1
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Bilyk O, Oliveira GS, de Angelo RM, Almeida MO, Honório KM, Leeper FJ, Dias MVB, Leadlay PF. Enzyme-Catalyzed Spiroacetal Formation in Polyketide Antibiotic Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14555-14563. [PMID: 35921248 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A key step in the biosynthesis of numerous polyketides is the stereospecific formation of a spiroacetal (spiroketal). We report here that spiroacetal formation in the biosynthesis of the macrocyclic polyketides ossamycin and oligomycin involves catalysis by a novel spiroacetal cyclase. OssO from the ossamycin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) is homologous to OlmO, the product of an unannotated gene from the oligomycin BGC. The deletion of olmO abolished oligomycin production and led to the isolation of oligomycin-like metabolites lacking the spiroacetal structure. Purified OlmO catalyzed complete conversion of the major metabolite into oligomycin C. Crystal structures of OssO and OlmO reveal an unusual 10-strand β-barrel. Three conserved polar residues are clustered together in the β-barrel cavity, and site-specific mutation of any of these residues either abolished or substantially diminished OlmO activity, supporting a role for general acid/general base catalysis in spiroacetal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Bilyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel S Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rafaela M de Angelo
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities (EACH), University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Michell O Almeida
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos (IQSC), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Kathia Maria Honório
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities (EACH), University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Finian J Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Marcio V B Dias
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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2
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Urade Y. Biochemical and Structural Characteristics, Gene Regulation, Physiological, Pathological and Clinical Features of Lipocalin-Type Prostaglandin D 2 Synthase as a Multifunctional Lipocalin. Front Physiol 2021; 12:718002. [PMID: 34744762 PMCID: PMC8569824 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.718002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D2 synthase (L-PGDS) catalyzes the isomerization of PGH2, a common precursor of the two series of PGs, to produce PGD2. PGD2 stimulates three distinct types of G protein-coupled receptors: (1) D type of prostanoid (DP) receptors involved in the regulation of sleep, pain, food intake, and others; (2) chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper type 2 cells (CRTH2) receptors, in myelination of peripheral nervous system, adipocyte differentiation, inhibition of hair follicle neogenesis, and others; and (3) F type of prostanoid (FP) receptors, in dexamethasone-induced cardioprotection. L-PGDS is the same protein as β-trace, a major protein in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). L-PGDS exists in the central nervous system and male genital organs of various mammals, and human heart; and is secreted into the CSF, seminal plasma, and plasma, respectively. L-PGDS binds retinoic acids and retinal with high affinities (Kd < 100 nM) and diverse small lipophilic substances, such as thyroids, gangliosides, bilirubin and biliverdin, heme, NAD(P)H, and PGD2, acting as an extracellular carrier of these substances. L-PGDS also binds amyloid β peptides, prevents their fibril formation, and disaggregates amyloid β fibrils, acting as a major amyloid β chaperone in human CSF. Here, I summarize the recent progress of the research on PGD2 and L-PGDS, in terms of its “molecular properties,” “cell culture studies,” “animal experiments,” and “clinical studies,” all of which should help to understand the pathophysiological role of L-PGDS and inspire the future research of this multifunctional lipocalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Urade
- Center for Supporting Pharmaceutical Education, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, Fukuoka, Japan.,Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Shimamoto S, Nakagawa Y, Hidaka Y, Maruno T, Kobayashi Y, Kawahara K, Yoshida T, Ohkubo T, Aritake K, Kaushik MK, Urade Y. Substrate-induced product-release mechanism of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 569:66-71. [PMID: 34237429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), an endogenous somnogen, is a unique PG that is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid. PGD2 is a relatively fragile molecule and should be transported to receptors localized in the basal forebrain without degradation. However, it remains unclear how PGD2 is stably carried to such remote receptors. Here, we demonstrate that the PGD2-synthesizing enzyme, Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), binds not only its substrate PGH2 but also its product PGD2 at two distinct binding sites for both ligands. This behaviour implys its PGD2 carrier function. Nevertheless, since the high affinity (Kd = ∼0.6 μM) of PGD2 in the catalytic binding site is comparable to that of PGH2, it may act as a competitive inhibitor, while our binding assay exhibits only weak inhibition (Ki = 189 μM) of the catalytic reaction. To clarify this enigmatic behavior, we determined the solution structure of L-PGDS bound to one substrate analog by NMR and compared it with the two structures: one in the apo form and the other in substrate analogue complex with 1:2 stoichiometry. The structural comparisons showed clearly that open or closed forms of loops at the entrance of ligand binding cavity are regulated by substrate binding to two sites, and that the binding to a second non-catalytic binding site, which apparently substrate concentration dependent, induces opening of the cavity that releases the product. From these results, we propose that L-PGDS is a unique enzyme having a carrier function and a substrate-induced product-release mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Shimamoto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nakagawa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yuji Hidaka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maruno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kawahara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadayasu Ohkubo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- Chemical Pharmacology, Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-machi, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Mahesh K Kaushik
