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Moon DO. Deciphering the Role of BCAR3 in Cancer Progression: Gene Regulation, Signal Transduction, and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1674. [PMID: 38730626 PMCID: PMC11083344 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review comprehensively explores the gene BCAR3, detailing its regulation at the gene, mRNA, and protein structure levels, and delineating its multifunctional roles in cellular signaling within cancer contexts. The discussion covers BCAR3's involvement in integrin signaling and its impact on cancer cell migration, its capability to induce anti-estrogen resistance, and its significant functions in cell cycle regulation. Further highlighted is BCAR3's modulation of immune responses within the tumor microenvironment, a novel area of interest that holds potential for innovative cancer therapies. Looking forward, this review outlines essential future research directions focusing on transcription factor binding studies, isoform-specific expression profiling, therapeutic targeting of BCAR3, and its role in immune cell function. Each segment builds towards a holistic understanding of BCAR3's operational mechanisms, presenting a critical evaluation of its therapeutic potential in oncology. This synthesis aims to not only extend current knowledge but also catalyze further research that could pivotally influence the development of targeted cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Oh Moon
- Department of Biology Education, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Gyeongsan-si 38453, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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2
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Zeng C, Wang Q, Liu X, Wang K, Wang C, Ju X, Wang T, Zhou Q, Fu X, Yu J, Wang Y. Localized Administration of Bcar3 siRNA via Nano-Self-Assembly to Treat Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Disrupting Macrophage-Fibroblast Crosstalk. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1827-1842. [PMID: 38414524 PMCID: PMC10898485 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s444470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe interstitial lung disease characterized by chronic lung injury leading to macrophage infiltration and fibroblast activation. However, there is no effective therapeutic strategy targeting the crucial crosstalk between macrophages and fibroblasts to halt IPF progression. Methods Studies were conducted in IPF patients and fibrotic mice models to elucidate the role of Bcar3 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. The effect of Bcar3 on macrophage polarization, fibroblast activation, and related signaling pathways were next investigated to unravel the underlying mechanisms. Results Our study elucidates a marked increase in Bcar3 expression in lung tissues from IPF patients and fibrotic mice, recording 1.7 and 7.8-fold increases compared to control subjects, respectively. Additionally, Bcar3 was found to significantly enhance macrophage activation and fibroblast differentiation, observable in both in vivo and in vitro settings. Mechanistically, the upregulation of Bcar3 in macrophages was reliant on Stat6, while in fibroblasts, it depended on TGFβR1/Smad3. Furthermore, Bcar3 augmented IL-4/Stat6 pathway in macrophages and TGF-β/Smad3 pathway in fibroblasts, supporting a synergistic activation loop that expedited lung fibrogenesis. Notably, intratracheal injection of liposomes containing Bcar3 siRNA precisely delivered gene therapeutics to lung macrophages and fibroblasts, effectively reducing Bcar3 expression to 59% of baseline levels. Importantly, this intervention protected mice from lung fibrosis induced by either FITC or bleomycin, as well as human precision-cut lung slices against TGF-β1 stimulation. Conclusion Our study underscores the pivotal role of Bcar3 in orchestrating the macrophage-fibroblast crosstalk during pulmonary fibrosis progression. Targeting Bcar3 emerges as a novel therapeutic avenue to halt IPF progression and enhance patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zeng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhan Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Congjian Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuetao Ju
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlai Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangning Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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3
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Bonham C, Mandati V, Singh R, Pappin D, Tonks N. Coupling substrate-trapping with proximity-labeling to identify protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B signaling networks. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104582. [PMID: 36871762 PMCID: PMC10148153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to define functional interactions between enzymes and their substrates is crucial for understanding biological control mechanisms; however, such methods face challenges in the transient nature and low stoichiometry of enzyme-substrate interactions. Now, we have developed an optimized strategy that couples substrate-trapping mutagenesis to proximity-labeling mass spectrometry for quantitative analysis of protein complexes involving the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B. This methodology represents a significant shift from classical schemes; it is capable of being performed at near-endogenous expression levels and increasing stoichiometry of target enrichment without a requirement for stimulation of supraphysiological tyrosine phosphorylation levels or maintenance of substrate complexes during lysis and enrichment procedures. Advantages of this new approach are illustrated through application to PTP1B interaction networks in models of HER2-positive and Herceptin-resistant breast cancer. We have demonstrated that inhibitors of PTP1B significantly reduced proliferation and viability in cell-based models of acquired and de novo Herceptin resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer. Using differential analysis, comparing substrate-trapping to wild-type PTP1B, we have identified multiple unreported protein targets of PTP1B with established links to HER2-induced signaling and provided internal validation of method specificity through overlap with previously identified substrate candidates. Overall, this versatile approach can be readily integrated with evolving proximity-labeling platforms (TurboID, BioID2, etc.), and is broadly applicable across all PTP family members for the identification of conditional substrate specificities and signaling nodes in models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChristopherA Bonham
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Vinay Mandati
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - RakeshK Singh
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - DarrylJ Pappin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - NicholasK Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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4
