1
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Auger A, Yu SY, Guu SY, Quéméner A, Euller-Nicolas G, Ando H, Desdouits M, Le Guyader FS, Khoo KH, Le Pendu J, Chirat F, Guerardel Y. Species-Specific N-Glycomes and Methylation Patterns of Oysters Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis and Their Possible Consequences for the Norovirus-HBGA Interaction. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:342. [PMID: 37367667 DOI: 10.3390/md21060342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses, the major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis, are known to bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), including ABH groups and Lewis-type epitopes, which decorate the surface of erythrocytes and epithelial cells of their host tissues. The biosynthesis of these antigens is controlled by several glycosyltransferases, the distribution and expression of which varies between tissues and individuals. The use of HBGAs as ligands by viruses is not limited to humans, as many animal species, including oysters, which synthesize similar glycan epitopes that act as a gateway for viruses, become vectors for viral infection in humans. Here, we show that different oyster species synthesize a wide range of N-glycans that share histo-blood A-antigens but differ in the expression of other terminal antigens and in their modification by O-methyl groups. In particular, we show that the N-glycans isolated from Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis exhibit exquisite methylation patterns in their terminal N-acetylgalactosamine and fucose residues in terms of position and number, adding another layer of complexity to the post-translational glycosylation modifications of glycoproteins. Furthermore, modeling of the interactions between norovirus capsid proteins and carbohydrate ligands strongly suggests that methylation has the potential to fine-tune the recognition events of oysters by virus particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Auger
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Shin-Yi Yu
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Shih-Yun Guu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Agnès Quéméner
- Nantes Université, Inserm UMR 1307, CNRS UMR 6075, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Gabriel Euller-Nicolas
- MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Marion Desdouits
- MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Françoise S Le Guyader
- MASAE Microbiologie Aliment Santé Environnement, Ifremer, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, UMR 1302/EMR6001, 44200 Nantes, France
| | - Frederic Chirat
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yann Guerardel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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2
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O’Rourke D, Gravato-Nobre MJ, Stroud D, Pritchett E, Barker E, Price RL, Robinson SA, Spiro S, Kuwabara P, Hodgkin J. Isolation and molecular identification of nematode surface mutants with resistance to bacterial pathogens. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad056. [PMID: 36911920 PMCID: PMC10151413 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans with surface abnormalities have been isolated by utilizing their resistance to a variety of bacterial pathogens (Microbacterium nematophilum, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and 2 Leucobacter strains), all of which are able to cause disease or death when worms are grown on bacterial lawns containing these pathogens. Previous work led to the identification of 9 srf or bus genes; here, we report molecular identification and characterization of a further 10 surface-affecting genes. Three of these were found to encode factors implicated in glycosylation (srf-2, bus-5, and bus-22), like several of those previously reported; srf-2 belongs to the GT92 family of putative galactosyltransferases, and bus-5 is homologous to human dTDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase, which is implicated in Catel-Manzke syndrome. Other genes encoded proteins with sequence similarity to phosphatidylinositol phosphatases (bus-6), Patched-related receptors (ptr-15/bus-13), steroid dehydrogenases (dhs-5/bus-21), or glypiation factors (bus-24). Three genes appeared to be nematode-specific (srf-5, bus-10, and bus-28). Many mutants exhibited cuticle fragility as revealed by bleach and detergent sensitivity; this fragility was correlated with increased drug sensitivity, as well as with abnormal skiddy locomotion. Most of the genes examined were found to be expressed in epidermal seam cells, which appear to be important for synthesizing nematode surface coat. The results reveal the genetic and biochemical complexity of this critical surface layer, and provide new tools for its analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia O’Rourke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Dave Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Emily Pritchett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Emily Barker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Rebecca L Price
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sarah A Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Simon Spiro
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Hodgkin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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3
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Paschinger K, Wöls F, Yan S, Jin C, Vanbeselaere J, Dutkiewicz Z, Arcalis E, Malzl D, Wilson IBH. N-glycan antennal modifications are altered in Caenorhabditis elegans lacking the HEX-4 N-acetylgalactosamine-specific hexosaminidase. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103053. [PMID: 36813232 PMCID: PMC10060765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple organisms are often considered to have simple glycomes, but plentiful paucimannosidic and oligomannosidic glycans overshadow the less abundant N-glycans with highly variable core and antennal modifications; Caenorhabditis elegans is no exception. By use of optimized fractionation and assessing wildtype in comparison to mutant strains lacking either the HEX-4 or HEX-5 β-N-acetylgalactosaminidases, we conclude that the model nematode has a total N-glycomic potential of 300 verified isomers. Three pools of glycans were analyzed for each strain: either PNGase F released and eluted from a reversed-phase C18 resin with either water or 15% methanol or PNGase Ar released. While the water-eluted fractions were dominated by typical paucimannosidic and oligomannosidic glycans and the PNGase Ar-released pools by glycans with various core modifications, the methanol-eluted fractions contained a huge range of phosphorylcholine-modified structures with up to three antennae, sometimes with four N-acetylhexosamine residues in series. There were no major differences between the C. elegans wildtype and hex-5 mutant strains, but the hex-4 mutant strains displayed altered sets of methanol-eluted and PNGase Ar-released pools. In keeping with the specificity of HEX-4, there were more glycans capped with N-acetylgalactosamine in the hex-4 mutants, as compared with isomeric chito-oligomer motifs in the wildtype. Considering that fluorescence microscopy showed that a HEX-4::enhanced GFP fusion protein colocalizes with a Golgi tracker, we conclude that HEX-4 plays a significant role in late-stage Golgi processing of N-glycans in C. elegans. Furthermore, finding more "parasite-like" structures in the model worm may facilitate discovery of glycan-processing enzymes occurring in other nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Wöls
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria; Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Elsa Arcalis
- Department für angewandte Genetik und Zellbiologie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Daniel Malzl
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria.