- WPI-International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- The University of Tokyo Hospital, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyou-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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4
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Salekeen R, Mou SN, Islam ME, Ahmed A, Billah MM, Rahman SMM, Islam KMD. Predicting multi-enzyme inhibition in the arachidonic acid metabolic network by Heritiera fomes extracts. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:4259-4272. [PMID: 33283657 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1855248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heritiera fomes is a mangrove plant with a rich history of ethnomedicinal usage against chronic inflammation. Biochemical analyses of H. fomes have exposed a plethora of bioactive phytochemicals that contribute to this therapeutic effect by perturbing enzymes of a complex inflammatory network mediated by arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. This study is the first instance of utilizing cheminformatic approaches to elucidate a molecular linkage between these phytochemical interventions and the multi-enzyme AA metabolic network regulation. Analysis of the simulations reflects H. fomes as a functional reservoir of multiple safe and potent natural anti-inflammatory compounds. The investigation suggests two phytocompounds extracted from the plant: a sesquiterpene lactone and a flavone glycoside, as candidate inhibitors of multiple catalytic checkpoints of the inflammatory network. The outcomes of this research act as a primary guideline for future laboratory and clinical testing of anti-inflammatory potentials of H. fomes as an exploitable source of safe and potent drug-like molecules.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahagir Salekeen
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Noor Mou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Emdadul Islam
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Asif Ahmed
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Md Morsaline Billah
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - S M Mahbubur Rahman
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Mohammed Didarul Islam
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
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5
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Nuylert A, Nakabayashi M, Yamaguchi T, Asano Y. Discovery and Structural Analysis to Improve the Enantioselectivity of Hydroxynitrile Lyase from Parafontaria laminata Millipedes for ( R)-2-Chloromandelonitrile Synthesis. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27896-27908. [PMID: 33163773 PMCID: PMC7643134 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL) catalyzes the reversible synthesis and degradation of cyanohydrins, which are important synthetic intermediates for fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Here, we report the discovery of HNL from Parafontaria laminata (PlamHNL) millipedes, purification of the HNL to homogeneity, expression of the gene for the enzyme in heterologous expression hosts, and increase in the reaction rate and enantioselectivity in the synthesis of 2-chloromandelonitrile by protein engineering. The recombinant PlamHNL expressed in Pichia pastoris is glycosylated and has a higher thermostability and pH stability than the nonglycosylated HNL expressed in Escherichia coli. PlamHNL showed a unique wide substrate specificity among other millipede HNLs acting on various cyanohydrins, including 2-chloromandelonitrile, a key intermediate for the antithrombotic agent clopidogrel. We solved the X-ray crystal structure of the PlamHNL and found that the catalytic residues were almost identical to those of HNL from Chamberlinius hualienensis, although the forming binding cavity was different. In order to improve the catalytic activity and stereoselectivity, a computational structure-guided directed evolution approach was performed by an enzyme-substrate docking simulation at all of the residues that were exposed on the surface of the active site. The PlamHNL-N85Y mutant showed higher conversion (91% conversion with 98.2% ee of the product) than the wild type (76% conversion with 90% ee of the product) at pH 3.5 and 25 °C for 30 min of incubation. This study shows the diversity of millipede HNLs and reveals the molecular basis for improvement of the activity and stereoselectivity of the wild-type HNL to increase the reaction rate and enantioselectivity in the synthesis of 2-chloromandelonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aem Nuylert
- Biotechnology
Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
- Asano
Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakabayashi
- Biotechnology
Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamaguchi
- Asano
Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Biotechnology
Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
- Asano
Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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6
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Motojima F, Izumi A, Nuylert A, Zhai Z, Dadashipour M, Shichida S, Yamaguchi T, Nakano S, Asano Y. R-hydroxynitrile lyase from the cyanogenic millipede, Chamberlinius hualienensis-A new entry to the carrier protein family Lipocalines. FEBS J 2020; 288:1679-1695. [PMID: 32679618 PMCID: PMC7983990 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxynitrile lyases (HNLs) catalyze the cleavage of cyanohydrin into cyanide and the corresponding aldehyde or ketone. Moreover, they catalyze the synthesis of cyanohydrin in the reverse reaction, utilized in industry for preparation of enantiomeric pure pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals. We discovered a new HNL from the cyanogenic millipede, Chamberlinius hualienensis. The enzyme displays several features including a new primary structure, high stability, and the highest specific activity in (R)‐mandelonitrile ((R)‐MAN) synthesis (7420 U·mg−1) among the reported HNLs. In this study, we elucidated the crystal structure and reaction mechanism of natural ChuaHNL in ligand‐free form and its complexes with acetate, cyanide