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Manolis D, Hasan S, Maraveyas A, O'Brien DP, Kessler BM, Kramer H, Nikitenko LL. Quantitative proteomics reveals CLR interactome in primary human cells. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107399. [PMID: 38777147 PMCID: PMC11231609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) mediates essential functions in several cell types and is implicated in cardiovascular pathologies, skin diseases, migraine, and cancer. To date, the network of proteins interacting with CLR ("CLR interactome") in primary cells, where this GPCR is expressed at endogenous (physiologically relevant) levels, remains unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we established a novel integrative methodological workflow/approach for conducting a comprehensive/proteome-wide analysis of Homo sapiens CLR interactome. We used primary human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells and combined immunoprecipitation utilizing anti-human CLR antibody with label-free quantitative nano LC-MS/MS and quantitative in situ proximity ligation assay. By using this workflow, we identified 37 proteins interacting with endogenously expressed CLR amongst 4902 detected members of the cellular proteome (by quantitative nano LC-MS/MS) and revealed direct interactions of two kinases and two transporters with this GPCR (by in situ proximity ligation assay). All identified interactors have not been previously reported as members of CLR interactome. Our approach and findings uncover the hitherto unrecognized compositional complexity of the interactome of endogenously expressed CLR and contribute to fundamental understanding of the biology of this GPCR. Collectively, our study provides a first-of-its-kind integrative methodological approach and datasets as valuable resources and robust platform/springboard for advancing the discovery and comprehensive characterization of physiologically relevant CLR interactome at a proteome-wide level in a range of cell types and diseases in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Manolis
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Shirin Hasan
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Anthony Maraveyas
- Queens Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Teaching Trust, Hull, UK
| | - Darragh P O'Brien
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Holger Kramer
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leonid L Nikitenko
- Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
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2
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Leuthardt AS, Boyle CN, Raun K, Lutz TA, John LM, Le Foll C. Body weight lowering effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists is more efficient in RAMP1/3 KO than in WT mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 955:175912. [PMID: 37454968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIPR) and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1R) receptor agonists are insulin secretagogues that have long been shown to improve glycemic control and dual agonists have demonstrated successful weight loss in the clinic. GIPR and GLP-1R populations are located in the dorsal vagal complex where receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) are also present. According to recent literature, RAMPs not only regulate the signaling of the calcitonin receptor, but also that of other class B G-protein coupled receptors, including members of the glucagon receptor family such as GLP-1R and GIPR. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the absence of RAMP1 and RAMP3 interferes with the action of GIPR and GLP-1R agonists on body weight maintenance and glucose control. To this end, WT and RAMP 1/3 KO mice were fed a 45% high fat diet for 22 weeks and were injected daily with GLP-1R agonist (2 nmol/kg/d; NN0113-2220), GIPR agonist (30 nmol/kg/d; NN0441-0329) or both for 3 weeks. While the mono-agonists exerted little to no body weight lowering and anorectic effects in WT or RAMP1/3 KO mice, but at the given doses, when both compounds were administered together, they synergistically reduced body weight, with a greater effect observed in KO mice. Finally, GLP-1R and GIP/GLP-1R agonist treatment led to improved glucose tolerance, but the absence of RAMPs resulted in an improvement of the HOMA-IR score. These data suggest that RAMPs may play a crucial role in modulating the pharmacological actions of GLP-1 and GIP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Leuthardt
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina N Boyle
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Raun
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linu M John
- Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Kotliar IB, Lorenzen E, Schwenk JM, Hay DL, Sakmar TP. Elucidating the Interactome of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1-34. [PMID: 36757898 PMCID: PMC9832379 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to interact with several other classes of integral membrane proteins that modulate their biology and pharmacology. However, the extent of these interactions and the mechanisms of their effects are not well understood. For example, one class of GPCR-interacting proteins, receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs), comprise three related and ubiquitously expressed single-transmembrane span proteins. The RAMP family was discovered more than two decades ago, and since then GPCR-RAMP interactions and their functional consequences on receptor trafficking and ligand selectivity have been documented for several secretin (class B) GPCRs, most notably the calcitonin receptor-like receptor. Recent bioinformatics and multiplexed experimental studies suggest that GPCR-RAMP interactions might be much more widespread than previously anticipated. Recently, cryo-electron microscopy has provided high-resolution structures of GPCR-RAMP-ligand complexes, and drugs have been developed that target GPCR-RAMP complexes. In this review, we provide a summary of recent advances in techniques that allow the discovery of GPCR-RAMP interactions and their functional consequences and highlight prospects for future advances. We also provide an up-to-date list of reported GPCR-RAMP interactions based on a review of the current literature. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) have emerged as modulators of many aspects of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)biology and pharmacology. The application of new methodologies to study membrane protein-protein interactions suggests that RAMPs interact with many more GPCRs than had been previously known. These findings, especially when combined with structural studies of membrane protein complexes, have significant implications for advancing GPCR-targeted drug discovery and the understanding of GPCR pharmacology, biology, and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana B Kotliar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York (I.B.K., E.L., T.P.S.); Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York (I.B.K.); Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden (J.M.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (D.L.H.); and Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division for Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (T.P.S.)
| | - Emily Lorenzen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York (I.B.K., E.L., T.P.S.); Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York (I.B.K.); Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden (J.M.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (D.L.H.); and Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division for Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (T.P.S.)
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York (I.B.K., E.L., T.P.S.); Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York (I.B.K.); Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden (J.M.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (D.L.H.); and Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division for Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (T.P.S.)
| | - Debbie L Hay
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York (I.B.K., E.L., T.P.S.); Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York (I.B.K.); Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden (J.M.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (D.L.H.); and Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division for Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (T.P.S.)
| | - Thomas P Sakmar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York (I.B.K., E.L., T.P.S.); Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York (I.B.K.); Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden (J.M.S.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (D.L.H.); and Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division for Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden (T.P.S.)