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4
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Wilson IBH, Yan S, Jin C, Dutkiewicz Z, Rendić D, Palmberger D, Schnabel R, Paschinger K. Increasing Complexity of the N-Glycome During Caenorhabditis Development. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100505. [PMID: 36717059 PMCID: PMC7614267 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a frequently employed genetic model organism and has been the object of a wide range of developmental, genetic, proteomic, and glycomic studies. Here, using an off-line MALDI-TOF-MS approach, we have analyzed the N-glycans of mixed embryos and liquid- or plate-grown L4 larvae. Of the over 200 different annotatable N-glycan structures, variations between the stages as well as the mode of cultivation were observed. While the embryonal N-glycome appears less complicated overall, the liquid- and plate-grown larvae differ especially in terms of methylation of bisecting fucose, α-galactosylation of mannose, and di-β-galactosylation of core α1,6-fucose. Furthermore, we analyzed the O-glycans by LC-electrospray ionization-MS following β-elimination; especially the embryonal O-glycomes included a set of phosphorylcholine-modified structures, previously not shown to exist in nematodes. However, the set of glycan structures cannot be clearly correlated with levels of glycosyltransferase transcripts in developmental RNA-Seq datasets, but there is an indication for coordinated expression of clusters of potential glycosylation-relevant genes. Thus, there are still questions to be answered in terms of how and why a simple nematode synthesizes such a diverse glycome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria.
| | - Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria; Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Dubravko Rendić
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Ralf Schnabel
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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5
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Suzuki N. Glycan diversity in the course of vertebrate evolution. Glycobiology 2020; 29:625-644. [PMID: 31287538 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates are estimated to have arisen over 500 million years ago in the Cambrian Period. Species that survived the Big Five extinction events at a global scale underwent repeated adaptive radiations along with habitat expansions from the sea to the land and sky. The development of the endoskeleton and neural tube enabled more complex body shapes. At the same time, vertebrates became suitable for the invasion and proliferation of foreign organisms. Adaptive immune systems were acquired for responses to a wide variety of pathogens, and more sophisticated systems developed during the evolution of mammals and birds. Vertebrate glycans consist of common core structures and various elongated structures, such as Neu5Gc, Galα1-3Gal, Galα1-4Gal, and Galβ1-4Gal epitopes, depending on the species. During species diversification, complex glycan structures were generated, maintained or lost. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed that vertebrates harbor numerous and even redundant glycosyltransferase genes. The production of various glycan structures is controlled at the genetic level in a species-specific manner. Because cell surface glycans are often targets of bacterial and viral infections, glycan structural diversity is presumed to be protective against infections. However, the maintenance of apparently redundant glycosyltransferase genes and investment in species-specific glycan structures, even in higher vertebrates with highly developed immune systems, are not well explained. This fact suggests that glycans play important roles in unknown biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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6
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Abstract
Many invertebrates are either parasites themselves or vectors involved in parasite transmission; thereby, the interactions of parasites with final or intermediate hosts are often mediated by glycans. Therefore, it is of interest to compare the glycan structures or motifs present across invertebrate species. While a typical vertebrate modification such as sialic acid is rare in lower animals, antennal and core modifications of N-glycans are highly varied and range from core fucose, galactosylated fucose, fucosylated galactose, methyl groups, glucuronic acid and sulphate through to addition of zwitterionic moieties (phosphorylcholine, phosphoethanolamine and aminoethylphosphonate). Only in some cases are the enzymatic bases and the biological function of these modifications known. We are indeed still in the phase of discovering invertebrate glycomes primarily using mass spectrometry, but molecular biology and microarraying techniques are complementary to the determination of novel glycan structures and their functions.