ion, and inhibitors (thiocyanate or iodoacetate) at 1.6, 1.5, 2.1, 1.55, and 1.55 Å resolutions, respectively. The structure of ChuaHNL revealed that it belongs to the lipocalin superfamily, despite low amino acid sequence identity. The docking model of (R)‐MAN with ChuaHNL suggested that the hydroxyl group forms hydrogen bonds with R38 and K117, and the nitrile group forms hydrogen bonds with R38 and Y103. The mutational analysis showed the importance of these residues in the enzymatic reaction. From these results, we propose that K117 acts as a base to abstract a proton from the hydroxyl group of cyanohydrins and R38 acts as an acid to donate a proton to the cyanide ion during the cleavage reaction of cyanohydrins. The reverse mechanism would occur during the cyanohydrin synthesis. (Photo: Dr. Yuko Ishida) Databases Structural data are available in PDB database under the accession numbers 6JHC, 6KFA, 6KFB, 6KFC, and 6KFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Motojima
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.,Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Atsushi Izumi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.,Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Aem Nuylert
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Zhenyu Zhai
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.,Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Mohammad Dadashipour
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.,Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shichida
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.,Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamaguchi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.,Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.,Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.,Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
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7
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Biringer RG. The enzymology of the human prostanoid pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4569-4586. [PMID: 32430846 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05526-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoids are short-lived autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules involved in a wide range of biological functions. They have been shown to be intimately involved in many different disease states when their regulation becomes dysfunctional. In order to fully understand the progression of any disease state or the biological functions of the well state, a complete evaluation of the genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics of the system is necessary. This review is focused on the enzymology for the enzymes involved in the synthesis of the prostanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclins and thromboxanes). In particular, the isolation and purification of the enzymes, their enzymatic parameters and catalytic mechanisms are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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8
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Chaves-Filho AB, Yoshinaga MY, Dantas LS, Diniz LR, Pinto IFD, Miyamoto S. Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Thiol Conjugates Linked to Polyoxygenated Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Species. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2028-2041. [PMID: 31496224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical mediated oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is known to generate a series of polyoxygenated cyclic products (PUFA-On, n ≥ 3). Here, we describe the characterization of glutathione (GSH) conjugates bound to polyoxygenated docosahexaenoic (DHA-On, n = 3-9), arachidonic (ARA-On, n = 3-7), α-linolenic (ALA-O3), and linoleic (LA-O3) acid species. Similar conjugates were also characterized for N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Extensive LC-MS/MS characterization using a synthetic α-linolenic hydroxy-endoperoxide (ALA-O3) derivative revealed at least two types of mechanisms leading to thiol adduction: a mechanism involving the nucleophilic attack by thiolate anion on 1,2-dioxolane to form a sulfenate ester-bonded conjugate and a mechanism involving cleavage of the dioxolane to form a α,β-unsaturated carbonyl followed by the Michael addition reaction. Finally, we detected a GSH conjugate with hydroxy-endoperoxide derived from linoleic acid (LA-O3) in mice liver. In summary, our study reveals the formation of a series of thiol conjugates that are bound to highly oxygenated PUFA species. GSH conjugates described in our study may potentially play relevant roles in redox and inflammatory processes, especially under high oxygen tension conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano B Chaves-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - Marcos Y Yoshinaga
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - Lucas S Dantas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - Larissa R Diniz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - Isabella F D Pinto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
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9
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Elmes MW, Volpe AD, d'Oelsnitz S, Sweeney JM, Kaczocha M. Lipocalin-Type Prostaglandin D Synthase Is a Novel Phytocannabinoid-Binding Protein. Lipids 2018; 53:353-360. [PMID: 29668081 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS; EC:5.3.99.2) is an enzyme with dual functional roles as a prostaglandin D2 -synthesizing enzyme and as an extracellular transporter for diverse lipophilic compounds in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Transport of hydrophobic endocannabinoids is mediated by serum albumin in the blood and intracellularly by the fatty acid binding proteins, but no analogous transport mechanism has yet been described in CSF. L-PGDS has been reported to promiscuously bind a wide variety of lipophilic ligands and is among the most abundant proteins found in the CSF. Here, we examine the binding of several classes of endogenous and synthetic ligands to L-PGDS. Endocannabinoids exhibited low affinity toward L-PGDS, while cannabinoid metabolites and synthetic cannabinoids displayed higher affinities for L-PGDS. These results indicate that L-PGDS is unlikely to function as a carrier for endocannabinoids in the CSF, but it may bind and transport a subset of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Elmes
