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Schachtner H, Weimershaus M, Stache V, Plewa N, Legler DF, Höpken UE, Maritzen T. Loss of Gadkin Affects Dendritic Cell Migration In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143883. [PMID: 26624014 PMCID: PMC4666629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration is crucial for the function of dendritic cells (DCs), which act as outposts of the immune system. Upon detection of pathogens, skin- and mucosa-resident DCs migrate to secondary lymphoid organs where they activate T cells. DC motility relies critically on the actin cytoskeleton, which is regulated by the actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex, a nucleator of branched actin networks. Consequently, loss of ARP2/3 stimulators and upstream Rho family GTPases dramatically impairs DC migration. However, nothing is known yet about the relevance of ARP2/3 inhibitors for DC migration. We previously demonstrated that the AP-1-associated adaptor protein Gadkin inhibits ARP2/3 by sequestering it on intracellular vesicles. Consistent with a role of Gadkin in DC physiology, we here report Gadkin expression in bone marrow-derived DCs and show that its protein level and posttranslational modification are regulated upon LPS-induced DC maturation. DCs derived from Gadkin-deficient mice were normal with regards to differentiation and maturation, but displayed increased actin polymerization. While the actin-dependent processes of macropinocytosis and cell spreading were not affected, loss of Gadkin significantly impaired DC migration in vitro, however, in vivo DC migration was unperturbed suggesting the presence of compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schachtner
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology Section, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjana Weimershaus
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology Section, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Stache
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Plewa
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology Section, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel F. Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Uta E. Höpken
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Maritzen
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology Section, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Hirst J, Edgar JR, Borner GHH, Li S, Sahlender DA, Antrobus R, Robinson MS. Contributions of epsinR and gadkin to clathrin-mediated intracellular trafficking. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3085-103. [PMID: 26179914 PMCID: PMC4551321 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-04-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
EpsinR and gadkin are two components of intracellular clathrin-coated vesicles whose precise functions are unclear. Rapid depletion of each protein from the available pool using the knocksideways method strongly inhibited the production of intracellular clathrin-coated vesicles, providing new insights into the functions of both proteins. The precise functions of most of the proteins that participate in clathrin-mediated intracellular trafficking are unknown. We investigated two such proteins, epsinR and gadkin, using the knocksideways method, which rapidly depletes proteins from the available pool by trapping them onto mitochondria. Although epsinR is known to be an N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-specific adaptor, the epsinR knocksideways blocked the production of the entire population of intracellular clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs), suggesting a more global function. Using the epsinR knocksideways data, we were able to estimate the copy number of all major intracellular CCV proteins. Both sides of the vesicle are densely covered, indicating that CCVs sort their cargo by molecular crowding. Trapping of gadkin onto mitochondria also blocked the production of intracellular CCVs but by a different mechanism: vesicles became cross-linked to mitochondria and pulled out toward the cell periphery. Both phenotypes provide new insights into the regulation of intracellular CCV formation, which could not have been found using more conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hirst
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - James R Edgar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Georg H H Borner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Li
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela A Sahlender
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret S Robinson
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
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Maritzen T, Schachtner H, Legler DF. On the move: endocytic trafficking in cell migration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2119-34. [PMID: 25681867 PMCID: PMC11113590 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Directed cell migration is a fundamental process underlying diverse physiological and pathophysiological phenomena ranging from wound healing and induction of immune responses to cancer metastasis. Recent advances reveal that endocytic trafficking contributes to cell migration in multiple ways. (1) At the level of chemokines and chemokine receptors: internalization of chemokines by scavenger receptors is essential for shaping chemotactic gradients in tissue, whereas endocytosis of chemokine receptors and their subsequent recycling is key for maintaining a high responsiveness of migrating cells. (2) At