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7
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Takeuchi T, Tamura M, Ishiwata K, Hamasaki M, Hamano S, Arata Y, Hatanaka T. Galectin-2 suppresses nematode development by binding to the invertebrate-specific galactoseβ1-4fucose glyco-epitope. Glycobiology 2019; 29:504-512. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Takeuchi
- Josai University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tamura
- Teikyo University, Faculty of Pharma-Science, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishiwata
- The Jikei University School of Medicine, Department of Tropical Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Hamasaki
- Nagasaki University, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University, The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Hamano
- Nagasaki University, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University, The Joint Usage/Research Center on Tropical Disease, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
- Nagasaki University, Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Arata
- Teikyo University, Faculty of Pharma-Science, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Hatanaka
- Josai University, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, Japan
- Tokai University, School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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8
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Paschinger K, Yan S, Wilson IBH. N-glycomic Complexity in Anatomical Simplicity: Caenorhabditis elegans as a Non-model Nematode? Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:9. [PMID: 30915340 PMCID: PMC6422873 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a genetically well-studied model nematode or "worm"; however, its N-glycomic complexity is actually baffling and still not completely unraveled. Some features of its N-glycans are, to date, unique and include bisecting galactose and up to five fucose residues associated with the asparagine-linked Man2-3GlcNAc2 core; the substitutions include galactosylation of fucose, fucosylation of galactose and methylation of mannose or fucose residues as well as phosphorylcholine on antennal (non-reducing) N-acetylglucosamine. Only some of these modifications are shared with various other nematodes, while others have yet to be detected in any other species. Thus, C. elegans can be used as a model for some aspects of N-glycan function, but its glycome is far from identical to those of other organisms and is actually far from simple. Possibly the challenges of its native environment, which differ from those of parasitic or necromenic species, led to an anatomically simple worm possessing a complex glycome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shi Yan
- Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Wien, Austria
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9
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Martini F, Eckmair B, Štefanić S, Jin C, Garg M, Yan S, Jiménez-Castells C, Hykollari A, Neupert C, Venco L, Varón Silva D, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Highly modified and immunoactive N-glycans of the canine heartworm. Nat Commun 2019; 10:75. [PMID: 30622255 PMCID: PMC6325117 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) is a mosquito-borne parasitic nematode whose range is extending due to climate change. In a four-dimensional analysis involving HPLC, MALDI-TOF–MS and MS/MS in combination with chemical and enzymatic digestions, we here reveal an N-glycome of unprecedented complexity. We detect N-glycans of up to 7000 Da, which contain long fucosylated HexNAc-based repeats, as well as glucuronylated structures. While some modifications including LacdiNAc, chitobiose, α1,3-fucose and phosphorylcholine are familiar, anionic N-glycans have previously not been reported in nematodes. Glycan array data show that the neutral glycans are preferentially recognised by IgM in dog sera or by mannose binding lectin when antennal fucose and phosphorylcholine residues are removed; this pattern of reactivity is reversed for mammalian C-reactive protein, which can in turn be bound by the complement component C1q. Thereby, the N-glycans of D. immitis contain features which may either mediate immunomodulation of the host or confer the ability to avoid immune surveillance. The glycome of parasites can have immunomodulatory properties or help to avoid immune surveillance, but details are unknown. Here, Martini et al. characterize the N-glycome of the canine heartworm, reveal an unprecedented complexity, particularly in anionic N-glycans, and determine recognition by components of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Eckmair
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Saša Štefanić
- Institute of Parasitology, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstraße 266a, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs Universitet, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Monika Garg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Biomolekulare Systeme, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria.,Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, 1210, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Alba Hykollari
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Luigi Venco
- Clinica Veterinaria Lago Maggiore, Arona, 28040, Italy
| | - Daniel Varón Silva
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Biomolekulare Systeme, 14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria.
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, Austria
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10
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Amos RA, Mohnen D. Critical Review of Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Glycosyltransferase Activities Verified by Heterologous Protein Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:915. [PMID: 31379900 PMCID: PMC6646851 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle and development of plants requires the biosynthesis, deposition, and degradation of cell wall matrix polysaccharides. The structures of the diverse cell wall matrix polysaccharides influence commercially important properties of plant cells, including growth, biomass recalcitrance, organ abscission, and the shelf life of fruits. This review is a comprehensive summary of the matrix polysaccharide glycosyltransferase (GT) activities that have been verified using in vitro assays following heterologous GT protein expression. Plant cell wall (PCW) biosynthetic GTs are primarily integral transmembrane proteins localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi of the plant secretory system. The low abundance of these enzymes in plant tissues makes them particularly difficult to purify from native plant membranes in quantities sufficient for enzymatic characterization, which is essential to study the functions of the different GTs. Numerous activities in the synthesis of the major cell wall matrix glycans, including pectins, xylans, xyloglucan, mannans, mixed-linkage glucans (MLGs), and arabinogalactan components of AGP proteoglycans have been mapped to specific genes and multi-gene families. Cell wall GTs include those that synthesize the polymer backbones, those that elongate side branches with extended glycosyl chains, and those that add single monosaccharide linkages onto polysaccharide backbones and/or side branches. Three main strategies have been used to identify genes encoding GTs that synthesize cell wall linkages: analysis of membrane fractions enriched for cell wall biosynthetic activities, mutational genetics approaches investigating cell wall compositional phenotypes, and omics-directed identification of putative GTs from sequenced plant genomes. Here we compare the heterologous expression systems used to produce, purify, and study the enzyme activities of PCW GTs, with an emphasis on the eukaryotic systems Nicotiana benthamiana, Pichia pastoris, and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. We discuss the enzymatic properties of GTs including kinetic rates, the chain lengths of polysaccharide products, acceptor oligosaccharide preferences, elongation mechanisms for the synthesis of long-chain polymers, and the formation of GT complexes. Future directions in the study of matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Amos