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Anthony D Volpe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Simon d'Oelsnitz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Joseph M Sweeney
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Martin Kaczocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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10
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Seo MJ, Oh DK. Prostaglandin synthases: Molecular characterization and involvement in prostaglandin biosynthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 66:50-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Inui T, Mase M, Shirota R, Nagashima M, Okada T, Urade Y. Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase scavenges biliverdin in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1558-67. [PMID: 25005874 PMCID: PMC4158676 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) is the second major protein in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and belongs to the lipocalin superfamily composed of various secretory lipophilic ligand transporter proteins. However, the endogenous ligand of L-PGDS has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we purified L-PGDS from the CSF of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. Lipocalin-type PG D synthase showed absorbance spectra with major peaks at 280 and 392 nm and a minor peak at around 660 nm. The absorbance at 392 nm of L-PGDS increased from 1 to 9 days and almost disappeared at 2 months after SAH, whereas the L-PGDS activity decreased from 1 to 7 days and recovered to normal at 2 months after SAH. These results indicate that some chromophore had accumulated in the CSF after SAH and bound to L-PGDS, thus inactivating it. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of L-PGDS after digestion of it with endoproteinase Lys-C revealed that L-PGDS had covalently bound biliverdin, a by-product of heme breakdown. These results suggest that L-PGDS acted as a scavenger of biliverdin, which is a molecule not found in normal CSF. This is the first report of identification of a pathophysiologically important endogenous ligand for this lipocalin superfamily protein in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Inui
- 1] Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan [2] Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuhito Mase
- Department of Neurosurgery and Restorative Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryoko Shirota
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mariko Nagashima
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okada
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Perduca M, Bovi M, Bertinelli M, Bertini E, Destefanis L, Carrizo ME, Capaldi S, Monaco HL. High-resolution structures of mutants of residues that affect access to the ligand-binding cavity of human lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:2125-38. [PMID: 25084332 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714012462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) catalyzes the isomerization of the 9,11-endoperoxide group of PGH2 (prostaglandin H2) to produce PGD2 (prostaglandin D2) with 9-hydroxy and 11-keto groups. The product of the reaction, PGD2, is the precursor of several metabolites involved in many regulatory events. L-PGDS, the first member of the important lipocalin family to be recognized as an enzyme, is also able to bind and transport small hydrophobic molecules and was formerly known as β-trace protein, the second most abundant protein in human cerebrospinal fluid. Previous structural work on the mouse and human proteins has focused on the identification of the amino acids responsible and the proposal of a mechanism for catalysis. In this paper, the X-ray structures of the apo and holo forms (bound to PEG) of the C65A mutant of human L-PGDS at 1.40 Å resolution and of the double mutant C65A/K59A at 1.60 Å resolution are reported. The apo forms of the double mutants C65A/W54F and C65A/W112F and the triple mutant C65A/W54F/W112F have also been studied. Mutation of the lysine residue does not seem to affect the binding of PEG to the ligand-binding cavity, and mutation of a single or both tryptophans appears to have the same effect on the position of these two aromatic residues at the entrance to the cavity. A solvent molecule has also been identified in an invariant position in the cavity of virtually all of the molecules present in the nine asymmetric units of the crystals that have been examined. Taken together, these observations indicate that the residues that have been mutated indeed appear to play a role in the entrance-exit process of the substrate and/or other ligands into/out of the binding cavity of the lipocalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Perduca
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Bovi
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mattia Bertinelli
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Edoardo Bertini
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Destefanis
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Maria E Carrizo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CP 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Stefano Capaldi
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Hugo L Monaco
- Biocrystallography Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Binda C, Génier S, Cartier A, Larrivée JF, Stankova J, Young JC, Parent JL. A G protein-coupled receptor and the intracellular synthase of its agonist functionally cooperate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 204:377-93. [PMID: 24493589 PMCID: PMC3912537 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201304015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The GPCR DP1 promotes the activity of L-PGDS, the enzyme that produces the DP1 agonist PGD2, while at the same time L-PGDS promotes the export and activity of DP1 in response to PGD2. Export of newly synthesized G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) remains poorly characterized. We show in this paper that lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) synthase (L-PGDS) interacts intracellularly with the GPCR DP1 in an agonist-independent manner. L-PGDS promotes cell surface expression of DP1, but not of other GPCRs, in HEK293 and HeLa cells, independent of L-PGDS enzyme activity. In addition, formation of a DP1–Hsp90 complex necessary for DP1 export to the cell surface is dependent on the interaction between L-PGDS and the C-terminal MEEVD residues of Hsp90. Surprisingly, PGD2 synthesis by L-PGDS is promoted by coexpression of DP1, suggesting a possible intracrine/autocrine signaling mechanism. In this regard, L-PGDS increases the formation of a DP1–ERK1/2 complex and increases DP1-mediated ERK1/2 signaling. Our findings define a novel cooperative mechanism in which a GPCR (DP1) promotes the activity of the enzyme (L-PGDS) that produces its agonist (PGD2) and in which this enzyme in turn acts as a cofactor (of Hsp90) to promote export and agonist-dependent activity of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Binda