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4
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Pearce A, Redfern-Nichols T, Harris M, Poyner DR, Wigglesworth M, Ladds G. Determining the Effects of Differential Expression of GRKs and β-arrestins on CLR-RAMP Agonist Bias. Front Physiol 2022; 13:840763. [PMID: 35422711 PMCID: PMC9001978 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.840763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Signalling of the calcitonin-like receptor (CLR) is multifaceted, due to its interaction with receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs), and three endogenous peptide agonists. Previous studies have focused on the bias of G protein signalling mediated by the receptor and receptor internalisation of the CLR-RAMP complex has been assumed to follow the same pattern as other Class B1 G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). Here we sought to measure desensitisation of the three CLR-RAMP complexes in response to the three peptide agonists, through the measurement of β-arrestin recruitment and internalisation. We then delved further into the mechanism of desensitisation through modulation of β-arrestin activity and the expression of GPCR kinases (GRKs), a key component of homologous GPCR desensitisation. First, we have shown that CLR-RAMP1 is capable of potently recruiting β-arrestin1 and 2, subsequently undergoing rapid endocytosis, and that CLR-RAMP2 and -RAMP3 also utilise these pathways, although to a lesser extent. Following this we have shown that agonist-dependent internalisation of CLR is β-arrestin dependent, but not required for full agonism. Overexpression of GRK2-6 was then found to decrease receptor signalling, due to an agonist-independent reduction in surface expression of the CLR-RAMP complex. These results represent the first systematic analysis of the importance of β-arrestins and GRKs in CLR-RAMP signal transduction and pave the way for further investigation regarding other Class B1 GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Pearce
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Wigglesworth
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Graham Ladds,
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5
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Clark AJ, Mullooly N, Safitri D, Harris M, de Vries T, MaassenVanDenBrink A, Poyner DR, Gianni D, Wigglesworth M, Ladds G. CGRP, adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin 2 display endogenous GPCR agonist bias in primary human cardiovascular cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:776. [PMID: 34163006 PMCID: PMC8222276 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Agonist bias occurs when different ligands produce distinct signalling outputs when acting at the same receptor. However, its physiological relevance is not always clear. Using primary human cells and gene editing techniques, we demonstrate endogenous agonist bias with physiological consequences for the calcitonin receptor-like receptor, CLR. By switching the receptor-activity modifying protein (RAMP) associated with CLR we can “re-route” the physiological pathways activated by endogenous agonists calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), adrenomedullin (AM) and adrenomedullin 2 (AM2). AM2 promotes calcium-mediated nitric oxide signalling whereas CGRP and AM show pro-proliferative effects in cardiovascular cells, thus providing a rationale for the expression of the three peptides. CLR-based agonist bias occurs naturally in human cells and has a fundamental purpose for its existence. We anticipate this will be a starting point for more studies into RAMP function in native environments and their importance in endogenous GPCR signalling. Clark et al. explore the ability of ligands to activate the calcitonin-like receptor (CLR) in primary endothelial cells, and the influence of co-expressed receptor-activity modifying proteins (RAMPs). Their study reveals that GPCR agonist bias occurs naturally in human cells and plays a fundamental role in providing unique functions to endogenous agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Niamh Mullooly
- Functional Genomics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dewi Safitri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Matthew Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tessa de Vries
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - Davide Gianni
- Functional Genomics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Wigglesworth
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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6
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Argunhan F, Thapa D, Aubdool AA, Carlini E, Arkless K, Hendrikse ER, de Sousa Valente J, Kodji X, Barrett B, Ricciardi CA, Gnudi L, Hay DL, Brain SD. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Protects Against Cardiovascular Dysfunction Independently of Nitric Oxide In Vivo. Hypertension 2021; 77:1178-1190. [PMID: 33641368 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulye Argunhan
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Dibesh Thapa
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Aisah Aniisah Aubdool
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.A.)
| | - Emanuele Carlini
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Kate Arkless
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Erica Ruth Hendrikse
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Joao de Sousa Valente
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Xenia Kodji
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Brentton Barrett
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Carlo Alberto Ricciardi
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Luigi Gnudi
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
| | - Debbie Lucy Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.)
| | - Susan Diana Brain
- From the Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, BHF Cardiovascular Centre of Excellence, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, United Kingdom (F.A., D.T., E.C., K.A., J.d.S.V., X.K., B.B., C.A.R., L.G., S.D.B.)
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7
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Bhakta M, Vuong T, Taura T, Wilson DS, Stratton JR, Mackenzie KD. Migraine therapeutics differentially modulate the CGRP pathway. Cephalalgia 2021; 41:499-514. [PMID: 33626922 PMCID: PMC8054164 DOI: 10.1177/0333102420983282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The clinical efficacy of migraine therapeutic agents directed
towards the calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) pathway has
confirmed the key role of this axis in migraine pathogenesis.
Three antibodies against CGRP – fremanezumab, galcanezumab and
eptinezumab – and one antibody against the CGRP receptor,
erenumab, are clinically approved therapeutics for the
prevention of migraine. In addition, two small molecule CGRP
receptor antagonists, ubrogepant and rimegepant, are approved
for acute migraine treatment. Targeting either the CGRP ligand
or receptor is efficacious for migraine treatment; however, a
comparison of the mechanism of action of these therapeutic
agents is lacking in the literature. Methods To gain insights into the potential differences between these CGRP
pathway therapeutics, we compared the effect of a CGRP ligand
antibody (fremanezumab), a CGRP receptor antibody (erenumab) and
a CGRP receptor small molecule antagonist (telcagepant) using a
combination of binding, functional and imaging assays. Results Erenumab and telcagepant antagonized CGRP, adrenomedullin and
intermedin cAMP signaling at the canonical human CGRP receptor.
In contrast, fremanezumab only antagonized CGRP-induced cAMP
signaling at the human CGRP receptor. In addition, erenumab, but
not fremanezumab, bound and internalized at the canonical human
CGRP receptor. Interestingly, erenumab also bound and
internalized at the human AMY1 receptor, a CGRP
receptor family member. Both erenumab and telcagepant
antagonized amylin-induced cAMP signaling at the AMY1
receptor while fremanezumab did not affect amylin responses. Conclusion The therapeutic effect of agents targeting the CGRP ligand versus
receptor for migraine prevention (antibodies) or acute treatment
(gepants) may involve distinct mechanisms of action. These
findings suggest that differing mechanisms could affect
efficacy, safety, and/or tolerability in migraine patients.
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8
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Abstract
The new wave of anti-migraine agents is nothing less than a milestone in our battle to manage this devastating disease. However, concerns have recently increased regarding the safety of these drugs. CGRP, while known as a potent vasodilator, is also a key neural and immune modulator. The roles of CGRP in immune determination, have been studied in depth, with particular focus on its functional significance with respect to common immune challenges i.e., bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. This review discusses many potential areas of concern in regard to blocking CGRP function and its potential influence on immune milieus during infection, and the risk of adverse effects. Finally, this review recommends specific measures to be taken into consideration when administering anti-CGRP/CGRPR agents.
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9
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Chen V, Bruno AE, Britt LL, Hernandez CC, Gimenez LE, Peisley A, Cone RD, Millhauser GL. Membrane orientation and oligomerization of the melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:16370-16379. [PMID: 32943551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2 (MRAP2) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of several G protein-coupled receptors that are essential for energy balance and food intake. MRAP2 loss-of-function results in obesity in mammals. MRAP2 and its homolog MRAP1 have an unusual membrane topology and are the only known eukaryotic proteins that thread into the membrane in both orientations. In this study, we demonstrate that the conserved polybasic motif that dictates the membrane topology and dimerization of MRAP1 does not control the membrane orientation and dimerization of MRAP2. We also show that MRAP2 dimerizes through its transmembrane domain and can form higher-order oligomers that arrange MRAP2 monomers in a parallel orientation. Investigating the molecular details of MRAP2 structure is essential for understanding the mechanism by which it regulates G protein-coupled receptors and will aid in elucidating the pathways involved in metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Antonio E Bruno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Laura L Britt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Ciria C Hernandez
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Luis E Gimenez
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alys Peisley
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Roger D Cone
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Glenn L Millhauser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA.