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Sheehan SA, Retzbach EP, Shen Y, Krishnan H, Goldberg GS. Heterocellular N-cadherin junctions enable nontransformed cells to inhibit the growth of adjacent transformed cells. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:19. [PMID: 35177067 PMCID: PMC8851851 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Src tyrosine kinase phosphorylates effector proteins to induce expression of the podoplanin (PDPN) receptor in order to promote tumor progression. However, nontransformed cells can normalize the growth and morphology of neighboring transformed cells. Transformed cells must escape this process, called "contact normalization", to become invasive and malignant. Contact normalization requires junctional communication between transformed and nontransformed cells. However, specific junctions that mediate this process have not been defined. This study aimed to identify junctional proteins required for contact normalization. METHODS Src transformed cells and oral squamous cell carcinoma cells were cultured with nontransformed cells. Formation of heterocellular adherens junctions between transformed and nontransformed cells was visualized by fluorescent microscopy. CRISPR technology was used to produce cadherin deficient and cadherin competent nontransformed cells to determine the requirement for adherens junctions during contact normalization. Contact normalization of transformed cells cultured with cadherin deficient or cadherin competent nontransformed cells was analyzed by growth assays, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and RNA-seq. In addition, Src transformed cells expressing PDPN under a constitutively active exogenous promoter were used to examine the ability of PDPN to override contact normalization. RESULTS We found that N-cadherin (N-Cdh) appeared to mediate contact normalization. Cadherin competent cells that expressed N-Cdh inhibited the growth of neighboring transformed cells in culture, while cadherin deficient cells failed to inhibit the growth of these cells. Results from RNA-seq analysis indicate that about 10% of the transcripts affected by contact normalization relied on cadherin mediated communication, and this set of genes includes PDPN. In contrast, cadherin deficient cells failed to inhibit PDPN expression or normalize the growth of adjacent transformed cells. These data indicate that nontransformed cells formed heterocellular cadherin junctions to inhibit PDPN expression in adjacent transformed cells. Moreover, we found that PDPN enabled transformed cells to override the effects of contact normalization in the face of continued N-Cdh expression. Cadherin competent cells failed to normalize the growth of transformed cells expressing PDPN under a constitutively active exogenous promoter. CONCLUSIONS Nontransformed cells form cadherin junctions with adjacent transformed cells to decrease PDPN expression in order to inhibit tumor cell proliferation. Cancer begins when a single cell acquires changes that enables them to form tumors. During these beginning stages of cancer development, normal cells surround and directly contact the cancer cell to prevent tumor formation and inhibit cancer progression. This process is called contact normalization. Cancer cells must break free from contact normalization to progress into a malignant cancer. Contact normalization is a widespread and powerful process; however, not much is known about the mechanisms involved in this process. This work identifies proteins required to form contacts between normal cells and cancer cells, and explores pathways by which cancer cells override contact normalization to progress into malignant cancers. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Sheehan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA
| | - Edward P. Retzbach
- Department of Molecular Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA
| | - Yongquan Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA
| | - Harini Krishnan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Gary S. Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ 08084 USA
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Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Shuai Y, Luo J, Liu R. BCAR3 promotes head and neck cancer growth and is associated with poor prognosis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:316. [PMID: 34707118 PMCID: PMC8551282 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 3 (BCAR3) is involved in anti-estrogen resistance and other important aspects of breast cancer. However, the role of BCAR3 in other solid tumors remains unclear. The relationship between the clinicopathologic characteristics of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients and BCAR3 was analyzed using the Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test and logistic regression. The association between BCAR3 expression and clinicopathologic features and survival was analyzed using Cox regression and the Kaplan–Meier method. In vivo and in vitro assays were performed to validate the effect of BCAR3 on HNSCC growth. BCAR3-related mRNAs were determined by calculating the Pearson’s correlation coefficient based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to predict the potential functions of BCAR3. BCAR3 expression is overexpressed in HNSCC and was shown to be associated with perineural invasion (PNI) and poor survival. BCAR3 silencing significantly attenuated the proliferation of HNSCC cells, whereas BCAR3 depletion inhibited tumor growth in vitro. GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses, and GSEA showed that BCAR3 expression in HNSCC was associated with biological processes, such as cell adhesion, actin binding, cadherin binding, and angiogenesis. BCAR3, which promotes HNSCC growth, is associated with perineural invasion and may be a potential molecular prognostic marker of poor survival in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, and Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, and Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, and Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, and Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yanjie Shuai
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, and Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jingtao Luo
- Department of Maxillofacial and Otorhinolaryngology Oncology, and Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Ruoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China. .,Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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6
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Arras J, Thomas KS, Myers PJ, Cross AM, Osei AD, Vazquez GE, Atkins KA, Conaway MR, Jones MK, Lazzara MJ, Bouton AH. Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance 3 (BCAR3) promotes tumor growth and progression in triple-negative breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4768-4787. [PMID: 34765292 PMCID: PMC8569345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-Negative Breast Cancers (TNBCs) constitute roughly 10-20% of breast cancers and are associated with poor clinical outcomes. Previous work from our laboratory and others has determined that the cytoplasmic adaptor protein Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance 3 (BCAR3) is an important promoter of cell motility and invasion of breast cancer cells. In this study, we use both in vivo and in vitro approaches to extend our understanding of BCAR3 function in TNBC. We show that BCAR3 is upregulated in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive carcinomas compared to normal mammary tissue, and that survival of TNBC patients whose tumors contained elevated BCAR3 mRNA is reduced relative to individuals whose tumors had less BCAR3 mRNA. Using mouse orthotopic tumor models, we further show that BCAR3 is required for efficient TNBC tumor growth. Analysis of publicly available RNA expression databases revealed that MET receptor signaling is strongly correlated with BCAR3 mRNA expression. A functional role for BCAR3-MET coupling is supported by data showing that both proteins participate in a single pathway to control proliferation and migration of TNBC cells. Interestingly, the mechanism through which this functional interaction operates appears to differ in different genetic backgrounds of TNBC, stemming in one case from potential differences in the strength of downstream signaling by the MET receptor and in another from BCAR3-dependent activation of an autocrine loop involving the production of HGF mRNA. Together, these data open the possibility for new approaches to personalized therapy for individuals with TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Arras
