concentration of malonyl-CoA in vivo. beta-Oxidation flux can also be controlled by the redox state of NAD/NADH and ETF/ETFH(2). Control by [acetyl-CoA]/[CoASH] may also be significant, but it is probably via export of acyl groups by carnitine acylcarnitine translocase and CPT II rather than via accumulation of 3-ketoacyl-CoA esters. The sharing of control between CPTI and other enzymes allows for flexible regulation of metabolism and the ability to rapidly adapt beta-oxidation flux to differing requirements in different tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Eaton
- Surgery Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ramsay RR, Gandour RD, van der Leij FR. Molecular enzymology of carnitine transfer and transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1546:21-43. [PMID: 11257506 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Carnitine (L-3-hydroxy-4-N-trimethylaminobutyric acid) forms esters with a wide range of acyl groups and functions to transport and excrete these groups. It is found in most cells at millimolar levels after uptake via the sodium-dependent carrier, OCTN2. The acylation state of the mobile carnitine pool is linked to that of the limited and compartmentalised coenzyme A pools by the action of the family of carnitine acyltransferases and the mitochondrial membrane transporter, CACT. The genes and sequences of the carriers and the acyltransferases are reviewed along with mutations that affect activity. After summarising the accepted enzymatic background, recent molecular studies on the carnitine acyltransferases are described to provide a picture of the role and function of these freely reversible enzymes. The kinetic and chemical mechanisms are also discussed in relation to the different inhibitors under study for their potential to control diseases of lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Ramsay
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|