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10
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Fischer JP, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Adrenomedullin - Current perspective on a peptide hormone with significant therapeutic potential. Peptides 2020; 131:170347. [PMID: 32569606 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The peptide hormone adrenomedullin (ADM) consists of 52 amino acids and plays a pivotal role in the regulation of many physiological processes, particularly those of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system. Like calcitonin (CT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), intermedin (IMD) and amylin (AMY), it belongs to the CT/CGRP family of peptide hormones, which despite their low little sequence identity share certain characteristic structural features as well as a complex multicomponent receptor system. ADM, IMD and CGRP exert their biological effects by activation of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) as a complex with one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP), which alter the ligand affinity. Selectivity within the receptor system is largely mediated by the amidated C-terminus of the peptide hormones, which bind to the extracellular domains of the receptors. This enables their N-terminus consisting of a disulfide-bonded ring structure and a helical segment to bind within the transmembrane region and to induce an active receptor confirmation. ADM is expressed in a variety of tissues in the human body and is fundamentally involved in multitude biological processes. Thus, it is of interest as a diagnostic marker and a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions. In order to fully exploit the potential of ADM, it is necessary to improve its pharmacological profile by increasing the metabolic stability and, ideally, creating receptor subtype-selective analogs. While several successful attempts to prolong the half-life of ADM were recently reported, improving or even retaining receptor selectivity remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Patrick Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Sohn I, Sheykhzade M, Edvinsson L, Sams A. The effects of CGRP in vascular tissue - Classical vasodilation, shadowed effects and systemic dilemmas. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173205. [PMID: 32442540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tissue consists of endothelial cells, vasoactive smooth muscle cells and perivascular nerves. The perivascular sensory neuropeptide CGRP has demonstrated potent vasodilatory effects in any arterial vasculature examined so far, and a local protective CGRP-circuit of sensory nerve terminal CGRP release and smooth muscle cell CGRP action is evident. The significant vasodilatory effect has shadowed multiple other effects of CGRP in the vascular tissue and we therefore thoroughly review vascular actions of CGRP on endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and perivascular nerve terminals. The actions beyond vasodilation includes neuronal re-uptake and neuromodulation, angiogenic, proliferative and antiproliferative, pro- and anti-inflammatory actions which vary depending on the target cell and anatomical location. In addition to the classical perivascular nerve-smooth muscle CGRP circuit, we review existing evidence for a shadowed endothelial autocrine pathway for CGRP. Finally, we discuss the impact of local and systemic actions of CGRP in vascular regulation and protection from hypertensive and ischemic heart conditions with special focus on therapeutic CGRP agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iben Sohn
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anette Sams
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Nordstjernevej 42, DK-2600, Glostrup, Denmark.
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12
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Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) and Cluster Headache. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10010030. [PMID: 31935868 PMCID: PMC7016902 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cluster headache (CH) is a severe primary headache with a prevalence of 1/1000 individuals, and a predominance in men. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator, originating in trigeminal neurons and has a central role in CH pathophysiology. CGRP and the CGRP receptor complex have recently taken center stage as therapeutic targets for primary headaches, such as migraine. Multiple CGRP and CGRP receptor monoclonal antibodies, as well as small molecule antagonists (gepants) are on their way constituting a new frontier of migraine and possibly CH medication. During a CH attack, there is an activation of the trigeminal-autonomic reflex with the release of CGRP, and inversely if CGRP is administered to a CH patient in an active disease phase, it triggers an attack. Increased levels of CGRP have been found in ipsilateral jugular vein blood during the active phase of CH. This process is hypothesized to have a key role in the intense pain perception and in the associated distinctive vasodilation. So far, clinical tests of CGRP antibodies have been inconclusive in CH patients. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the role of CGRP in CH pathology, and as a target for future treatments.
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Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a promiscuous peptide, similar to many other members of the calcitonin family of peptides. The potential of CGRP to act on many different receptors with differing affinities and efficacies makes deciphering the signalling from the CGRP receptor a challenging task for researchers.Although it is not a typical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), in that it is composed not just of a GPCR, the CGRP receptor activates many of the same signalling pathways common for other GPCRs. This includes the family of G proteins and a variety of protein kinases and transcription factors. It is now also clear that in addition to the initiation of cell-surface signalling, GPCRs, including the CGRP receptor, also activate distinct signalling pathways as the receptor is trafficking along the endocytic conduit.Given CGRP's characteristic of activating multiple GPCRs, we will first consider the complex of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) as the CGRP receptor. We will discuss the discovery of the CGRP receptor components, the molecular mechanisms controlling its internalization and post-endocytic trafficking (recycling and degradation) and the diverse signalling cascades that are elicited by this receptor in model cell lines. We will then discuss CGRP-mediated signalling pathways in primary cells pertinent to migraine including neurons, glial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.Investigation of all the CGRP- and CGRP receptor-mediated signalling cascades is vital if we are to fully understand CGRP's role in migraine and will no doubt unearth new targets for the treatment of migraine and other CGRP-driven diseases.
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Gingell JJ, Hendrikse ER, Hay DL. New Insights into the Regulation of CGRP-Family Receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:71-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cegla J, Jones BJ, Gardiner JV, Hodson DJ, Marjot T, McGlone ER, Tan TM, Bloom SR. RAMP2 Influences Glucagon Receptor Pharmacology via Trafficking and Signaling. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2680-2693. [PMID: 28586439 PMCID: PMC5551549 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous satiety hormones provide an attractive target for obesity drugs. Glucagon causes weight loss by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. To further understand the cellular mechanisms by which glucagon and related ligands activate the glucagon receptor (GCGR), we investigated the interaction of the GCGR with receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP)2, a member of the family of receptor activity modifying proteins. We used a combination of competition binding experiments, cell surface enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, functional assays assessing the Gαs and Gαq pathways and β-arrestin recruitment, and small interfering RNA knockdown to examine the effect of RAMP2 on the GCGR. Ligands tested were glucagon; glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1); oxyntomodulin; and analog G(X), a GLP-1/glucagon coagonist developed in-house. Confocal microscopy was used to assess whether RAMP2 affects the subcellular distribution of GCGR. Here we demonstrate that coexpression of RAMP2 and the GCGR results in reduced cell surface expression of the GCGR. This was confirmed by confocal microscopy, which demonstrated that RAMP2 colocalizes with the GCGR and causes significant GCGR cellular redistribution. Furthermore, the presence of RAMP2 influences signaling through the Gαs and Gαq pathways, as well as recruitment of β-arrestin. This work suggests that RAMP2 may modify the agonist activity and trafficking of the GCGR, with potential relevance to production of new peptide analogs with selective agonist activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimini Cegla
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Ben J. Jones
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - James V. Gardiner
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, and University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Marjot
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Emma R. McGlone
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Tricia M. Tan
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R. Bloom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Reiter E, Ayoub MA, Pellissier LP, Landomiel F, Musnier A, Tréfier A, Gandia J, De Pascali F, Tahir S, Yvinec R, Bruneau G, Poupon A, Crépieux P. β-arrestin signalling and bias in hormone-responsive GPCRs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 449:28-41. [PMID: 28174117 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play crucial roles in the ability of target organs to respond to hormonal cues. GPCRs' activation mechanisms have long been considered as a two-state process connecting the agonist-bound receptor to heterotrimeric G proteins. This view is now challenged as mounting evidence point to GPCRs being connected to large arrays of transduction mechanisms involving heterotrimeric G proteins as well as other players. Amongst the G protein-independent transduction mechanisms, those elicited by β-arrestins upon their recruitment to the active receptors are by far the best characterized and apply to most GPCRs. These concepts, in conjunction with remarkable advances made in the field of GPCR structural biology and biophysics, have supported the notion of ligand-selective signalling also known as pharmacological bias. Interestingly, recent reports have opened intriguing prospects to the way β-arrestins control GPCR-mediated signalling in space and time within the cells. In the present paper, we review the existing evidence linking endocrine-related GPCRs to β-arrestin recruitement, signalling, pathophysiological implications and selective activation by biased ligands and/or receptor modifications. Emerging concepts surrounding β-arrestin-mediated transduction are discussed in the light of the peculiarities of endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Reiter
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France; LE STUDIUM(®) Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, 45000, Orléans, France; Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Flavie Landomiel
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Astrid Musnier
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Aurélie Tréfier
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jorge Gandia
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Shifa Tahir
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Romain Yvinec
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Gilles Bruneau
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Poupon
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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17
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Hay DL, Walker CS. CGRP and its receptors. Headache 2017; 57:625-636. [PMID: 28233915 DOI: 10.1111/head.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) neuropeptide system is an important but still evolving target for migraine. A fundamental consideration for all of the current drugs in clinical trials and for ongoing development in this area is the identity, expression pattern, and function of CGRP receptors because this knowledge informs safety and efficacy considerations. In recent years, only the calcitonin receptor-like receptor/receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) complex, known as the CGRP receptor, has generally been considered relevant. However, CGRP is capable of activating multiple receptors and could have more than one endogenous receptor. The recent identification of the CGRP-responsive calcitonin receptor/RAMP1 complex (AMY1 receptor - amylin subtype 1 receptor) in the trigeminovascular system warrants a deeper consideration of the molecular identity of CGRP receptor(s) involved in the pathophysiology, and thus potential treatment of migraine. This perspective considers some of the issues and implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Schönauer R, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Adrenomedullin - new perspectives of a potent peptide hormone. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:472-485. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Schönauer
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
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19
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Receptor activity-modifying proteins; multifunctional G protein-coupled receptor accessory proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:568-73. [PMID: 27068971 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) are single pass membrane proteins initially identified by their ability to determine the pharmacology of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), a family B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is now known that RAMPs can interact with a much wider range of GPCRs. This review considers recent developments on the structure of the complexes formed between the extracellular domains (ECDs) of CLR and RAMP1 or RAMP2 as these provide insights as to how the RAMPs direct ligand binding. The range of RAMP interactions is also considered; RAMPs can interact with numerous family B GPCRs as well as examples of family A and family C GPCRs. They influence receptor expression at the cell surface, trafficking, ligand binding and G protein coupling. The GPCR-RAMP interface offers opportunities for drug targeting, illustrated by examples of drugs developed for migraine.