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Cancer CenterCharlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Keena S Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Cancer CenterCharlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Paul J Myers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Allison M Cross
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Cancer CenterCharlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Amare D Osei
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Cancer CenterCharlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Gabriel E Vazquez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Cancer CenterCharlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kristen A Atkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Cancer CenterCharlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Mark R Conaway
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Cancer CenterCharlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Marieke K Jones
- Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Amy H Bouton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine and Cancer CenterCharlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Steenkiste EM, Berndt JD, Pilling C, Simpkins C, Cooper JA. A Cas-BCAR3 co-regulatory circuit controls lamellipodia dynamics. eLife 2021; 10:67078. [PMID: 34169835 PMCID: PMC8266394 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin adhesion complexes regulate cytoskeletal dynamics during cell migration. Adhesion activates phosphorylation of integrin-associated signaling proteins, including Cas (p130Cas, BCAR1), by Src-family kinases. Cas regulates leading-edge protrusion and migration in cooperation with its binding partner, BCAR3. However, it has been unclear how Cas and BCAR3 cooperate. Here, using normal epithelial cells, we find that BCAR3 localization to integrin adhesions requires Cas. In return, Cas phosphorylation, as well as lamellipodia dynamics and cell migration, requires BCAR3. These functions require the BCAR3 SH2 domain and a specific phosphorylation site, Tyr 117, that is also required for BCAR3 downregulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. These findings place BCAR3 in a co-regulatory positive-feedback circuit with Cas, with BCAR3 requiring Cas for localization and Cas requiring BCAR3 for activation and downstream signaling. The use of a single phosphorylation site in BCAR3 for activation and degradation ensures reliable negative feedback by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Steenkiste
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Jason D Berndt
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Carissa Pilling
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Christopher Simpkins
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Jonathan A Cooper
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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8
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Cross AM, Wilson AL, Guerrero MS, Thomas KS, Bachir AI, Kubow KE, Horwitz AR, Bouton AH. Breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 3-p130 Cas interactions promote adhesion disassembly and invasion in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2016; 35:5850-5859. [PMID: 27109104 PMCID: PMC5079856 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion turnover is critical for cell motility and invasion. We previously demonstrated that the adaptor molecule Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance 3 (BCAR3) promotes adhesion disassembly and breast tumor cell invasion. One of two established binding partners of BCAR3 is the adaptor molecule, p130Cas. In this study, we sought to determine whether signaling through the BCAR3/Cas complex was responsible for the cellular functions of BCAR3. We show that the entire pool of BCAR3 is in complex with Cas in invasive breast tumor cells and that these proteins co-localize in dynamic cellular adhesions. While accumulation of BCAR3 in adhesions did not require Cas binding, a direct interaction between BCAR3 and Cas was necessary for efficient dissociation of BCAR3 from adhesions. The dissociation rates of Cas and two other adhesion molecules, α-actinin and talin, were also significantly slower in the presence of a Cas-binding mutant of BCAR3, suggesting that turnover of the entire adhesion complex was delayed under these conditions. As was the case for adhesion turnover, BCAR3-Cas interactions were found to be important for BCAR3-mediated breast tumor cell chemotaxis toward serum and invasion in Matrigel. Previous work demonstrated that BCAR3 is a potent activator of Rac1, which in turn is an important regulator of adhesion dynamics and invasion. However, in contrast to wildtype BCAR3, ectopic expression of the Cas-binding mutant of BCAR3 failed to induce Rac1 activity in breast cancer cells. Together, these data show that the ability of BCAR3 to promote adhesion disassembly, tumor cell migration and invasion, and Rac1 activity is dependent on its ability to bind to Cas. The activity of BCAR3-Cas complexes as a functional unit in breast cancer is further supported by the co-expression of these molecules in multiple subtypes of human breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cross
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A L Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - M S Guerrero
- Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies, USA, Inc., Cary, NC, USA
| | - K S Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A I Bachir
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - K E Kubow
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - A R Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - A H Bouton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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9
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Overcoming EMT-associated resistance to anti-cancer drugs via Src/FAK pathway inhibition. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7328-41. [PMID: 25193862 PMCID: PMC4202126 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process in embryonic development and has been associated with cancer metastasis and drug resistance. For example, in EGFR mutated non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), EMT has been associated with acquired resistance to the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib. Moreover, “EGFR-addicted” cancer cell lines induced to undergo EMT become erlotinib-resistant in vitro. To identify potential therapeutic vulnerabilities specifically within these mesenchymal, erlotinib-resistant cells, we performed a small molecule screen of ~200 established anti-cancer agents using the EGFR mutant NSCLC HCC827 cell line and a corresponding mesenchymal derivative line. The mesenchymal cells were more resistant to most tested agents; however, a small number of agents showed selective growth inhibitory activity against the mesenchymal cells, with the most potent being the Abl/Src inhibitor, dasatinib. Analysis of the tyrosine phospho-proteome revealed several Src/FAK pathway kinases that were differentially phosphorylated in the mesenchymal cells, and RNAi depletion of the core Src/FAK pathway components in these mesenchymal cells caused apoptosis. These findings reveal a novel role for Src/FAK pathway kinases in drug resistance and identify dasatinib as a potential therapeutic for treatment of erlotinib resistance associated with EMT.