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Debra Mohnen
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11
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Ebert B, Birdseye D, Liwanag AJM, Laursen T, Rennie EA, Guo X, Catena M, Rautengarten C, Stonebloom SH, Gluza P, Pidatala VR, Andersen MCF, Cheetamun R, Mortimer JC, Heazlewood JL, Bacic A, Clausen MH, Willats WGT, Scheller HV. The Three Members of the Arabidopsis Glycosyltransferase Family 92 are Functional β-1,4-Galactan Synthases. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2624-2636. [PMID: 30184190 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a major component of primary cell walls and performs a plethora of functions crucial for plant growth, development and plant-defense responses. Despite the importance of pectic polysaccharides their biosynthesis is poorly understood. Several genes have been implicated in pectin biosynthesis by mutant analysis, but biochemical activity has been shown for very few. We used reverse genetics and biochemical analysis to study members of Glycosyltransferase Family 92 (GT92) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemical analysis gave detailed insight into the properties of GALS1 (Galactan synthase 1) and showed galactan synthase activity of GALS2 and GALS3. All proteins are responsible for adding galactose onto existing galactose residues attached to the rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) backbone. Significant GALS activity was observed with galactopentaose as acceptor but longer acceptors are favored. Overexpression of the GALS proteins in Arabidopsis resulted in accumulation of unbranched β-1, 4-galactan. Plants in which all three genes were inactivated had no detectable β-1, 4-galactan, and surprisingly these plants exhibited no obvious developmental phenotypes under standard growth conditions. RG-I in the triple mutants retained branching indicating that the initial Gal substitutions on the RG-I backbone are added by enzymes different from GALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Ebert
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Devon Birdseye
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - April J M Liwanag
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tomas Laursen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Emilie A Rennie
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michela Catena
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Solomon H Stonebloom
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pawel Gluza
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Venkataramana R Pidatala
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mathias C F Andersen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Roshan Cheetamun
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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12
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Iwaki J, Hirabayashi J. Carbohydrate-Binding Specificity of Human Galectins: An Overview by Frontal Affinity Chromatography. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1728.1se] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Iwaki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
| | - Jun Hirabayashi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
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13
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Subramanian SP, Babu P, Palakodeti D, Subramanian R. Identification of multiple isomeric core chitobiose-modified high-mannose and paucimannose N-glycans in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6707-6720. [PMID: 29475940 PMCID: PMC5936828 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface–associated glycans mediate many cellular processes, including adhesion, migration, signaling, and extracellular matrix organization. The galactosylation of core fucose (GalFuc epitope) in paucimannose and complex-type N-glycans is characteristic of protostome organisms, including flatworms (planarians). Although uninvestigated, the structures of these glycans may play a role in planarian regeneration. Whole-organism MALDI-MS analysis of N-linked oligosaccharides from the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea revealed the presence of multiple isomeric high-mannose and paucimannose structures with unusual mono-, di-, and polygalactosylated (n = 3–5) core fucose structures; the latter structures have not been reported in other systems. Di- and trigalactosylated core fucoses were the most dominant glycomers. N-Glycans showed extensive, yet selective, methylation patterns, ranging from non-methylated to polymethylated glycoforms. Although the majority of glycoforms were polymethylated, a small fraction also consisted of non-methylated glycans. Remarkably, monogalactosylated core fucose remained unmethylated, whereas its polygalactosylated forms were methylated, indicating structurally selective methylation. Using database searches, we identified two potential homologs of the Galβ1–4Fuc–synthesizing enzyme from nematodes (GALT-1) that were expressed in the prepharyngeal, pharyngeal, and mesenchymal regions in S. mediterranea. The presence of two GALT-1 homologs suggests different requirements for mono- and polygalactosylation of core fucose for the formation of multiple isomers. Furthermore, we observed variations in core fucose glycosylation patterns in different planarian strains, suggesting evolutionary adaptation in fucose glycosylation. The various core chitobiose modifications and methylations create >60 different glycoforms in S. mediterranea. These results contribute greatly to our understanding of N-glycan biosynthesis and suggest the presence of a GlcNAc-independent biosynthetic pathway in S. mediterranea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarinath Peruvemba Subramanian
- From the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India and
| | - Ponnusamy Babu
- Glycomics and Glycoproteomics Facility, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Dasaradhi Palakodeti
- From the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India and
| | - Ramaswamy Subramanian
- From the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK Post Office, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India and
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14
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Takeuchi T, Arata Y, Kasai KI. Galactoseβ1-4fucose: A unique disaccharide unit found inN-glycans of invertebrates including nematodes. Proteomics 2016; 16:3137-3147. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoichiro Arata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Josai University; Saitama Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kasai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Teikyo University; Tokyo Japan
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15
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Yan S, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Comparison of RP-HPLC modes to analyse the N-glycome of the free-living nematode Pristionchus pacificus. Electrophoresis 2016; 36:1314-29. [PMID: 25639343 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pristionchus pacificus is a free-living nematode increasingly used as an organism for comparison to the more familiar model Caenorhabditis elegans. In this study, we examined the N-glycans of this organism isolated after serial release with peptide:N-glycosidases F and A; after fluorescent labelling with 2-aminopyridine, chromatographic fractionation by three types of RP-HPLC (with either classical C18, fused core C18 or alkylamide-bonded phases) followed by mass spectrometric analyses revealed key features of its N-glycome. In addition to paucimannosidic and oligomannosidic glycans typical of invertebrates, N-glycans with two core fucose residues were detected. Furthermore, a range of glycans carrying up to three phosphorylcholine residues was observed whereas, unlike C. elegans, no tetrafucosylated N-glycans were detected. Structures with three fucose residues, unusual methylation of core α1,3-fucose or with galactosylated fucose motifs were found in low amounts; these features may correlate with a different ensemble or expression of glycosyltransferase genes as compared to C. elegans. From an analytical perspective, both the alkylamide RP-amide and fused core C18 columns, as compared to a classical C18 material, offer advantages in terms of resolution and of elution properties, as some minor pyridylamino-labelled glycans (e.g. those carrying phosphorylcholine) appear in earlier fractions and so potential losses of such structures due to insufficient gradient length can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