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20
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Kuwasako K, Sekiguchi T, Nagata S, Jiang D, Hayashi H, Murakami M, Hattori Y, Kitamura K, Kato J. Inhibitory effects of two G protein-coupled receptor kinases on the cell surface expression and signaling of the human adrenomedullin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:894-9. [PMID: 26820533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor activity-modifying protein 2 (RAMP2) enables the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR, a family B GPCR) to form the type 1 adrenomedullin receptor (AM1 receptor). Here, we investigated the effects of the five non-visual GPCR kinases (GRKs 2 through 6) on the cell surface expression of the human (h)AM1 receptor by cotransfecting each of these GRKs into HEK-293 cells that stably expressed hRAMP2. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that when coexpressed with GRK4 or GRK5, the cell surface expression of the AM1 receptor was markedly decreased prior to stimulation with AM, thereby attenuating both the specific [(125)I]AM binding and AM-induced cAMP production. These inhibitory effects of both GRKs were abolished by the replacement of the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail (C-tail) of CLR with that of the calcitonin receptor (a family B GPCR) or β2-adrenergic receptor (a family A GPCR). Among the sequentially truncated CLR C-tail mutants, those lacking the five residues 449-453 (Ser-Phe-Ser-Asn-Ser) abolished the inhibition of the cell surface expression of CLR via the overexpression of GRK4 or GRK5. Thus, we provided new insight into the function of GRKs in agonist-unstimulated GPCR trafficking using a recombinant AM1 receptor and further determined the region of the CLR C-tail responsible for this GRK function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwasako
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- Division of Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Danfeng Jiang
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Hayashi
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Manabu Murakami
- Department of Pharmacology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- Division of Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Johji Kato
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
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21
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Klein KR, Matson BC, Caron KM. The expanding repertoire of receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP) function. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 51:65-71. [PMID: 26740457 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1128875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) associate with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the plasma membrane and together bind a variety of peptide ligands, serving as a communication interface between the extracellular and intracellular environments. The collection of RAMP-interacting GPCRs continues to expand and now consists of GPCRs from families A, B and C, suggesting that RAMP activity is extremely prevalent. RAMP association with GPCRs can regulate GPCR function by altering ligand binding, receptor trafficking and desensitization, and downstream signaling pathways. Here, we elaborate on these RAMP-dependent mechanisms of GPCR regulation, which provide opportunities for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathleen M Caron
- a Department of Cell Biology & Physiology and.,b Department of Genetics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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22
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Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, Kodji X, Brain SD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1099-142. [PMID: 25287861 PMCID: PMC4187032 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 757] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide. Discovered 30 years ago, it is produced as a consequence of alternative RNA processing of the calcitonin gene. CGRP has two major forms (α and β). It belongs to a group of peptides that all act on an unusual receptor family. These receptors consist of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) linked to an essential receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP) that is necessary for full functionality. CGRP is a highly potent vasodilator and, partly as a consequence, possesses protective mechanisms that are important for physiological and pathological conditions involving the cardiovascular system and wound healing. CGRP is primarily released from sensory nerves and thus is implicated in pain pathways. The proven ability of CGRP antagonists to alleviate migraine has been of most interest in terms of drug development, and knowledge to date concerning this potential therapeutic area is discussed. Other areas covered, where there is less information known on CGRP, include arthritis, skin conditions, diabetes, and obesity. It is concluded that CGRP is an important peptide in mammalian biology, but it is too early at present to know if new medicines for disease treatment will emerge from our knowledge concerning this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Russell
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - R King
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - S-J Smillie
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - X Kodji
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - S D Brain
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Hay DL, Harris PWR, Kowalczyk R, Brimble MA, Rathbone DL, Barwell J, Conner AC, Poyner DR. Structure-activity relationships of the N-terminus of calcitonin gene-related peptide: key roles of alanine-5 and threonine-6 in receptor activation. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:415-26. [PMID: 24125506 PMCID: PMC3904261 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The N-terminus of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is important for receptor activation, especially the disulphide-bonded ring (residues 1-7). However, the roles of individual amino acids within this region have not been examined and so the molecular determinants of agonism are unknown. This study has examined the role of residues 1, 3-6 and 8-9, excluding Cys-2 and Cys-7. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CGRP derivatives were substituted with either cysteine or alanine; further residues were introduced at position 6. Their affinity was measured by radioligand binding and their efficacy by measuring cAMP production in SK-N-MC cells and β-arrestin 2 translocation in CHO-K1 cells at the CGRP receptor. KEY RESULTS Substitution of Ala-5 by cysteine reduced affinity 270-fold and reduced efficacy for production of cAMP in SK-N-MCs. Potency at β-arrestin translocation was reduced by ninefold. Substitution of Thr-6 by cysteine destroyed all measurable efficacy of both cAMP and β-arrestin responses; substitution with either alanine or serine impaired potency. Substitutions at positions 1, 4, 8 and 9 resulted in approximately 10-fold reductions in potency at both responses. Similar observations were made at a second CGRP-activated receptor, the AMY(1(a)) receptor. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Ala-5 and Thr-6 are key determinants of agonist activity for CGRP. Ala-5 is also very important for receptor binding. Residues outside of the 1-7 ring also contribute to agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Schuler B, Rieger G, Gubser M, Arras M, Gianella M, Vogel O, Jirkof P, Cesarovic N, Klohs J, Jakob P, Brock M, Gorr TA, Baum O, Hoppeler H, Samillan-Soto V, Gassmann M, Fischer JA, Born W, Vogel J. Endogenous α-calcitonin-gene-related peptide promotes exercise-induced, physiological heart hypertrophy in mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:107-21. [PMID: 24479375 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM It is unknown how the heart distinguishes various overloads, such as exercise or hypertension, causing either physiological or pathological hypertrophy. We hypothesize that alpha-calcitonin-gene-related peptide (αCGRP), known to be released from contracting skeletal muscles, is key at this remodelling. METHODS The hypertrophic effect of αCGRP was measured in vitro (cultured cardiac myocytes) and in vivo (magnetic resonance imaging) in mice. Exercise performance was assessed by determination of maximum oxygen consumption and time to exhaustion. Cardiac phenotype was defined by transcriptional analysis, cardiac histology and morphometry. Finally, we measured spontaneous activity, body fat content, blood volume, haemoglobin mass and skeletal muscle capillarization and fibre composition. RESULTS While αCGRP exposure yielded larger cultured cardiac myocytes, exercise-induced heart hypertrophy was completely abrogated by treatment with the peptide antagonist CGRP(8-37). Exercise performance was attenuated in αCGRP(-/-) mice or CGRP(8-37) treated wild-type mice but improved in animals with higher density of cardiac CGRP receptors (CLR-tg). Spontaneous activity, body fat content, blood volume, haemoglobin mass, muscle capillarization and fibre composition were unaffected, whereas heart index and ventricular myocyte volume were reduced in αCGRP(-/-) mice and elevated in CLR-tg. Transcriptional changes seen in αCGRP(-/-) (but not CLR-tg) hearts resembled maladaptive cardiac phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Alpha-calcitonin-gene-related peptide released by skeletal muscles during exercise is a hitherto unrecognized effector directing the strained heart into physiological instead of pathological adaptation. Thus, αCGRP agonists might be beneficial in heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Schuler