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10
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Ibrahim R, Lemoine A, Bertoglio J, Raingeaud J. Human enhancer of filamentation 1-induced colorectal cancer cell migration: Role of serine phosphorylation and interaction with the breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 3 protein. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:45-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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11
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Guo J, Canaff L, Rajadurai CV, Fils-Aimé N, Tian J, Dai M, Korah J, Villatoro M, Park M, Ali S, Lebrun JJ. Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 3 inhibits transforming growth factor β/Smad signaling and associates with favorable breast cancer disease outcomes. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:476. [PMID: 25499443 PMCID: PMC4311507 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-014-0476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study helps to define the implications of breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 3 (BCAR3) in breast cancer and extends the current understanding of its molecular mechanism of action. BCAR3 has been shown to promote cell proliferation, migration and attachment to extracellular matrix components. However, in a cohort of metastatic breast cancer patients who received tamoxifen treatment, high BCAR3 mRNA levels were associated with favorable progression-free survival outcome. These results suggest that, besides its established roles, BCAR3 may have additional mechanisms of action that regulate breast cancer aggressive phenotype. In this study, we investigated whether BCAR3 is a novel antagonist of the canonical transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway, which induces potent migration and invasion responses in breast cancer cells. METHODS We surveyed functional genomics databases for correlations between BCAR3 expression and disease outcomes of breast cancer patients. We also studied how BCAR3 could regulate the TGFβ/Smad signaling axis using Western blot analysis, coimmunoprecipitation and luciferase assays. In addition, we examined whether BCAR3 could modulate TGFβ-induced cell migration and invasion by using an automated imaging system and a confocal microscopy imaging-based matrix degradation assay, respectively. RESULTS Relatively low levels of BCAR3 expression in primary breast tumors correlate with poor distant metastasis-free survival and relapse-free survival outcomes. We also found a strong correlation between the loss of heterozygosity at BCAR3 gene alleles and lymph node invasion in human breast cancer, further suggesting a role for BCAR3 in preventing disease progression. In addition, we found BCAR3 to inhibit Smad activation, Smad-mediated gene transcription, Smad-dependent cell migration and matrix digestion in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, we found BCAR3 to be downregulated by TGFβ through proteasome degradation, thus defining a novel positive feedback loop mechanism downstream of the TGFβ/Smad signaling pathway. CONCLUSION BCAR3 is considered to be associated with aggressive breast cancer phenotypes. However, our results indicate that BCAR3 acts as a putative suppressor of breast cancer progression by inhibiting the prometastatic TGFβ/Smad signaling pathway in invasive breast tumors. These data provide new insights into BCAR3's molecular mechanism of action and highlight BCAR3 as a novel TGFβ/Smad antagonist in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Guo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, H7 Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Lucie Canaff
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, H7 Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Charles Vincent Rajadurai
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Center, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A3, Canada.
| | - Nadège Fils-Aimé
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, H7 Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Jun Tian
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, H7 Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Meiou Dai
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, H7 Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Juliana Korah
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, H7 Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Manuel Villatoro
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, H7 Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Morag Park
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Center, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A3, Canada.
| | - Suhad Ali
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, H7 Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada.
| | - Jean-Jacques Lebrun
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, H7 Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A1, Canada.
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12
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Ma XM, Shen ZH, Liu ZY, Wang F, Hai L, Gao LT, Wang HS. Heparanase promotes human gastric cancer cells migration and invasion by increasing Src and p38 phosphorylation expression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:5609-5621. [PMID: 25337202 PMCID: PMC4203173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers and it remains difficult to cure, primarily because most cancer stem like cells possess higher capability of invasion and metastasis. Heparanase acts as a master regulator of the aggressive tumor phenotype in part by enhancing expression of proteins and activating signaling molecules. There were less associated with heparanase of molecular biology mechanism in human gastric cancer. We first evaluated the endogenous expression of heparanase in human gastric cancer cell lines and found Heparanase expression higher in SGC-7901 than MGC-803. Using the technology of RNAi in SGC-7901 cells down regulated heparanase gene, and reduced SGC-7901 cells migration and invasion. On the other hand, recombinant heparanase protein added in MGC-803 cells enhanced MGC-803 cell migration and invasion. The elevated cell migration and invasion were impaired by treatment of Src inhibitor pp2 or p38 inhibitor SB 203580. We further found that Stable knockdown of heparanase in SGC-7901 cells decreased phosphorylation of Src and p38. The phosphorylation of p38 was inhibited in response to pp2 treatment while the addition of SB 203580 to SGC-7901 cells did not change phosphorylation of Src. These data suggest that heparanase facilitates invasion and migration of human gastric cancer cells probably through elevating phosphorylation of Src and p38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Mei Ma