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16
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Hang I, Lin CW, Grant OC, Fleurkens S, Villiger TK, Soos M, Morbidelli M, Woods RJ, Gauss R, Aebi M. Analysis of site-specific N-glycan remodeling in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. Glycobiology 2015; 25:1335-49. [PMID: 26240167 PMCID: PMC4634314 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmark of N-linked protein glycosylation is the generation of diverse glycan structures in the secretory pathway. Dynamic, non-template-driven processes of N-glycan remodeling in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi provide the cellular setting for structural diversity. We applied newly developed mass spectrometry-based analytics to quantify site-specific N-glycan remodeling of the model protein Pdi1p expressed in insect cells. Molecular dynamics simulation, mutational analysis, kinetic studies of in vitro processing events and glycan flux analysis supported the defining role of the protein in N-glycan processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Hang
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology
| | - Chia-wei Lin
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Thomas K Villiger
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Soos
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert Gauss
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology
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17
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Rodrigues JA, Acosta-Serrano A, Aebi M, Ferguson MAJ, Routier FH, Schiller I, Soares S, Spencer D, Titz A, Wilson IBH, Izquierdo L. Parasite Glycobiology: A Bittersweet Symphony. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005169. [PMID: 26562305 PMCID: PMC4642930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joao A. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail: (JAR); (LI)
| | - Alvaro Acosta-Serrano
- Department of Parasitology & Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael A. J. Ferguson
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, The College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Spencer
- Ludger Ltd., Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Titz
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (JAR); (LI)
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18
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Entomotoxic and nematotoxic lectins and protease inhibitors from fungal fruiting bodies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:91-111. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Preparation of a polyclonal antibody that recognizes a unique galactoseβ1-4fucose disaccharide epitope. Carbohydr Res 2015; 412:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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21
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Takeuchi T, Tamura M, Ishii N, Ishikida H, Sugimoto S, Suzuki D, Nishiyama K, Takahashi H, Natsugari H, Arata Y. Purification of galectin-1 mutants using an immobilized Galactoseβ1-4Fucose affinity adsorbent. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 111:82-6. [PMID: 25858314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of lectins characterized by their carbohydrate recognition domains containing eight conserved amino acid residues, which allows the binding of galectin to β-galactoside sugars such as Galβ1-4GlcNAc. Since galectin-glycan interactions occur extracellularly, recombinant galectins are often used for the functional analysis of these interactions. Although it is relatively easy to purify galectins via affinity to Galβ1-4GlcNAc using affinity adsorbents such as asialofetuin-Sepharose, it could be difficult to do so with mutated galectins, which may have reduced affinity towards their endogenous ligands. However, this is not the case with Caenorhabditis elegans galectin LEC-6; binding to its endogenous recognition unit Galβ1-4Fuc, a unique disaccharide found only in invertebrates, is not necessarily affected by point mutations of the eight well-conserved amino acids. In this study, we constructed mutants of mouse galectin-1 carrying substitutions of each of the eight conserved amino acid residues (H44F, N46D, R48H, V59A, N61D, W68F, E71Q, and R73H) and examined their affinity for Galβ1-4GlcNAc and Galβ1-4Fuc. These mutants, except W68F, had very low affinity for asialofetuin-Sepharose; however, most of them (with the exception of H44F and R48H) could be purified using Galβ1-4Fuc-Sepharose. The affinity of the purified mutant galectins for glycans containing Galβ1-4Fuc or Galβ1-4GlcNAc moieties was quantitatively examined by frontal affinity chromatography, and the results indicated that the mutants retained the affinity only for Galβ1-4Fuc. Given that other mammalian galectins are known to bind Galβ1-4Fuc, our data suggest that immobilized Galβ1-4Fuc ligands could be generally used for easy one-step affinity purification of mutant galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Ishii
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishikida
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Saori Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Daichi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Kazusa Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hideyo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hideaki Natsugari
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Arata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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22
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Dragosits M, Yan S, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Wilson IBH, Rendic D. Enzymatic properties and subtle differences in the substrate specificity of phylogenetically distinct invertebrate N-glycan processing hexosaminidases. Glycobiology 2014; 25:448-64. [PMID: 25488985 PMCID: PMC4339880 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fused lobes (FDL) hexosaminidases are the most recently genetically defined glycosidases involved in the biosynthesis of N-glycans in invertebrates, and their narrow specificity is essential for the generation of paucimannosidic N-glycans in insects. In this study, we explored the potential of FDL hexosaminidases in the utilization of different artificial and natural substrates, both as purified, native compounds or generated in vitro using various relevant glycosyltransferases. In addition to the already-known FDL enzyme from Drosophila melanogaster, we now have identified and characterized the Apis mellifera FDL homolog. The enzymatic properties of the soluble forms of the affinity-purified insect FDL enzymes, expressed in both yeast and insect cells, were compared with those of the phylogenetically distinct recombinant Caenorhabditis elegans FDL-like enzymes and the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-specific Caenorhabditis hexosaminidase HEX-4. In tests with a range of substrates, including natural N-glycans, we show that the invertebrate FDL(-like) enzymes are highly specific for N-acetylglucosamine attached to the α1,3-mannose, but under extreme conditions also remove other terminal GalNAc and N-acetylglucosamine residues. Recombinant FDL also proved useful in the analysis of complex mixtures of N-glycans originating from wild-type and mutant Caenorhabditis strains, thereby aiding isomeric definition of paucimannosidic and hybrid N-glycans in this organism. Furthermore, differences in activity and specificity were shown for two site-directed mutants of Drosophila FDL, compatible with the high structural similarity of chitinolytic and N-glycan degrading exohexosaminidases in insects. Our studies are another indication for the variety of structural and function aspects in the GH20 hexosaminidase family important for both catabolism and biosynthesis of glycoconjugates in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dragosits