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - G. Rieger
- Institute of Anatomy; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - M. Gubser
- Institute of Anatomy; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - M. Arras
- Division of Surgical Research; University Hospital Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - M. Gianella
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - O. Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - P. Jirkof
- Division of Surgical Research; University Hospital Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - N. Cesarovic
- Division of Surgical Research; University Hospital Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - J. Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering; University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology; Zürich (ETHZ); Zürich Switzerland
| | - P. Jakob
- Institute of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - M. Brock
- Division of Pulmonology; University Hospital Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); Zürich Switzerland
| | - T. A. Gorr
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Clinic IV; Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Medical Center; Freiburg Germany
| | - O. Baum
- Institute of Anatomy; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - H. Hoppeler
- Institute of Anatomy; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - V. Samillan-Soto
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Physiology Department; Medical School; Universidad Alas Peruanas; Lima Peru
| | - M. Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP); Zürich Switzerland
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH); Lima Peru
| | - J. A. Fischer
- Former Research Laboratory for Calcium Metabolism; Orthopedic University Hospital Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - W. Born
- Former Research Laboratory for Calcium Metabolism; Orthopedic University Hospital Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - J. Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
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G protein-coupled receptors: what a difference a 'partner' makes. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1112-42. [PMID: 24441568 PMCID: PMC3907859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15011112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important cell signaling mediators, involved in essential physiological processes. GPCRs respond to a wide variety of ligands from light to large macromolecules, including hormones and small peptides. Unfortunately, mutations and dysregulation of GPCRs that induce a loss of function or alter expression can lead to disorders that are sometimes lethal. Therefore, the expression, trafficking, signaling and desensitization of GPCRs must be tightly regulated by different cellular systems to prevent disease. Although there is substantial knowledge regarding the mechanisms that regulate the desensitization and down-regulation of GPCRs, less is known about the mechanisms that regulate the trafficking and cell-surface expression of newly synthesized GPCRs. More recently, there is accumulating evidence that suggests certain GPCRs are able to interact with specific proteins that can completely change their fate and function. These interactions add on another level of regulation and flexibility between different tissue/cell-types. Here, we review some of the main interacting proteins of GPCRs. A greater understanding of the mechanisms regulating their interactions may lead to the discovery of new drug targets for therapy.
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Walker CS, Hay DL. CGRP in the trigeminovascular system: a role for CGRP, adrenomedullin and amylin receptors? Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1293-307. [PMID: 23425327 PMCID: PMC3838677 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is reported to play an important role in migraine. It is expressed throughout the trigeminovascular system. Antagonists targeting the CGRP receptor have been developed and have shown efficacy in clinical trials for migraine. However, no CGRP antagonist is yet approved for treating this condition. The molecular composition of the CGRP receptor is unusual because it comprises two subunits; one is a GPCR, the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR). This associates with receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1 to yield a functional receptor for CGRP. However, RAMP1 also associates with the calcitonin receptor, creating a receptor for the related peptide amylin but this also has high affinity for CGRP. Other combinations of CLR or the calcitonin receptor with RAMPs can also generate receptors that are responsive to CGRP. CGRP potentially modulates an array of signal transduction pathways downstream of activation of these receptors, in a cell type-dependent manner. The physiological significance of these signalling processes remains unclear but may be a potential avenue for refining drug design. This complexity has prompted us to review the signalling and expression of CGRP and related receptors in the trigeminovascular system. This reveals that more than one CGRP responsive receptor may be expressed in key parts of this system and that further work is required to determine their contribution to CGRP physiology and pathophysiology. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Neuropeptides. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Tang JQ, Sun F, Wang YH, Chen LX, Yao CH, Fu XQ, Zhang L, Qin XP. The role of caveolae in regulating calcitonin receptor-like receptor subcellular distribution in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 91:357-60. [PMID: 24032687 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2013-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether caveolae and caveolin-1 affect the distribution of calcitonin receptor-like receptors (CLR) in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) membranes, we have used VSMCs cell line A10. We found that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) reduced CLR protein in the VSMC membrane in a time-dependent manner, which was dramatically decreased after 4 h CGRP treatment, and remained at a low level after 16 h. CGRP8-37 or β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) blocked this effect, without changing the total levels of CLR protein and mRNA in the cells. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that CLR bound to caveolin-1 in cell membrane fractions. Confocal laser microscopic studies confirmed this co-localization relationship at the cell plasma membrane. Thus, our data indicate that the structural integrity of caveolae plays an important role in regulating subcellular distribution of CLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Qiong Tang
- a Institute of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, P. R. China
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Cottrell GS. Roles of proteolysis in regulation of GPCR function. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:576-90. [PMID: 23043558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic activity of peptidases must be tightly regulated to prevent uncontrolled hydrolysis of peptide bonds, which could have devastating effects on biological systems. Peptidases are often generated as inactive propeptidases, secreted with endogenous inhibitors, or they are compartmentalized. Propeptidases become active after proteolytic removal of N-terminal activation peptides by other peptidases. Some peptidases only become active towards substrates only at certain pHs, thus confining activity to specific compartments or conditions. This review discusses the different roles proteolysis plays in regulating GPCRs. At the cell-surface, certain GPCRs are regulated by the hydrolytic inactivation of bioactive peptides by membrane-anchored peptidases, which prevent signalling. Conversely, cell-surface peptidases can also generate bioactive peptides, which directly activate GPCRs. Alternatively, cell-surface peptidases activated by GPCRs, can generate bioactive peptides to cause transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases, thereby promoting signalling. Certain peptidases can signal directly to cells, by cleaving GPCR to initiate intracellular signalling cascades. Intracellular peptidases also regulate GPCRs; lysosomal peptidases destroy GPCRs in lysosomes to permanently terminate signalling and mediate down-regulation; endosomal peptidases cleave internalized peptide agonists to regulate GPCR recycling, resensitization and signalling; and soluble intracellular peptidases also participate in GPCR function by regulating the ubiquitination state of GPCRs, thereby altering GPCR signalling and fate. Although the use of peptidase inhibitors has already brought success in the treatment of diseases such as hypertension, the discovery of new regulatory mechanisms involving proteolysis that control GPCRs may provide additional targets to modulate dysregulated GPCR signalling in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Cottrell