the level of integrin trafficking and focal adhesion dynamics: endosomal pathways do not only modulate adhesion by delivering integrins to their site of action, but also by supplying factors for focal adhesion disassembly. (3) At the level of extracellular matrix reorganization: endosomal transport contributes to tumor cell migration not only by targeting integrins to invadosomes but also by delivering membrane type 1 matrix metalloprotease to the leading edge facilitating proteolysis-dependent chemotaxis. Consequently, numerous endocytic and endosomal factors have been shown to modulate cell migration. In fact key modulators of endocytic trafficking turn out to be also key regulators of cell migration. This review will highlight the recent progress in unraveling the contribution of cellular trafficking pathways to cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Maritzen
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannah Schachtner
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel F. Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Unterseestrasse 47, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
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Daniel JA, Chau N, Abdel-Hamid MK, Hu L, von Kleist L, Whiting A, Krishnan S, Maamary P, Joseph SR, Simpson F, Haucke V, McCluskey A, Robinson PJ. Phenothiazine-derived antipsychotic drugs inhibit dynamin and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Traffic 2015; 16:635-54. [PMID: 25693808 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine-derived antipsychotic drug (APD) that inhibits clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in cells by an unknown mechanism. We examined whether its action and that of other APDs might be mediated by the GTPase activity of dynamin. Eight of eight phenothiazine-derived APDs inhibited dynamin I (dynI) in the 2-12 µm range, the most potent being trifluoperazine (IC50 2.6 ± 0.7 µm). They also inhibited dynamin II (dynII) at similar concentrations. Typical and atypical APDs not based on the phenothiazine scaffold were 8- to 10-fold less potent (haloperidol and clozapine) or were inactive (droperidol, olanzapine and risperidone). Kinetic analysis showed that phenothiazine-derived APDs were lipid competitive, while haloperidol was uncompetitive with lipid. Accordingly, phenothiazine-derived APDs inhibited dynI GTPase activity stimulated by lipids but not by various SH3 domains. All dynamin-active APDs also inhibited transferrin (Tfn) CME in cells at related potencies. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) revealed dynamin inhibition to be conferred by a substituent group containing a terminal tertiary amino group at the N2 position. Chlorpromazine was previously proposed to target AP-2 recruitment in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCV). However, neither chlorpromazine nor thioridazine affected AP-2 interaction with amphiphysin or clathrin. Super-resolution microscopy revealed that chlorpromazine blocks neither clathrin recruitment by AP-2, nor AP-2 recruitment, showing that CME inhibition occurs downstream of CCV formation. Overall, potent dynamin inhibition is a shared characteristic of phenothiazine-derived APDs, but not other typical or atypical APDs, and the data indicate that dynamin is their likely in-cell target in endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Daniel
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Present address: Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ngoc Chau
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Mohammed K Abdel-Hamid
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Lingbo Hu
- Epithelial Cancer Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Lisa von Kleist
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ainslie Whiting
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Sai Krishnan
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Peter Maamary
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Shannon R Joseph
- Epithelial Cancer Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Fiona Simpson
- Epithelial Cancer Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
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The hepatitis B virus preS1 domain hijacks host trafficking proteins by motif mimicry. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:540-7. [PMID: 23851574 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an infectious, potentially lethal human pathogen. However, there are no effective therapies for chronic HBV infections. Antiviral development is hampered by the lack of high-resolution structures for essential HBV protein-protein interactions. The interaction between preS1, an HBV surface-protein domain, and its human binding partner, γ2-adaptin, subverts the membrane-trafficking apparatus to mediate virion export. This interaction is a putative drug target. We report here atomic-resolution descriptions of the binding thermodynamics and structural biology of the interaction between preS1 and the EAR domain of γ2-adaptin. NMR, protein engineering, X-ray crystallography and MS showed that preS1 contains multiple γ2-EAR-binding motifs that mimic the membrane-trafficking motifs (and binding modes) of host proteins. These motifs localize together to a relatively rigid, functionally important region of preS1, an intrinsically disordered protein. The preS1-γ2-EAR interaction was relatively weak and efficiently outcompeted by a synthetic peptide. Our data provide the structural road map for developing peptidomimetic antivirals targeting the γ2-EAR-preS1 interaction.