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
| | | | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
| | - Dubravko Rendic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
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23
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Žurga S, Pohleven J, Renko M, Bleuler-Martinez S, Sosnowski P, Turk D, Künzler M, Kos J, Sabotič J. A novel β-trefoil lectin from the parasol mushroom (Macrolepiota procera) is nematotoxic. FEBS J 2014; 281:3489-506. [PMID: 24930858 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins present in all organisms. Some cytoplasmic lectins from fruiting bodies of dikaryotic fungi are toxic against a variety of parasites and predators. We have isolated, cloned and expressed a novel, single domain lectin from Macrolepiota procera, designated MpL. Determination of the crystal structure revealed that MpL is a ricin B-like lectin with a β-trefoil fold. Biochemical characterization, site-directed mutagenesis, co-crystallization with carbohydrates, isothermal titration calorimetry and glycan microarray analyses show that MpL forms dimers with the carbohydrate-binding site at the α-repeat, with the highest specificity for terminal N-acetyllactosamine and other β-galactosides. A second putative carbohydrate-binding site with a low affinity for galactose is present at the γ-repeat. In addition, a novel hydrophobic binding site was detected in MpL with specificity for molecules other than carbohydrates. The tissue specific distribution of MpL in the stipe and cap tissue of fruiting bodies and its toxicity towards the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans indicate a function of MpL in protecting fruiting bodies against predators and parasites. DATABASE Nucleotide sequence data have been deposited in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession numbers HQ449738 and HQ449739. Structural data have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession codes 4ION, 4IYB, 4IZX and 4J2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Žurga
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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24
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Methylated glycans as conserved targets of animal and fungal innate defense. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2787-96. [PMID: 24879441 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401176111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Effector proteins of innate immune systems recognize specific non-self epitopes. Tectonins are a family of β-propeller lectins conserved from bacteria to mammals that have been shown to bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We present experimental evidence that two Tectonins of fungal and animal origin have a specificity for O-methylated glycans. We show that Tectonin 2 of the mushroom Laccaria bicolor (Lb-Tec2) agglutinates Gram-negative bacteria and exerts toxicity toward the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting a role in fungal defense against bacteria and nematodes. Biochemical and genetic analysis of these interactions revealed that both bacterial agglutination and nematotoxicity of Lb-Tec2 depend on the recognition of methylated glycans, namely O-methylated mannose and fucose residues, as part of bacterial LPS and nematode cell-surface glycans. In addition, a C. elegans gene, termed samt-1, coding for a candidate membrane transport protein for the presumptive donor substrate of glycan methylation, S-adenosyl-methionine, from the cytoplasm to the Golgi was identified. Intriguingly, limulus lectin L6, a structurally related antibacterial protein of the Japanese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus, showed properties identical to the mushroom lectin. These results suggest that O-methylated glycans constitute a conserved target of the fungal and animal innate immune system. The broad phylogenetic distribution of O-methylated glycans increases the spectrum of potential antagonists recognized by Tectonins, rendering this conserved protein family a universal defense armor.
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25
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Abstract
Lectin-based glycomics is an emerging, comprehensive technology in the post-genome sciences. The technique utilizes a panel of lectins, which is a group of biomolecules capable of deciphering "glycocodes," with a novel platform represented by a lectin microarray. The method enables multiple glycan-lectin interaction analyses to be made so that differential glycan profiling can be performed in a rapid and sensitive manner. This approach is in clear contrast to another advanced technology, mass spectrometry, which requires prior glycan liberation. Although the lectin microarray cannot provide definitive structures of carbohydrates and their attachment sites, it gives useful clues concerning the characteristic features of glycoconjugates. These include differences not only in terminal modifications (e.g., sialic acid (Sia) linkage, types of fucosylation) but also in higher ordered structures in terms of glycan density, depth, and direction composed for both N- and O-glycans. However, before this technique began to be implemented in earnest, many other low-throughput methods were utilized in the late twentieth century. In this chapter, the author describes how the current lectin microarray technique has developed based on his personal experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirabayashi
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advance Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central-2, 1-1-1, Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan,
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26
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Recombinant Aspergillus β-galactosidases as a robust glycomic and biotechnological tool. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3553-67. [PMID: 24037406 PMCID: PMC3973953 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Galactosidases are widespread enzymes that are used for manifold applications, including production of prebiotics, biosynthesis of different transgalactosylated products, improving lactose tolerance and in various analytical approaches. The nature of these applications often require galactosidases to be present in a purified form with clearly defined properties, including precisely determined substrate specificities, low sensitivity to inhibitors, and high efficiency and stability under distinct conditions. In this study, we present the recombinant expression and purification of two previously uncharacterized β-galactosidases from Aspergillus nidulans as well as one β-galactosidase from Aspergillus niger. All enzymes were active toward p-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside as substrate and displayed similar temperature and pH optima. The purified recombinant galactosidases digested various complex substrates containing terminal galactose β-1,4 linked to either N-acetylglucosamine or fucose, such as N-glycans derived from bovine fibrin and Caenorhabditis elegans. In our comparative study of the recombinant galactosidases with the commercially available galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae, all enzymes also displayed various degrees of activity toward complex oligosaccharides containing β-1,3-linked terminal galactose residues. All recombinant enzymes were found to be robust in the presence of various organic solvents, temperature variations, and freeze/thaw cycles and were also tested for their ability to synthesize galactooligosaccharides. Furthermore, the use of fermentors considerably increased the yield of recombinant galactosidases. Taken together, we demonstrate that purified recombinant galactosidases from A. niger and from A. nidulans are suitable for various glycobiological and biotechnological applications.