- Service de Rhumatologie, Département de Médecine, 2 Programme d'Immunologie, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, and 3 Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H 5N4
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14
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Shimamoto S, Maruo H, Yoshida T, Ohkubo T. ¹H, ¹³C, and ¹⁵N resonance assignments of mouse lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase/substrate analog complex. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2014; 8:129-132. [PMID: 23361378 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-013-9467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-type Prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) acts as the PGD2-synthesizing enzyme in the brain of various mammalian species. It belongs to the lipocalin superfamily and is the first member of this family to be recognized as an enzyme. Although the solution and crystal structure of L-PGDS has been determined to understand the molecular mechanism of catalytic reaction, the structural analysis of L-PGDS in complex with its substrate remains to be performed. Here, we present the nearly complete assignment of the backbone and side chain resonances of L-PGDS/substrate analog (U-46619) complex. This study lays the essential basis for further understanding the substrate recognition mechanism of L-PGDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Shimamoto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan,
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15
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Ruiz M, Ganfornina MD, Correnti C, Strong RK, Sanchez D. Ligand binding-dependent functions of the lipocalin NLaz: an in vivo study in Drosophila. FASEB J 2013; 28:1555-67. [PMID: 24361577 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-240556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalins are small extracellular proteins mostly described as lipid carriers. The Drosophila lipocalin NLaz (neural Lazarillo) modulates the IIS pathway and regulates longevity, stress resistance, and behavior. Here, we test whether a native hydrophobic pocket structure is required for NLaz to perform its functions. We use a point mutation altering the binding pocket (NLaz(L130R)) and control mutations outside NLaz binding pocket. Tryptophan fluorescence titration reveals that NLaz(L130R) loses its ability to bind ergosterol and the pheromone 7(z)-tricosene but retains retinoic acid binding. Using site-directed transgenesis in Drosophila, we test the functionality of the ligand binding-altered lipocalin at the organism level. NLaz-dependent life span reduction, oxidative stress and starvation sensitivity, aging markers accumulation, and deficient courtship are rescued by overexpression of NLaz(WT), but not of NLaz(L130R). Transcriptional responses to aging and oxidative stress show a large set of age-responsive genes dependent on the integrity of NLaz binding pocket. Inhibition of IIS activity and modulation of oxidative stress and infection-responsive genes are binding pocket-dependent processes. Control of energy metabolites on starvation appears to be, however, insensitive to the modification of the NLaz binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz
- 2Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, c/Sanz y Forés 3, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.
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16
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Lim SM, Chen D, Teo H, Roos A, Jansson AE, Nyman T, Trésaugues L, Pervushin K, Nordlund P. Structural and dynamic insights into substrate binding and catalysis of human lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1630-1643. [PMID: 23526831 PMCID: PMC3646464 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) regulates synthesis of an important inflammatory and signaling mediator, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). Here, we used structural, biophysical, and biochemical approaches to address the mechanistic aspects of substrate entry, catalysis, and product exit of this enzyme. Structure of human L-PGDS was solved in a complex with a substrate analog (SA) and in ligand-free form. Its catalytic Cys 65 thiol group was found in two different conformations, each making a distinct hydrogen bond network to neighboring residues. These help in elucidating the mechanism of the cysteine nucleophile activation. Electron density for ligand observed in the active site defined the substrate binding regions, but did not allow unambiguous fitting of the SA. To further understand ligand binding, we used NMR spectroscopy to map the binding sites and to show the dynamics of protein-substrate and protein-product interactions. A model for ligand binding at the catalytic site is proposed, showing a second binding site involved in ligand exit and entry. NMR chemical shift perturbations and NMR resonance line-width alterations (observed as changes of intensity in two-dimensional cross-peaks in [¹H,¹⁵N]-transfer relaxation optimization spectroscopy) for residues at the Ω loop (A-B loop), E-F loop, and G-H loop besides the catalytic sites indicate involvement of these residues in ligand entry/egress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing Mei Lim
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; and; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dan Chen
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; and
| | - Hsiangling Teo
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; and
| | - Annette Roos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Elisabet Jansson
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; and
| | - Tomas Nyman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lionel Trésaugues
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantin Pervushin
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; and.