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhi Hua Shen
- The Graduate Faculty of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zhi Yao Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ling Hai
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lin Tao Gao
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hai Sheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Inner Mongolia Medical UniversityHohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 010110, China
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13
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Viedma-Rodríguez R, Baiza-Gutman L, Salamanca-Gómez F, Diaz-Zaragoza M, Martínez-Hernández G, Ruiz Esparza-Garrido R, Velázquez-Flores MA, Arenas-Aranda D. Mechanisms associated with resistance to tamoxifen in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (review). Oncol Rep 2014; 32:3-15. [PMID: 24841429 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen are widely used in the clinic to treat estrogen receptor-positive breast tumors. Patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer initially respond to treatment with anti-hormonal agents such as tamoxifen, but remissions are often followed by the acquisition of resistance and, ultimately, disease relapse. The development of a rationale for the effective treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer requires an understanding of the complex signal transduction mechanisms. In the present study, we explored some mechanisms associated with resistance to tamoxifen, such as pharmacologic mechanisms, loss or modification in estrogen receptor expression, alterations in co-regulatory proteins and the regulation of the different signaling pathways that participate in different cellular processes such as survival, proliferation, stress, cell cycle, inhibition of apoptosis regulated by the Bcl-2 family, autophagy, altered expression of microRNA, and signaling pathways that regulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the tumor microenvironment. Delineation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of resistance may aid in the development of treatment strategies to enhance response and compromise resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubí Viedma-Rodríguez
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center Century XXI (CMN-SXXI), Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Baiza-Gutman
- Unit of Morphology and Function, Faculty of Higher Studies (FES) Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Los Reyes Iztacala, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Fabio Salamanca-Gómez
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center Century XXI (CMN-SXXI), Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Guadalupe Martínez-Hernández
- Unit of Morphology and Function, Faculty of Higher Studies (FES) Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Los Reyes Iztacala, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ruth Ruiz Esparza-Garrido
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center Century XXI (CMN-SXXI), Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Velázquez-Flores
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center Century XXI (CMN-SXXI), Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diego Arenas-Aranda
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center Century XXI (CMN-SXXI), Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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Wallez Y, Riedl SJ, Pasquale EB. Association of the breast cancer antiestrogen resistance protein 1 (BCAR1) and BCAR3 scaffolding proteins in cell signaling and antiestrogen resistance. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10431-10444. [PMID: 24584939 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.541839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most breast cancers are estrogen receptor-positive and treated with antiestrogens, but aberrant signaling networks can induce drug resistance. One of these networks involves the scaffolding protein BCAR1/p130CAS, which regulates cell growth and migration/invasion. A less investigated scaffolding protein that also confers antiestrogen resistance is the SH2 domain-containing protein BCAR3. BCAR1 and BCAR3 bind tightly to each other through their C-terminal domains, thus potentially connecting their associated signaling networks. However, recent studies using BCAR1 and BCAR3 interaction mutants concluded that association between the two proteins is not critical for many of their interrelated activities regulating breast cancer malignancy. We report that these previously used BCAR mutations fail to cause adequate loss-of-function of the complex. By using structure-based BCAR1 and BCAR3 mutants that lack the ability to interact, we show that BCAR3-induced antiestrogen resistance in MCF7 breast cancer cells critically depends on its ability to bind BCAR1. Interaction with BCAR3 increases the levels of phosphorylated BCAR1, ultimately potentiating BCAR1-dependent antiestrogen resistance. Furthermore, antiestrogen resistance in cells overexpressing BCAR1/BCAR3 correlates with increased ERK1/2 activity. Inhibiting ERK1/2 through overexpression of the regulatory protein PEA15 negates the resistance, revealing a key role for ERK1/2 in BCAR1/BCAR3-induced antiestrogen resistance. Reverse-phase protein array data show that PEA15 levels in invasive breast cancers correlate with patient survival, suggesting that PEA15 can override ERK1/2 activation by BCAR1/BCAR3 and other upstream regulators. We further uncovered that the BCAR3-related NSP3 can also promote antiestrogen resistance. Thus, strategies to disrupt BCAR1-BCAR3/NSP3 complexes and associated signaling networks could ultimately lead to new breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Wallez
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Stefan J Riedl
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego California 92093.