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27
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Takeuchi T, Nemoto-Sasaki Y, Sugiura KI, Arata Y, Kasai KI. Galectin LEC-1 plays a defensive role against damage due to oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biochem 2013; 154:455-64. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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28
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Takeuchi T, Tamura M, Nishiyama K, Iwaki J, Hirabayashi J, Takahashi H, Natsugari H, Arata Y, Kasai KI. Mammalian galectins bind Galactoseβ1–4Fucose disaccharide, a unique structural component of protostomial N-type glycoproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:509-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.05.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yan 闫石 S, Serna S, Reichardt NC, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Array-assisted characterization of a fucosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of complex core modifications of nematode N-glycans. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21015-21028. [PMID: 23754284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.479147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucose is a common monosaccharide component of cell surfaces and is involved in many biological recognition events. Therefore, definition and exploitation of the specificity of the enzymes (fucosyltransferases) involved in fucosylation is a recurrent theme in modern glycosciences. Despite various studies, the specificities of many fucosyltransferases are still unknown, so new approaches are required to study these. The model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans expresses a wide range of fucosylated glycans, including N-linked oligosaccharides with unusual complex core modifications. Up to three fucose residues can be present on the standard N,N'-diacetylchitobiose unit of these N-glycans, but only the fucosyltransferases responsible for transfer of two of these (the core α1,3-fucosyltransferase FUT-1 and the core α1,6-fucosyltransferase FUT-8) were previously characterized. By use of a glycan library in both array and solution formats, we were able to reveal that FUT-6, another C. elegans α1,3-fucosyltransferase, modifies nematode glycan cores, specifically the distal N-acetylglucosamine residue; this result is in accordance with glycomic analysis of fut-6 mutant worms. This core-modifying activity of FUT-6 in vitro and in vivo is in addition to its previously determined ability to synthesize Lewis X epitopes in vitro. A larger scale synthesis of a nematode N-glycan core in vitro using all three fucosyltransferases was performed, and the nature of the glycosidic linkages was determined by NMR. FUT-6 is probably the first eukaryotic glycosyltransferase whose specificity has been redefined with the aid of glycan microarrays and so is a paradigm for the study of other unusual glycosidic linkages in model and parasitic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan 闫石
- From the Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria and
| | - Sonia Serna
- the Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CICbiomaGUNE, 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Katharina Paschinger
- From the Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria and
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- From the Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria and.
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30
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Makyio H, Takeuchi T, Tamura M, Nishiyama K, Takahashi H, Natsugari H, Arata Y, Kasai KI, Yamada Y, Wakatsuki S, Kato R. Structural basis of preferential binding of fucose-containing saccharide by the Caenorhabditis elegans galectin LEC-6. Glycobiology 2013; 23:797-805. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Schiller B, Hykollari A, Yan S, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Complicated N-linked glycans in simple organisms. Biol Chem 2013; 393:661-73. [PMID: 22944671 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although countless genomes have now been sequenced, the glycomes of the vast majority of eukaryotes still present a series of unmapped frontiers. However, strides are being made in a few groups of invertebrate and unicellular organisms as regards their N-glycans and N-glycosylation pathways. Thereby, the traditional classification of glycan structures inevitably approaches its boundaries. Indeed, the glycomes of these organisms are rich in surprises, including a multitude of modifications of the core regions of N-glycans and unusual antennae. From the actually rather limited glycomic information we have, it is nevertheless obvious that the biotechnological, developmental and immunological relevance of these modifications, especially in insect cell lines, model organisms and parasites means that deciphering unusual glycomes is of more than just academic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Schiller
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria
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Voxeur A, André A, Breton C, Lerouge P. Identification of putative rhamnogalacturonan-II specific glycosyltransferases in Arabidopsis using a combination of bioinformatics approaches. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51129. [PMID: 23272088 PMCID: PMC3522684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is a complex plant cell wall polysaccharide that is composed of an α(1,4)-linked homogalacturonan backbone substituted with four side chains. It exists in the cell wall in the form of a dimer that is cross-linked by a borate di-ester. Despite its highly complex structure, RG-II is evolutionarily conserved in the plant kingdom suggesting that this polymer has fundamental functions in the primary wall organisation. In this study, we have set up a bioinformatics strategy aimed at identifying putative glycosyltransferases (GTs) involved in RG-II biosynthesis. This strategy is based on the selection of candidate genes encoding type II membrane proteins that are tightly coexpressed in both rice and Arabidopsis with previously characterised genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of RG-II and exhibiting an up-regulation upon isoxaben treatment. This study results in the final selection of 26 putative Arabidopsis GTs, including 10 sequences already classified in the CAZy database. Among these CAZy sequences, the screening protocol allowed the selection of α-galacturonosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of α4-GalA oligogalacturonides present in both homogalacturonans and RG-II, and two sialyltransferase-like sequences previously proposed to be involved in the transfer of Kdo and/or Dha on the pectic backbone of RG-II. In addition, 16 non-CAZy GT sequences were retrieved in the present study. Four of them exhibited a GT-A fold. The remaining sequences harbored a GT-B like fold and a fucosyltransferase signature. Based on homologies with glycosyltransferases of known functions, putative roles in the RG-II biosynthesis are proposed for some GT candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Voxeur
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biotechnologique, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Aurélie André
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biotechnologique, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | | | - Patrice Lerouge
- Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biotechnologique, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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33