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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Hartopo AB, Emoto N, Vignon-Zellweger N, Suzuki Y, Yagi K, Nakayama K, Hirata KI. Endothelin-converting enzyme-1 gene ablation attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via CGRP-cAMP/EPAC1 pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:465-76. [PMID: 23306833 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0354oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been shown to be involved in human pulmonary fibrosis. However, recent clinical trials targeting the ET-1 pathway with ET-1 receptor antagonists failed to achieve beneficial outcomes. Another strategy opposing the actions of ET-1 involves the inhibition of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1). We hypothesize that ECE-1 inhibition exerts beneficial effects on pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced by instilling bleomycin intratracheally into ECE-1 heterozygous knockout mice (ECE-1(+/-)) and their wild-type control mice (ECE-1(+/+)). Lung inflammation and fibrosis were assessed on Days 7, 14, and 28 after bleomycin instillation. The activity of ECE-1 and the concentrations of its related peptides, ET-1, bradykinin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), were determined. ECE-1(+/-) mice demonstrated less lung inflammation and limited fibrosis compared with control mice. ECE-1 activity was half-reduced in ECE-1(+/-) mice, and this activity also altered ET-1 and CGRP concentrations, but not concentrations of bradykinin and ANP. ET-1 concentrations were found to be lower in ECE-1(+/-) mice after the development of fibrosis, in contrast to the unaltered concentrations during inflammation. Reduced ECE-1 activity resulted in higher CGRP concentrations, which altered the pathological functionality of the lung, indicating the activation of the CGRP pathway involving cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/exchange protein directly activated by cAMP and cAMP/protein kinase A in ECE-1(+/-) mice. Bleomycin instillation on Day 14 induced the accumulation of M2 macrophages expressing CGRP receptors in ECE-1(+/-) mice. Our results emphasize that the in vivo ECE-1-mediated degradation of CGRP promotes the transition from lung inflammation to fibrosis. Further, our study identified M2 macrophages as the target cells of CGRP action during this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anggoro Budi Hartopo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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McNeish AJ, Roux BT, Aylett SB, Van Den Brink AM, Cottrell GS. Endosomal proteolysis regulates calcitonin gene-related peptide responses in mesenteric arteries. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1679-90. [PMID: 22881710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator, implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine. CGRP activates a receptor complex comprising, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). In vitro studies indicate recycling of CLR●RAMP1 is regulated by degradation of CGRP in early endosomes by endothelin-converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1). However, it is not known if ECE-1 regulates the resensitization of CGRP-induced responses in functional arterial tissue. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CLR, ECE-1a-d and RAMP1 expression in rat mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells (RMA-SMCs) and mesenteric arteries was analysed by RT-PCR and by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. CGRP-induced signalling in cells was examined by measuring cAMP production and ERK activation. CGRP-induced relaxation of arteries was measured by isometric wire myography. ECE-1 was inhibited using the specific inhibitor, SM-19712. KEY RESULTS RMA-SMCs and arteries contained mRNA for CLR, ECE-1a-d and RAMP1. ECE-1 was present in early endosomes of RMA-SMCs and in the smooth muscle layer of arteries. CGRP induced endothelium-independent relaxation of arteries. ECE-1 inhibition had no effect on initial CGRP-induced responses but reduced cAMP generation in RMA-SMCs and vasodilation in mesenteric arteries responses to subsequent CGRP challenges. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ECE-1 regulated the resensitization of responses to CGRP in RMA-SMCs and mesenteric arteries. CGRP-induced relaxation did not involve endothelium-derived pathways. This is the first report of ECE-1 regulating CGRP responses in SMCs and arteries. ECE-1 inhibitors may attenuate an important vasodilatory pathway, implicated in primary headaches and may represent a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J McNeish
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
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Negro A, Lionetto L, Simmaco M, Martelletti P. CGRP receptor antagonists: an expanding drug class for acute migraine? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:807-18. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.681044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kuwasako K, Kitamura K, Nagata S, Nozaki N, Kato J. Characterization of the single transmembrane domain of human receptor activity-modifying protein 3 in adrenomedullin receptor internalization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:582-7. [PMID: 22445753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP2 and RAMP3) enable calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) to function as two heterodimeric receptors (CLR/RAMP2 and CLR/RAMP3) for adrenomedullin (AM), a potent cardiovascular protective peptide. Following AM stimulation, both receptors undergo rapid internalization through a clathrin-dependent pathway, after which CLR/RAMP3, but not CLR/RAMP2, can be recycled to the cell surface for resensitization. However, human (h)RAMP3 mediates CLR internalization much less efficiently than does hRAMP2. Therefore, the molecular basis of the single transmembrane domain (TMD) and the intracellular domain of hRAMP3 during AM receptor internalization was investigated by transiently transfecting various RAMP chimeras and mutants into HEK-293 cells stably expressing hCLR. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that substituting the RAMP3 TMD with that of RAMP2 markedly enhanced AM-induced internalization of CLR. However, this replacement did not enhance the cell surface expression of CLR, [(125)I]AM binding affinity or AM-induced cAMP response. More detailed analyses showed that substituting the Thr(130)-Val(131) sequence in the RAMP3 TMD with the corresponding sequence (Ile(157)-Pro(158)) from RAMP2 significantly enhanced AM-mediated CLR internalization. In contrast, substituting the RAMP3 target sequence with Ala(130)-Ala(131) did not significantly affect CLR internalization. Thus, the RAMP3 TMD participates in the negative regulation of CLR/RAMP3 internalization, and the aforementioned introduction of the Ile-Pro sequence into the RAMP3 TMD may be a strategy for promoting receptor internalization/resensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwasako
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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Nag K, Sultana N, Hirose S. Calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) influences posttranslational events of receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:824-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dupré DJ, Hammad MM, Holland P, Wertman J. Role of chaperones in G protein coupled receptor signaling complex assembly. Subcell Biochem 2012; 63:23-42. [PMID: 23161131 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4765-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors are involved in highly efficient and specific activation of signaling pathways. Yet, we do not fully understand the processes required to assemble the different partners of the GPCR signaling complex. In order to address this issue, we need to understand how receptors and their signaling -partners are synthesized, folded and regulated during quality control steps in order to generate functional proteins. Several molecular chaperones are involved in this process for most proteins, including GPCRs. Several membrane proteins require the assembly of different subunits to be functional. In recent years, GPCRs have been shown to form oligomers, which could be interpreted as subunits of a larger complex. Yet, those oligomers would not be functional without the association of other signaling partners; thus, there is a requirement for the specific assembly of the -different partners. In this chapter, we will cover some aspects of the current knowledge about how chaperones are involved in both the formation of GPCR oligomers and in the assembly of the receptors with their signaling complex components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis J Dupré
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College St, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada,
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Parameswaran N, Spielman WS. Introduction to RAMPs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 744:1-11. [PMID: 22434103 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2364-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) are single transmembrane proteins discovered for their role in the regulation of translocation of certain G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to the plasma membrane. Since its discovery in 1998, several pivotal advances have been made in understanding the function of this family of proteins. This chapter provides a basic introduction to RAMPs as well as details on the various chapters in this book.