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15
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Goldmann WH. Vinculin-p130Cas interaction is critical for focal adhesion dynamics and mechano-transduction. Cell Biol Int 2013; 38:283-6. [PMID: 24497348 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adherent cells, when mechanically stressed, show a wide range of responses including large-scale changes in their mechanical behaviour and gene expression pattern. This is in part facilitated by activating the focal adhesion (FA) protein p130Cas through force-induced conformational changes that lead to the phosphorylation by src family kinases. Janostiak et al. [Janostiak et al. Cell Mol Life Sci (2013) DOI 10.1007/s00018-013-1450-x] have reported that the phosphorylation site Y12 on the SH3 domain of p130Cas modulates the binding with vinculin, a prominent mechano-coupling protein in FAs. Tension changes in FAs (due to the anchorage of the SH3 domain and C-terminal) bring about an extension of the substrate domain of p130Cas by unmasking the phosphorylation sites. These observations demonstrate that vinculin is an important modulator of the p130Cas-mediated mechano-transduction pathway in cells. The central aim should be now to test that vinculin is critical for p130Cas incorporation into the focal adhesion complex and for transmitting forces to the p130Cas molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang H Goldmann
- Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Biophysics Group, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Reynolds AB, Kanner SB, Bouton AH, Schaller MD, Weed SA, Flynn DC, Parsons JT. SRChing for the substrates of Src. Oncogene 2013; 33:4537-47. [PMID: 24121272 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By the mid 1980's, it was clear that the transforming activity of oncogenic Src was linked to the activity of its tyrosine kinase domain and attention turned to identifying substrates, the putative next level of control in the pathway to transformation. Among the first to recognize the potential of phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies, Parsons and colleagues launched a risky shotgun-based approach that led ultimately to the cDNA cloning and functional characterization of many of today's best-known Src substrates (for example, p85-Cortactin, p110-AFAP1, p130Cas, p125FAK and p120-catenin). Two decades and over 6000 citations later, the original goals of the project may be seen as secondary to the enormous impact of these protein substrates in many areas of biology. At the request of the editors, this review is not restricted to the current status of the substrates, but reflects also on the anatomy of the project itself and some of the challenges and decisions encountered along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Reynolds
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S B Kanner
- Arrowhead Research Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A H Bouton
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - M D Schaller
- Department of Biochemistry, 3124 HSN, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S A Weed
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 1833 Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - D C Flynn
- Department of Medical Lab Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - J T Parsons
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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17
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Breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 3 (BCAR3) promotes cell motility by regulating actin cytoskeletal and adhesion remodeling in invasive breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65678. [PMID: 23762409 PMCID: PMC3675087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is incurable. In order to improve patient survival, it is critical to develop a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate metastasis and the underlying process of cell motility. Here, we focus on the role of the adaptor molecule Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance 3 (BCAR3) in cellular processes that contribute to cell motility, including protrusion, adhesion remodeling, and contractility. Previous work from our group showed that elevated BCAR3 protein levels enhance cell migration, while depletion of BCAR3 reduces the migratory and invasive capacities of breast cancer cells. In the current study, we show that BCAR3 is necessary for membrane protrusiveness, Rac1 activity, and adhesion disassembly in invasive breast cancer cells. We further demonstrate that, in the absence of BCAR3, RhoA-dependent signaling pathways appear to predominate, as evidenced by an increase in RhoA activity, ROCK-mediated phosphorylation of myosin light chain II, and large ROCK/mDia1-dependent focal adhesions. Taken together, these data establish that BCAR3 functions as a positive regulator of cytoskeletal remodeling and adhesion turnover in invasive breast cancer cells through its ability to influence the balance between Rac1 and RhoA signaling. Considering that BCAR3 protein levels are elevated in advanced breast cancer cell lines and enhance breast cancer cell motility, we propose that BCAR3 functions in the transition to advanced disease by triggering intracellular signaling events that are essential to the metastatic process.
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18
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Wallez Y, Mace PD, Pasquale EB, Riedl SJ. NSP-CAS Protein Complexes: Emerging Signaling Modules in Cancer. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:382-93. [PMID: 23226576 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912460050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The CAS (CRK-associated substrate) family of adaptor proteins comprises 4 members, which share a conserved modular domain structure that enables multiple protein-protein interactions, leading to the assembly of intracellular signaling platforms. Besides their physiological role in signal transduction downstream of a variety of cell surface receptors, CAS proteins are also critical for oncogenic transformation and cancer cell malignancy through associations with a variety of regulatory proteins and downstream effectors. Among the regulatory partners, the 3 recently identified adaptor proteins constituting the NSP (novel SH2-containing protein) family avidly bind to the conserved carboxy-terminal focal adhesion-targeting (FAT) domain of CAS proteins. NSP proteins use an anomalous nucleotide exchange factor domain that lacks catalytic activity to form NSP-CAS signaling modules. Additionally, the NSP SH2 domain can link NSP-CAS signaling assemblies to tyrosine-phosphorylated cell surface receptors. NSP proteins can potentiate CAS function by affecting key CAS attributes such as expression levels, phosphorylation state, and subcellular localization, leading to effects on cell adhesion, migration, and invasion as well as cell growth. The consequences of these activities are well exemplified by the role that members of both families play in promoting breast cancer cell invasiveness and resistance to antiestrogens. In this review, we discuss the intriguing interplay between the NSP and CAS families, with a particular focus on cancer signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Wallez
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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19
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase α phosphotyrosyl-789 binds BCAR3 to position Cas for activation at integrin-mediated focal adhesions. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:3776-89. [PMID: 22801373 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00214-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrin-mediated focal adhesions connect the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton to regulate cell responses, such as migration. Protein tyrosine phosphatase α (PTPα) regulates integrin signaling, focal adhesion formation, and migration, but its roles in these events are incompletely understood. The integrin-proximal action of PTPα activates Src family kinases, and subsequent phosphorylation of PTPα at Tyr789 acts in an unknown manner to promote migration. PTPα-null cells were used in reconstitution assays to distinguish PTPα-Tyr789-dependent signaling events. This showed that PTPα-Tyr789 regulates the localization of PTPα and the scaffolding protein Cas to adhesion sites where Cas interacts with and is phosphorylated by Src to initiate Cas signaling. Linking these events, we identify BCAR3 as a molecular connector of PTPα and Cas, with phospho-Tyr789 PTPα serving as the first defined cellular ligand for the BCAR3 SH2 domain that recruits BCAR3-Cas to adhesions. Our findings reveal a novel role of PTPα in integrin-induced adhesion assembly that enables Src-mediated activation of the pivotal function of Cas in migration.