| | - Pär Nordlund
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; and; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Nelson AM, Loy DE, Lawson JA, Katseff AS, Fitzgerald GA, Garza LA. Prostaglandin D2 inhibits wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis through the receptor, Gpr44. J Invest Dermatol 2012. [PMID: 23190891 PMCID: PMC3593761 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are key inflammatory mediators involved in wound healing and regulating hair growth; however, their role in skin regeneration after injury is unknown. Using wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN) as a marker of skin regeneration, we hypothesized that PGD2 decreases follicle neogenesis. PGE2 and PGD2 were elevated early and late respectively during wound healing. The levels of WIHN, lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (Ptgds) and its product PGD2 each varied significantly among background strains of mice after wounding and all correlated such that the highest Ptgds and PGD2 levels were associated with the lowest amount of regeneration. Additionally, an alternatively spliced transcript variant of Ptgds missing exon 3 correlated with high regeneration in mice. Exogenous application of PGD2 decreased WIHN in wild type mice and PGD2 receptor Gpr44 null mice showed increased WIHN compared to strain-matched control mice. Furthermore, Gpr44 null mice were resistant to PGD2-induced inhibition of follicle neogenesis. In all, these findings demonstrate that PGD2 inhibits hair follicle regeneration through the Gpr44 receptor and imply that inhibition of PGD2 production or Gpr44 signaling will promote skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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18
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Siebel JF, Kosinsky RL, Åkerström B, Knipp M. Insertion of heme b into the structure of the Cys34-carbamidomethylated human lipocalin α(1)-microglobulin: formation of a [(heme)(2) (α(1)-Microglobulin)](3) complex. Chembiochem 2012; 13:879-87. [PMID: 22492620 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
α(1)-Microglobulin (α(1)m) is a 26 kDa plasma and tissue protein belonging to the lipocalin protein family. Previous investigations indicate that the protein interacts with heme and suggest that it has a function in heme metabolism. However, detailed characterizations of the α(1)m-heme interactions are lacking. Here, we report for the first time the preparation and analysis of a stable α(1)m-heme complex upon carbamidomethylation of the reactive Cys34 by using recombinantly expressed human α(1)m. Analytical size-exclusion chromatography coupled with a diode-array absorbance spectrophotometry demonstrates that at first an α(1)m-heme monomer is formed. Subsequently, a second heme triggers oligomerization that leads to trimerization. The resulting (α(1)m[heme](2))(3) complex was characterized by resonance Raman and EPR spectroscopy, which support the presence of two ferrihemes, thus indicating an unusual spin-state admixed ground state with S=(3)/(2), (5)/(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith F Siebel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Bioanorganische Chemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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19
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Systematic interaction analysis of human lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase with small lipophilic ligands. Biochem J 2012; 446:279-89. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20120324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
L-PGDS [lipocalin-type PG (prostaglandin) D synthase] is a multi-functional protein, acting as a PGD2-producing enzyme and a lipid-transporter. In the present study, we focus on the function of L-PGDS as an extracellular transporter for small lipophilic molecules. We characterize the binding mechanism of human L-PGDS for the molecules, especially binding affinity stoichiometry and driving force, using tryptophan fluorescence quenching, ICD (induced circular dichroism) and ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry). The tryptophan fluorescence quenching measurements revealed that haem metabolites such as haemin, biliverdin and bilirubin bind to L-PGDS with significantly higher affinities than the other small lipophilic ligands examined, showing dissociation constant (Kd) values from 17.0 to 20.9 nM. We focused particularly on the extra-specificities of haem metabolites and L-PGDS. The ITC and ICD data revealed that two molecules of the haem metabolites bind to L-PGDS with high and low affinities, showing Kd values from 2.8 to 18.1 nM and from 0.209 to 1.63 μM respectively. The thermodynamic parameters for the interactions revealed that the contributions of enthalpy and entropy change were considerably different for each haem metabolite even when the Gibbs energy change was the same. Thus we believe that the binding energy of haem metabolites to L-PGDS is optimized by balancing enthalpy and entropy change.