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Maritzen T, Zech T, Schmidt MR, Krause E, Machesky LM, Haucke V. Gadkin negatively regulates cell spreading and motility via sequestration of the actin-nucleating ARP2/3 complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:10382-7. [PMID: 22689987 PMCID: PMC3387086 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206468109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of actin dynamics is key to many cell physiological processes, ranging from protrusion formation and control of cell shape to cellular motility, endocytosis, and vesicle movement. The actin-related protein (ARP)2/3 complex is a major actin nucleator organizing branched filament networks in lamellipodial protrusions and during cell migration downstream of nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs). Although many NPFs have been characterized in detail, only few ARP2/3 inhibitors are known. Here, we identify the trans-Golgi network (TGN)/endosomally localized adaptor protein (AP)-1-associated adaptor protein Gadkin as a negative regulator of ARP2/3 function. Loss of Gadkin is associated with a partial redistribution of ARP2/3 to the plasma membrane and with increased cell spreading and migration, phenotypes that depend on the presence of a functional ARP2/3 complex. Gadkin directly binds to ARP2/3 via a conserved tryptophan-based acidic cluster motif reminiscent of ARP2/3-binding sequences of NPFs but fails to facilitate ARP2/3-mediated actin assembly. Consistent with an inhibitory role of Gadkin on ARP2/3 function, ARP2/3 is found on motile Gadkin-containing endosomal vesicles under migration-inhibiting conditions from where it relocalizes to the plasma membrane following activation of NPFs. Together with the observation that Gadkin-mediated inhibition of cell spreading requires its binding to ARP2/3, these data indicate that Gadkin is a negative regulator of ARP2/3 function present on intracellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Maritzen
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin and NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 13125 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Tobias Zech
- Laboratory for Actin in Cell Migration, Invasion and Metastasis, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Schmidt
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin and NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eberhard Krause
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 13125 Berlin, Germany; and
| | - Laura M. Machesky
- Laboratory for Actin in Cell Migration, Invasion and Metastasis, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Haucke
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin and NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, 13125 Berlin, Germany; and
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Maritzen T, Haucke V. Gadkin: A novel link between endosomal vesicles and microtubule tracks. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 3:299-302. [PMID: 20798811 DOI: 10.4161/cib.3.4.11835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of endosomal vesicles show distinct distribution patterns within cells. While early endosomes can be found throughout the cell, recycling endosomal vesicles and tubules tend to cluster near the microtubule organizing center in the perinuclear region in most cell types. The molecular mechanisms underlying the steady-state distribution and dynamics of various types of endosomal vesicles has long remained enigmatic. However, during the past decade it has become evident that microtubule-based motor proteins of the kinesin family play a pivotal role in the positioning of endosomes. Early endosomes were shown to cluster in the perinuclear area in the absence of KIF16B,1 KIF3A is required for the steady-state distribution of late endosomes/lysosomes,2 and KIF13A directs M6PR-containing vesicles from the TGN to the plasma membrane3 to name only a few examples. In the case of Tf-containing recycling endosomes antibody-injection experiments implicated kinesin-1, a heteromer comprised of KIF5 heavy and KLC light chains, as a motor for their transport towards the cell periphery.4 Indeed, KIF5B knockdown experiments confirmed that kinesin-1 is necessary to maintain the peripheral pool of recycling endosomes.5 But how is kinesin-1 linked to endosomal vesicles? Work from our own laboratory has identified the AP-1-binding protein Gadkin as a molecular link between AP-1-mediated traffic and kinesin-1-based transport along microtubules.5 This work as well as hypothetical models for kinesin-dependent endosomal membrane traffic will be discussed here.
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Laulagnier K, Schieber NL, Maritzen T, Haucke V, Parton RG, Gruenberg J. Role of AP1 and Gadkin in the traffic of secretory endo-lysosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:2068-82. [PMID: 21525240 PMCID: PMC3113771 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-03-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas lysosome-related organelles (LRO) of specialized cells display both exocytic and endocytic features, lysosomes in nonspecialized cells can also acquire the property to fuse with the plasma membrane upon an acute rise in cytosolic calcium. Here, we characterize this unconventional secretory pathway in fibroblast-like cells, by monitoring the appearance of Lamp1 on the plasma membrane and the release of lysosomal enzymes into the medium. After sequential ablation of endocytic compartments in living cells, we find that donor membranes primarily derive from a late compartment, but that an early compartment is also involved. Strikingly, this endo-secretory process is not affected by treatments that inhibit endosome dynamics (microtubule depolymerization, cholesterol accumulation, overexpression of Rab7 or its effector Rab-interacting lysosomal protein [RILP], overexpression of Rab5 mutants), but depends on Rab27a, a GTPase involved in LRO secretion, and is controlled by F-actin. Moreover, we find that this unconventional endo-secretory pathway requires the adaptor protein complexes AP1, Gadkin (which recruits AP1 by binding to the γ1 subunit), and AP2, but not AP3. We conclude that a specific fraction of the AP2-derived endocytic pathway is dedicated to secretory purposes under the control of AP1 and Gadkin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Laulagnier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211-Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - Nicole L. Schieber
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Center for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Tanja Maritzen
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Haucke
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Center for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jean Gruenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211-Geneva-4, Switzerland
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Anitei M, Wassmer T, Stange C, Hoflack B. Bidirectional transport between the trans-Golgi network and the endosomal system. Mol Membr Biol 2010; 27:443-56. [DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2010.522601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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