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20
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Makkinje A, Vanden Borre P, Near RI, Patel PS, Lerner A. Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 3 (BCAR3) protein augments binding of the c-Src SH3 domain to Crk-associated substrate (p130cas). J Biol Chem 2012; 287:27703-14. [PMID: 22711540 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.389981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The focal adhesion adapter protein p130(cas) regulates adhesion and growth factor-related signaling, in part through Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of p130(cas). AND-34/BCAR3, one of three NSP family members, binds the p130(cas) carboxyl terminus, adjacent to a bipartite p130(cas) Src-binding domain (SBD) and induces anti-estrogen resistance in breast cancer cell lines as well as phosphorylation of p130(cas). Only a subset of the signaling properties of BCAR3, specifically augmented motility, are dependent upon formation of the BCAR3-p130(cas) complex. Using GST pull-down and immunoprecipitation studies, we show that among NSP family members, only BCAR3 augments the ability of p130(cas) to bind the Src SH3 domain through an RPLPSPP motif in the p130(cas) SBD. Although our prior work identified phosphorylation of the serine within the p130(cas) RPLPSPP motif, mutation of this residue to alanine or glutamic acid did not alter BCAR3-induced Src SH3 domain binding to p130(cas). The ability of BCAR3 to augment Src SH3 binding requires formation of a BCAR3-p130(cas) complex because mutations that reduce association between these two proteins block augmentation of Src SH3 domain binding. Similarly, in MCF-7 cells, BCAR3-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the p130(cas) substrate domain, previously shown to be Src-dependent, was reduced by an R743A mutation that blocks BCAR3 association with p130(cas). Immunofluorescence studies demonstrate that BCAR3 expression alters the intracellular location of both p130(cas) and Src and that all three proteins co-localize. Our work suggests that BCAR3 expression may regulate Src signaling in a BCAR3-p130(cas) complex-dependent fashion by altering the ability of the Src SH3 domain to bind the p130(cas) SBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Makkinje
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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21
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Mace PD, Wallez Y, Dobaczewska MK, Lee JJ, Robinson H, Pasquale EB, Riedl SJ. NSP-Cas protein structures reveal a promiscuous interaction module in cell signaling. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:1381-7. [PMID: 22081014 PMCID: PMC3230775 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NSP and Cas family proteins form multidomain signaling platforms that mediate cell migration and invasion through a collection of distinct signaling motifs. Members of each family interact via their respective C-terminal domains, but the mechanism of this association has remained enigmatic. Here we present the crystal structures of the C-terminal domain from the human NSP protein BCAR3 and the complex of NSP3 with p130Cas. BCAR3 adopts the Cdc25-homology fold of Ras GTPase exchange factors, but exhibits a “closed” conformation incapable of enzymatic activity. The NSP3–p130Cas complex structure reveals that this closed conformation is instrumental for interaction of NSP proteins with a focal adhesion-targeting domain present in Cas proteins. This enzyme to adaptor conversion enables high affinity, yet promiscuous, interactions between NSP and Cas proteins and represents an unprecedented mechanistic paradigm linking cellular signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Mace
- Program of Apoptosis and Cell Death Research, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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22
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Matsuo K, Nishimura M, Bottsford-Miller JN, Huang1 J, Komurov K, Armaiz-Pena GN, Shahzad MMK, Stone RL, Roh JW, Sanguino AM, Lu C, Im DD, Rosenshien NB, Sakakibara A, Nagano T, Yamasaki M, Enomoto T, Kimura T, Ram PT, Schmeler KM, Gallick GE, Wong KK, Frumovitz M, Sood AK. Targeting SRC in mucinous ovarian carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5367-78. [PMID: 21737505 PMCID: PMC4028171 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mucinous ovarian carcinomas have a distinct clinical pattern compared with other subtypes of ovarian carcinoma. Here, we evaluated (i) stage-specific clinical significance of mucinous ovarian carcinomas in a large cohort and (ii) the functional role of Src kinase in preclinical models of mucinous ovarian carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 1,302 ovarian cancer patients including 122 (9.4%) cases of mucinous carcinoma were evaluated for survival analyses. Biological effects of Src kinase inhibition were tested using dasatinib-based therapy in a novel orthotopic mucinous ovarian cancer model (RMUG-S-ip2). RESULTS Patients with advanced-stage mucinous ovarian cancer had significantly worse survival than those with serous histology: median overall survival, 1.67 versus 3.41 years, P = 0.002; median survival time after recurrence of 0.53 versus 1.66 years, P < 0.0001. Among multiple ovarian cancer cell lines, RMUG-S-ip2 mucinous ovarian cancer cells showed the highest Src kinase activity. Moreover, oxaliplatin treatment induced phosphorylation of Src kinase. This induced activity by oxaliplatin therapy was inhibited by concurrent administration of dasatinib. Targeting Src with dasatinib in vivo showed significant antitumor effects in the RMUG-S-ip2 model but not in the serous ovarian carcinoma (SKOV3-TR) model. Combination therapy of oxaliplatin with dasatinib further showed significant effects on reducing cell viability, increasing apoptosis, and in vivo antitumor effects in the RMUG-S-ip2 model. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that poor survival of women with mucinous ovarian carcinoma is associated with resistance to cytotoxic therapy. Targeting Src kinase with a combination of dasatinib and oxaliplatin may be an attractive approach for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsuo
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Masato Nishimura
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokushima, Japan
| | - Justin N. Bottsford-Miller
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Kakajan Komurov
- Systems Biology, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guillermo N. Armaiz-Pena
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mian M. K. Shahzad
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Stone
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ju Won Roh
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Angela M. Sanguino
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dwight D. Im
- The Gynecologic Oncology Center, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Neil B. Rosenshien