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20
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The crystal structure of human α1-microglobulin reveals a potential haem-binding site. Biochem J 2012; 445:175-82. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20120448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe the 2.3 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) X-ray structure of α1m (α1-microglobulin), an abundant protein in human blood plasma, which reveals the β-barrel fold typical for lipocalins with a deep pocket lined by four loops at its open rim. Loop #1 harbours the residue Cys34 which is responsible for covalent cross-linking with plasma IgA. A single disulfide bond between Cys72 and Cys169 connects the C-terminal segment to the β-barrel, as in many other lipocalins. The exposed imidazole side chains of His122 and His123 in loop #4 give rise to a double Ni2+-binding site together with a crystallographic neighbour. The closest structural relatives of α1m are the complement protein component C8γ, the L-prostaglandin D synthase and lipocalin 15, three other structurally characterized members of the lipocalin family in humans that have only distant sequence similarity. In contrast with these, α1m is initially expressed as a bifunctional fusion protein with the protease inhibitor bikunin. Neither the electron density nor ESI–MS (electrospray ionization MS) provide evidence for a chromophore bound to the recombinant α1m, also known as ‘yellow/brown lipocalin’. However, the three side chains of Lys92, Lys118 and Lys130 that were reported to be involved in covalent chromophore binding appear to be freely accessible to ligands accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket. A structural feature similar to the well-known Cys–Pro haem-binding motif indicates the presence of a haem-binding site within the loop region of α1m, which explains previous biochemical findings and supports a physiological role in haem scavenging, as well as redox-mediated detoxification.
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21
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Henkel AW, Müller K, Lewczuk P, Müller T, Marcus K, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J. Multidimensional plasma protein separation technique for identification of potential Alzheimer’s disease plasma biomarkers: a pilot study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 119:779-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Prostaglandin D2 and sleep/wake regulation. Sleep Med Rev 2012; 15:411-8. [PMID: 22024172 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is the most potent endogenous sleep-promoting substance. PGD2 is produced by lipocalin-type PGD synthase localized in the leptomeninges, choroid plexus, and oligodendrocytes in the brain, and is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid as a sleep hormone. PGD2 stimulates DP1 receptors localized in the leptomeninges under the basal forebrain and the hypothalamus. As a consequence, adenosine is released as a paracrine sleep-promoting molecule to activate adenosine A2A receptor-expressing sleep-promoting neurons and to inhibit adenosine A1 receptor-possessing arousal neurons. PGD2 activates a center of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep regulation in the ventrolateral preoptic area, probably mediated by adenosine signaling, which activation inhibits the histaminergic arousal center in the tuberomammillary nucleus via descending GABAergic and galaninergic projections. The administration of a lipocalin-type PGD synthase inhibitor (SeCl4), DP1 antagonist (ONO-4127Na) or adenosine A2A receptor antagonist (caffeine) suppresses both NREM and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, indicating that the PGD2-adenosine system is crucial for the maintenance of physiological sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Urade
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4, Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565 0874, Japan.
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23
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Smith WL, Urade Y, Jakobsson PJ. Enzymes of the cyclooxygenase pathways of prostanoid biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5821-65. [PMID: 21942677 PMCID: PMC3285496 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William L Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 5301 MSRB III, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5606, USA.
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24
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Inaka K, Takahashi S, Aritake K, Tsurumura T, Furubayashi N, Yan B, Hirota E, Sano S, Sato M, Kobayashi T, Yoshimura Y, Tanaka H, Urade Y. High-Quality Protein Crystal Growth of Mouse Lipocalin-Type Prostaglandin D Synthase in Microgravity. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2011; 11:2107-2111. [PMID: 21643438 PMCID: PMC3105485 DOI: 10.1021/cg101370v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-type prostaglandin (PG) D synthase (L-PGDS) catalyzes the isomerization of PGH(2) to PGD(2) and is involved in the regulation of pain and of nonrapid eye movement sleep and the differentiation of male genital organs and adipocytes, etc. L-PGDS is secreted into various body fluids and binds various lipophilic compounds with high affinities, acting also as an extracellular transporter. Mouse L-PGDS with a C65A mutation was previously crystallized with citrate or malonate as a precipitant, and the X-ray crystallographic structure was determined at 2.0 Å resolution. To obtain high-quality crystals, we tried, unsuccessfully, to crystallize the C65A mutant in microgravity under the same conditions used in the previous study. After further purifying the protein and changing the precipitant to polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000, high-quality crystals were grown in microgravity. The precipitant solution was 40% (w/v) PEG 8000, 100 mM sodium chloride, and 100 mM HEPES-NaOH (pH 7.0). Crystals grew on board the International Space Station for 11 weeks in 2007, yielding single crystals of the wild-type L-PGDS and the C65A mutant, both of which diffracted at around 1.0 Å resolution. The crystal quality was markedly improved through the use of a high-viscosity precipitant solution in microgravity, in combination with the use of a highly purified protein.