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Bouschet T, Martin S, Henley JM. Regulation of calcium sensing receptor trafficking by RAMPs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 744:39-48. [PMID: 22434106 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2364-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As mentioned earlier in this book, RAMPs were identified as proteins escorting the Calcitonin Receptor-Like Receptor (CRLR) to the plasma membrane (PM) to generate either CGRP (when associated with RAMP1), or adrenomedullin receptors (when associated with RAMP2 or RAMP3). Some years after this initial discovery, it was established that RAMPs can accompany four additional class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors-GPCRs- (PTH1, PTH2, glucagon receptor and VPAC1) to the PM.(1) By demonstrating that the sorting traffic of the Calcium Sensing Receptor (CaSR), a class C GPCR, is positively modulated by RAMP1 and RAMP3,(2) our data extended the concept of RAMPs as escorting molecules to another class of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Bouschet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, INSERM U661-CNRS UMR5203, Montpellier, France
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Bomberger JM, Parameswaran N, Spielman WS. Regulation of GPCR trafficking by RAMPs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 744:25-37. [PMID: 22434105 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2364-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AM and CGRP receptors undergo differential intracellular receptor trafficking upon ligand stimulation. Intracellular trafficking of CLR/RAMP receptor complexes is regulated by posttranslational modifications and protein-protein interactions that differ for each cell type. Recent evidence is accumulating to suggest that the RAMP isoform in complex with CLR may play a role in determining the intracellular trafficking and fate of ligand-stimulated receptor complexes. In this chapter, we will review the current literature on mechanisms of regulating receptor trafficking and roles that have been demonstrated for RAMPs in this regulation.
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Rebois RV, Hébert TE. Protein Complexes Involved in Heptahelical Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/10606820308243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Raddant AC, Russo AF. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in migraine: intersection of peripheral inflammation and central modulation. Expert Rev Mol Med 2011; 13:e36. [PMID: 22123247 PMCID: PMC3383830 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399411002067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, a convergence of basic and clinical evidence has established the neuropeptide calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) as a key player in migraine. Although CGRP is a recognised neuromodulator of nociception, its mechanism of action in migraine remains elusive. In this review, we present evidence that led us to propose that CGRP is well poised to enhance neurotransmission in migraine by both peripheral and central mechanisms. In the periphery, it is thought that local release of CGRP from the nerve endings of meningeal nociceptors following their initial activation by cortical spreading depression is critical for the induction of vasodilation, plasma protein extravasation, neurogenic inflammation and the consequential sensitisation of meningeal nociceptors. Mechanistically, we propose that CGRP release can give rise to a positive-feedback loop involved in localised increased synthesis and release of CGRP from neurons and a CGRP-like peptide called procalcitonin from trigeminal ganglion glia. Within the brain, the wide distribution of CGRP and CGRP receptors provides numerous possible targets for CGRP to act as a neuromodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann C. Raddant
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Andrew F. Russo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Holzmann B. Modulation of immune responses by the neuropeptide CGRP. Amino Acids 2011; 45:1-7. [PMID: 22113645 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system is connected with lymphoid organs through sensory nerves that mediate pain reflexes and may influence immune responses through the release of neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Local and systemic levels of CGRP increase rapidly during inflammatory responses. CGRP inhibits effector functions of various immune cells and dampens inflammation by distinct pathways involving the amplification of IL-10 production and/or the induction of the transcriptional repressor inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER). Thus, available evidence suggests that, in neuro-immunological interactions, CGRP mediates a potent peptidergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Holzmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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Structural insights into RAMP modification of secretin family G protein-coupled receptors: implications for drug development. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:591-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rochlitzer S, Veres TZ, Kühne K, Prenzler F, Pilzner C, Knothe S, Winkler C, Lauenstein HD, Willart M, Hammad H, Müller M, Krug N, Lambrecht BN, Braun A. The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide affects allergic airway inflammation by modulating dendritic cell function. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:1609-21. [PMID: 21752117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is released in the lung by sensory nerves during allergic airway responses. Pulmonary dendritic cells (DC) orchestrating the allergic inflammation could be affected by CGRP. OBJECTIVE To determine the immunomodulatory effects of CGRP on DC function and its impact on the induction of allergic airway inflammation. METHODS CGRP receptor expression on lung DC was determined by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. The functional consequences of CGRP receptor triggering were evaluated in vitro using bone marrow-derived DC. DC maturation and the induction of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T cell responses were analysed by flow cytometry. The in vivo relevance of the observed DC modulation was assessed in a DC-transfer model of experimental asthma. Mice were sensitized by an intrapharyngeal transfer of OVA-pulsed DC and challenged with OVA aerosol. The impact of CGRP pretreatment of DC on airway inflammation was characterized by analysing differential cell counts and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung histology and cytokine responses in mediastinal lymph nodes. RESULTS RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and cAMP assay demonstrated the expression of functionally active CGRP receptors in lung DC. RT-PCR revealed a transcriptional CGRP receptor down-regulation during airway inflammation. CGRP specifically inhibited the maturation of in vitro generated DC. Maturation was restored by blocking with the specific antagonist CGRP(8-37) . Consequently, CGRP-pretreated DC reduced the activation and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells and induced increased the numbers of T regulatory cells. The transfer of CGRP-pretreated DC diminished allergic airway inflammation in vivo, shown by reduced eosinophil numbers and increased levels of IL-10 in BALF. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE CGRP inhibits DC maturation and allergen-specific T cell responses, which affects the outcome of the allergic airway inflammation in vivo. This suggests an additional mechanism by which nerve-derived mediators interfere with local immune responses. Thus, CGRP as an anti-inflammatory mediator could represent a new therapeutic tool in asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rochlitzer
- Department of Airway Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Kuwasako K, Kitamura K, Nagata S, Hikosaka T, Takei Y, Kato J. Shared and separate functions of the RAMP-based adrenomedullin receptors. Peptides 2011; 32:1540-50. [PMID: 21645567 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a novel hypotensive peptide that exerts a variety of strongly protective effects against multiorgan damage. AM-specific receptors were first identified as heterodimers composed of calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CLR), a G protein coupled receptor, and one of two receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP2 or RAMP3), which are accessory proteins containing a single transmembrane domain. RAMPs are required for the surface delivery of CLR and the determination of its phenotype. CLR/RAMP2 (AM₁ receptor) is more highly AM-specific than CLR/RAMP3 (AM₂ receptor). Although there have been no reports showing differences in intracellular signaling via the two AM receptors, in vitro studies have shed light on their distinct trafficking and functionality. In addition, the tissue distributions of RAMP2 and RAMP3 differ, and their gene expression is differentially altered under pathophysiological conditions, which is suggestive of the separate roles played by AM₁ and AM₂ receptors in vivo. Both AM and the AM₁ receptor, but not the AM₂ receptor, are crucial for the development of the fetal cardiovascular system and are able to effectively protect against various vascular diseases. However, AM₂ receptors reportedly play an important role in maintaining a normal body weight in old age and may be involved in immune function. In this review article, we focus on the shared and separate functions of the AM receptor subtypes and also discuss the potential for related drug discovery. In addition, we mention their possible function as receptors for AM2 (or intermedin), an AM-related peptide whose biological functions are similar to those of AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwasako
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan.