- The Gynecologic Oncology Center, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atsuko Sakakibara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Nagano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masato Yamasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Enomoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Prahlad T. Ram
- Systems Biology, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Schmeler
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gary E. Gallick
- Cancer Biology, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kwong K. Wong
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Frumovitz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
- Cancer Biology, MD-Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for RNA Interference and non-Coding RNA, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
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23
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Pennekamp P, Feldner S, Seesing FJ, Psathaki OE, Schöler HR, Wieacker P, Dworniczak B. Bcar3 is expressed in sertoli cells and germ cells of the developing testis in mice. Sex Dev 2011; 5:197-204. [PMID: 21654156 DOI: 10.1159/000328820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified Bcar3 in the course of a screen for developmentally regulated genes at early developmental stages in mouse embryos. In this study, we explored the spatio-temporal expression pattern of Bcar3 during the critical time period of sex determination using in situ hybridization, real-time RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. We found that Bcar3 is expressed in XY gonads during early stages of gonad development and that BCAR3 localizes to Sertoli cells and germs cells. In addition, we identified a new alternative Bcar3 transcript in which exons 4-7 are deleted. This deletion could result in the generation of a truncated BCAR3 protein lacking functional domains including the SH2 domain. The data presented here suggest that Bcar3 could play a role in gonad development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pennekamp
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Germany
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24
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Roselli S, Wallez Y, Wang L, Vervoort V, Pasquale EB. The SH2 domain protein Shep1 regulates the in vivo signaling function of the scaffolding protein Cas. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1745-52. [PMID: 20603213 PMCID: PMC2948029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The members of the p130Cas (Cas) family are important scaffolding proteins that orchestrate cell adhesion, migration and invasiveness downstream of integrin adhesion receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases by recruiting enzymes and structural molecules. Shep1, BCAR3/AND-34 and NSP1 define a recently identified family of SH2 domain-containing proteins that constitutively bind Cas proteins through a Cdc25-type nucleotide exchange factor-like domain. To gain insight into the functional interplay between Shep1 and Cas in vivo, we have inactivated the Shep1 gene in the mouse through Cre-mediated deletion of the exon encoding the SH2 domain. Analysis of Cas tyrosine phosphorylation in the brains of newborn mice, where Shep1 is highly expressed, revealed a strong decrease in Cas substrate domain phosphorylation in knockout compared to wild-type brains. Src family kinases bind to Cas via their SH3 and SH2 domains, which contributes to their activation, and phosphorylate multiple tyrosines in the Cas substrate domain. These tyrosine-phosphorylated motifs represent docking sites for the Crk adaptor, linking Cas to the downstream Rac1 and Rap1 GTPases to regulate cell adhesion and actin cytoskeleton organization. Accordingly, we detected lower Cas-Crk association and lower phosphorylation of the Src activation loop in Shep1 knockout brains compared to wild-type. Conversely, Shep1 transfection in COS cells increases Cas tyrosine phosphorylation. The SH2 domain is likely critical for the effects of Shep1 on Cas and Src signaling because the knockout mice express Shep1 fragments that lack the amino-terminal region including the SH2 domain, presumably due to aberrant translation from internal ATG codons. These fragments retain the ability to increase Cas levels in transfected cells, similar to full-length Shep1. However, they do not affect Cas phosphorylation on their own or in the presence of co-transfected full-length Shep1. They also do not show dominant negative effects on the activity of full-length Shep1 in vivo because the heterozygous mice, which express the fragments, have a normal life span. This is in contrast to the homozygous knockout mice, most of which die soon after birth. These data demonstrate that Shep1 plays a critical role in the in vivo regulation of Src activity and Cas downstream signaling through Crk, and suggest that the SH2 domain of Shep1 is critical for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Roselli
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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25
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The SRC homology 2 domain protein Shep1 plays an important role in the penetration of olfactory sensory axons into the forebrain. J Neurosci 2010; 30:13201-10. [PMID: 20881139 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3289-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shep1 is a multidomain signaling protein that forms a complex with Cas, a key scaffolding component of integrin signaling pathways, to promote the migration of non-neuronal cells. However, the physiological function of Shep1 in the nervous system remains unknown. Interestingly, we found that Shep1 and Cas are both concentrated in the axons of developing olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). These neurons extend their axons from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb located at the anterior tip of the forebrain. However, in developing Shep1 knock-out mice, we did not detect penetration of OSN axons across the pial basement membrane surrounding the olfactory bulb, suggesting that Shep1 function is important for the establishment of OSN connections with the olfactory bulb. Interestingly, we observed reduced levels of Cas tyrosine phosphorylation in OSN axons of Shep1 knock-out mice, suggesting compromised Cas signaling function. Indeed, when embedded in a three-dimensional gel of basement membrane proteins, explants from Shep1 knock-out olfactory epithelium extend neuronal processes less efficiently than explants from control epithelium. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Shep1 in non-neuronal cells promotes cell migration through a collagen gel. Later in development, loss of Shep1 function also causes a marked reduction in olfactory bulb size and disruption of bulb lamination, which may be primarily attributable to the defective innervation. The greatly reduced OSN connections and hypoplasia of the olfactory bulb, likely resulting in anosmia, are reminiscent of the symptoms of Kallmann syndrome, a human developmental disease that can be caused by mutations in a growing number of genes.
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