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Biosynthesis of hemiketal eicosanoids by cross-over of the 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:6945-50. [PMID: 21482803 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1019473108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostaglandin and leukotriene families of lipid mediators are formed via two distinct biosynthetic pathways that are initiated by the oxygenation of arachidonic acid by either cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), respectively. The 5-LOX product 5S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, however, can also serve as an efficient substrate for COX-2, forming a bicyclic diendoperoxide with structural similarities to the arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandin endoperoxide PGH(2) [Schneider C, et al. (2006) J Am Chem Soc 128:720-721]. Here we identify two cyclic hemiketal (HK) eicosanoids, HKD(2) and HKE(2), as the major nonenzymatic rearrangement products of the diendoperoxide using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses as well as UV and NMR spectroscopy. HKD(2) and HKE(2) are furoketals formed by spontaneous cyclization of their respective 8,9-dioxo-5S,11R,12S,15S-tetrahydroxy- or 11,12-dioxo-5S,8S,9S,15S-tetrahydroxy-eicosadi-6E,13E-enoic acid precursors, resulting from opening of the 9S,11R- and 8S,12S-peroxide rings of the diendoperoxide. Furthermore, the diendoperoxide is an efficient substrate for the hematopoietic type of prostaglandin D synthase resulting in formation of HKD(2), equivalent to the enzymatic transformation of PGH(2) to PGD(2). HKD(2) and HKE(2) were formed in human blood leukocytes activated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide and calcium ionophore A23187, and biosynthesis was blocked by inhibitors of 5-LOX or COX-2. HKD(2) and HKE(2) stimulated migration and tubulogenesis of microvascular endothelial cells, implicating a proangiogenic role of the hemiketals in inflammatory sites that involve expression of 5-LOX and COX-2. Identification of the highly oxygenated hemiketal eicosanoids provides evidence for a previously unrecognized biosynthetic cross-over of the 5-LOX and COX-2 pathways.
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26
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27
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Zhou Y, Shaw N, Li Y, Zhao Y, Zhang R, Liu ZJ. Structure-function analysis of human l-prostaglandin D synthase bound with fatty acid molecules. FASEB J 2010; 24:4668-77. [PMID: 20667974 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-164863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyan Zhou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Neil Shaw
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yang Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yu Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; and
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28
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Zhou Y, Shaw N, Li Y, Zhao Y, Zhang R, Liu ZJ. Structure‐function analysis of human l‐prostaglandin D synthase bound with fatty acid molecules. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10.164863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyan Zhou
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Neil Shaw
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yang Li
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yu Zhao
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Rongguang Zhang
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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29
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Theoretical studies on model reaction pathways of prostaglandin H2 isomerization to prostaglandin D2/E2. Theor Chem Acc 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-010-0814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Yoshihiro Urade, Osamu Hayaishi. Crucial role of prostaglandin D2 and adenosine in sleep regulation: experimental evidence from pharmacological approaches to gene-knockout mice. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.10.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is the most potent endogenous sleep-promoting substance reported thus far. Its mechanism of action has been extensively studied at the molecular level. PGD2 is produced by lipocalin-type PGD synthase, which is predominantly localized in the leptomeninges, choroid plexus and oligodendrocytes in the brain; it is secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid and stimulates DP1 receptors localized in the arachnoid membrane of the ventral surface from the basal forebrain to the hypothalamus, increasing the extracellular concentration of adenosine as a paracrine sleep-promoting molecule. Adenosine diffuses into the brain parenchyma, suppresses cholinergic arousal neurons in the basal forebrain via adenosine A1 receptors, activates sleep-active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area via adenosine A2A receptors and concomitantly suppresses the histaminergic arousal center in the tuberomammillary nucleus through GABAergic and galaninergic inhibitory projections. Administration of an inhibitor of lipocalin-type PGD synthase (SeCl4), an antagonist of DP1 receptors (ONO-4127Na) or an antagonist of adenosine A2A receptors (caffeine) results in sleep inhibition in rats and mice. These results indicate that the PGD2–adenosine system is crucial for the maintenance of physiological sleep.
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Nagata N, Fujimori K, Okazaki I, Oda H, Eguchi N, Uehara Y, Urade Y. De novo synthesis, uptake and proteolytic processing of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase, β-trace, in the kidneys. FEBS J 2009; 276:7146-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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On the mechanism of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase type-2--a theoretical study of endoperoxide reaction with MeS(-). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:338-40. [PMID: 19914067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The reaction pathways of deprotonation versus nucleophilic substitution involving mPGES-2 enzyme catalysis were investigated by ab initio molecular orbital theory calculations for the reaction of methylthiolate with the endoperoxide core of PGH(2) and by the combined quantum mechanical molecular mechanical methods. The calculations showed that deprotonation mechanism is energetically more favorable than the nucleophilic substitution pathway.
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