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Barwell J, Conner A, Poyner DR. Extracellular loops 1 and 3 and their associated transmembrane regions of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor are needed for CGRP receptor function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1906-16. [PMID: 21703310 PMCID: PMC3228915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The first and third extracellular loops (ECL) of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been implicated in ligand binding and receptor function. This study describes the results of an alanine/leucine scan of ECLs 1 and 3 and loop-associated transmembrane (TM) domains of the secretin-like GPCR calcitonin receptor-like receptor which associates with receptor activity modifying protein 1 to form the CGRP receptor. Leu195Ala, Val198Ala and Ala199Leu at the top of TM2 all reduced αCGRP-mediated cAMP production and internalization; Leu195Ala and Ala199Leu also reduced αCGRP binding. These residues form a hydrophobic cluster within an area defined as the “minor groove” of rhodopsin-like GPCRs. Within ECL1, Ala203Leu and Ala206Leu influenced the ability of αCGRP to stimulate adenylate cyclase. In TM3, His219Ala, Leu220Ala and Leu222Ala have influences on αCGRP binding and cAMP production; they are likely to indirectly influence the binding site for αCGRP as well as having an involvement in signal transduction. On the exofacial surfaces of TMs 6 and 7, a number of residues were identified that reduced cell surface receptor expression, most noticeably Leu351Ala and Glu357Ala in TM6. The residues may contribute to the RAMP1 binding interface. Ile360Ala impaired αCGRP-mediated cAMP production. Ile360 is predicted to be located close to ECL2 and may facilitate receptor activation. Identification of several crucial functional loci gives further insight into the activation mechanism of this complex receptor system and may aid rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Barwell
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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46
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Mrak E, Guidobono F, Moro G, Fraschini G, Rubinacci A, Villa I. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibits apoptosis in human osteoblasts by β-catenin stabilization. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:701-8. [PMID: 20533307 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice over-expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in osteoblasts have increased bone density due to increased bone formation, thus suggesting that CGRP plays a role in bone metabolism. In this study we determined the relationship between CGRP, the canonical Wnt signaling and apoptosis in human osteoblasts (hOBs) in consideration of the well-documented involvement of this pathway in bone cells. Primary cultures of hOBs were treated with CGRP 10(-8) M. Levels of β-catenin, which is the cytoplasmic protein mediator of canonical Wnt signaling, and mRNA were determined. CGRP increases both the expression and the levels of cytoplasmic β-catenin by binding to its receptor, as this effect is blocked by the antagonist CGRP(8-37). This facilitatory action on β-catenin appears to be mediated by the inhibition of the enzyme GSK-3β via protein kinase A (PKA) activation. GSK-3β is a glycogen synthase kinase that, by phosphorylating β-catenin, promotes its degradation by the proteosomal machinery. Moreover, the peptide is able to inhibit hOBs apoptosis stimulated by dexamethasone or by serum deprivation, possibly through the accumulation of β-catenin, since the inhibitor of PKA activity H89 partially prevents the antiapoptotic effect of the peptide. In conclusion CGRP, released by nerve fibers, exerts its anabolic action on bone cells by stimulating canonical Wnt signaling and by inhibiting hOBs apoptosis, thus favoring local bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Mrak
- Bone Metabolism Unit, Division of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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47
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Koth CM, Abdul-Manan N, Lepre CA, Connolly PJ, Yoo S, Mohanty AK, Lippke JA, Zwahlen J, Coll JT, Doran JD, Garcia-Guzman M, Moore JM. Refolding and characterization of a soluble ectodomain complex of the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor. Biochemistry 2010; 49:1862-72. [PMID: 20099900 DOI: 10.1021/bi901848m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor is a heterodimer of two membrane proteins: calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). CLR is a class B G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), possessing a characteristic large amino-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) important for ligand recognition and binding. Dimerization of CLR with RAMP1 provides specificity for CGRP versus related agonists. Here we report the expression, purification, and refolding of a soluble form of the CGRP receptor comprising a heterodimer of the CLR and RAMP1 ECDs. The extracellular protein domains corresponding to residues 23-133 of CLR and residues 26-117 of RAMP1 were shown to be sufficient for formation of a stable, monodisperse complex. The binding affinity of the purified ECD complex for the CGRP peptide was significantly lower than that of the native receptor (IC(50) of 12 microM for the purified ECD complex vs 233 pM for membrane-bound CGRP receptor), indicating that other regions of CLR and/or RAMP1 are important for peptide agonist binding. However, high-affinity binding to known potent and specific nonpeptide antagonists of the CGRP receptor, including olcegepant and telcagepant (K(D) < 0.02 muM), as well as N-terminally truncated peptides and peptide analogues (140 nM to 1.62 microM) was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Koth
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Wootten DL, Simms J, Hay DL, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Receptor activity modifying proteins and their potential as drug targets. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 91:53-79. [PMID: 20691959 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)91003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) are a family of membrane proteins that interact with some G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to regulate their function. RAMPs can alter GPCR pharmacology and can regulate their signaling as well as trafficking to and from the cell surface. GPCRs have been successfully exploited as drug targets for many years. RAMPs therefore provide a new avenue for drug development, offering opportunities for regulating the function of therapeutically relevant RAMP-interacting GPCRs. RAMPs could be directly targeted themselves or advantage could be taken of the unique RAMP/GPCR interfaces for generating more selective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Qi T, Hay DL. Structure-function relationships of the N-terminus of receptor activity-modifying proteins. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 159:1059-68. [PMID: 20015292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00541.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) are a family of three single transmembrane proteins that have been identified as accessory proteins to some G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They can regulate their pharmacology, forward trafficking and recycling, depending on the GPCR. The best characterized receptor complexes formed by RAMPs and GPCRs are the calcitonin peptide family receptors. The association of RAMP1 with the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CL) constitutes the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor, whereas RAMP2 or 3 with CL generates adrenomedullin receptors. In this case, the RAMPs substantially alter the pharmacology and trafficking properties of this GPCR. Amylin receptor subtypes are formed from calcitonin receptor (CTR) interactions with RAMPs. Although the RAMPs themselves are not responsive to calcitonin peptide family ligands, there is clear evidence that they participate in ligand binding, although it is still unclear whether this is by directly participating in binding or through allosteric modulation of CL or CTR. A considerable amount of mutagenesis data have now been generated on RAMPs to try and identify the residues that play a role in ligand interactions, and to also identify which residues in RAMPs interact with CL and CTR. This review will focus on RAMP mutagenesis studies with CL, summarizing and discussing the available data in association with current RAMP models and structures. The data reveal key regions in RAMPs that are important for ligand binding and receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qi
- University of Auckland, New Zealand
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50
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Poyner DR, Hay DL, Conner AC. CGRP receptor antagonists: design and screening. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:1253-65. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903413496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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