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Liwanag AJM, Ebert B, Verhertbruggen Y, Rennie EA, Rautengarten C, Oikawa A, Andersen MC, Clausen MH, Scheller HV. Pectin biosynthesis: GALS1 in Arabidopsis thaliana is a β-1,4-galactan β-1,4-galactosyltransferase. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:5024-36. [PMID: 23243126 PMCID: PMC3556973 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.106625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
β-1,4-Galactans are abundant polysaccharides in plant cell walls, which are generally found as side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I. Rhamnogalacturonan I is a major component of pectin with a backbone of alternating rhamnose and galacturonic acid residues and side chains that include α-1,5-arabinans, β-1,4-galactans, and arabinogalactans. Many enzymes are required to synthesize pectin, but few have been identified. Pectin is most abundant in primary walls of expanding cells, but β-1,4-galactan is relatively abundant in secondary walls, especially in tension wood that forms in response to mechanical stress. We investigated enzymes in glycosyltransferase family GT92, which has three members in Arabidopsis thaliana, which we designated GALACTAN SYNTHASE1, (GALS1), GALS2 and GALS3. Loss-of-function mutants in the corresponding genes had a decreased β-1,4-galactan content, and overexpression of GALS1 resulted in plants with 50% higher β-1,4-galactan content. The plants did not have an obvious growth phenotype. Heterologously expressed and affinity-purified GALS1 could transfer Gal residues from UDP-Gal onto β-1,4-galactopentaose. GALS1 specifically formed β-1,4-galactosyl linkages and could add successive β-1,4-galactosyl residues to the acceptor. These observations confirm the identity of the GT92 enzyme as β-1,4-galactan synthase. The identification of this enzyme could provide an important tool for engineering plants with improved bioenergy properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Jennifer Madrid Liwanag
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Berit Ebert
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Yves Verhertbruggen
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Emilie A. Rennie
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Carsten Rautengarten
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Ai Oikawa
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Mathias C.F. Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
- Address correspondence to
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Suh J, Hutter H. A survey of putative secreted and transmembrane proteins encoded in the C. elegans genome. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:333. [PMID: 22823938 PMCID: PMC3534327 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost half of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes proteins with either a signal peptide or a transmembrane domain. Therefore a substantial fraction of the proteins are localized to membranes, reside in the secretory pathway or are secreted. While these proteins are of interest to a variety of different researchers ranging from developmental biologists to immunologists, most of secreted proteins have not been functionally characterized so far. RESULTS We grouped proteins containing a signal peptide or a transmembrane domain using various criteria including evolutionary origin, common domain organization and functional categories. We found that putative secreted proteins are enriched for small proteins and nematode-specific proteins. Many secreted proteins are predominantly expressed in specific life stages or in one of the two sexes suggesting stage- or sex-specific functions. More than a third of the putative secreted proteins are upregulated upon exposure to pathogens, indicating that a substantial fraction may have a role in immune response. Slightly more than half of the transmembrane proteins can be grouped into broad functional categories based on sequence similarity to proteins with known function. By far the largest groups are channels and transporters, various classes of enzymes and putative receptors with signaling function. CONCLUSION Our analysis provides an overview of all putative secreted and transmembrane proteins in C. elegans. This can serve as a basis for selecting groups of proteins for large-scale functional analysis using reverse genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyo Suh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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35
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Yan S, Bleuler-Martinez S, Plaza DF, Künzler M, Aebi M, Joachim A, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Jantsch V, Geyer R, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Galactosylated fucose epitopes in nematodes: increased expression in a Caenorhabditis mutant associated with altered lectin sensitivity and occurrence in parasitic species. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:28276-90. [PMID: 22733825 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.353128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of α1,6-linked fucose residues attached to the proximal (reducing-terminal) core N-acetylglucosamine residue of N-glycans by β1,4-linked galactose ("GalFuc" epitope) is a feature of a number of invertebrate species including the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A pre-requisite for both core α1,6-fucosylation and β1,4-galactosylation is the presence of a nonreducing terminal N-acetylglucosamine; however, this residue is normally absent from the final glycan structure in invertebrates due to the action of specific hexosaminidases. Previously, we have identified two hexosaminidases (HEX-2 and HEX-3) in C. elegans, which process N-glycans. In the present study, we have prepared a hex-2;hex-3 double mutant, which possesses a radically altered N-glycomic profile. Whereas in the double mutant core α1,3-fucosylation of the proximal N-acetylglucosamine was abolished, the degree of galactosylation of core α1,6-fucose increased, and a novel Galα1,2Fucα1,3 moiety attached to the distal core N-acetylglucosamine residue was detected. Both galactosylated fucose moieties were also found in two parasitic nematodes, Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum. As core modifications of N-glycans are known targets for fungal nematotoxic lectins, the sensitivity of the C. elegans double hexosaminidase mutant was assessed. Although this mutant displayed hypersensitivity to the GalFuc-binding lectin CGL2 and the N-acetylglucosamine-binding lectin XCL, the mutant was resistant to CCL2, which binds core α1,3-fucose. Thus, the use of C. elegans mutants aids the identification of novel N-glycan modifications and the definition of in vivo specificities of nematotoxic lectins with potential as anthelmintic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, A-1190 Wien, Austria
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36
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Hansen SF, Harholt J, Oikawa A, Scheller HV. Plant Glycosyltransferases Beyond CAZy: A Perspective on DUF Families. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:59. [PMID: 22629278 PMCID: PMC3355507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZy) database is an invaluable resource for glycobiology and currently contains 45 glycosyltransferase families that are represented in plants. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) have many functions in plants, but the majority are likely to be involved in biosynthesis of polysaccharides and glycoproteins in the plant cell wall. Bioinformatic approaches and structural modeling suggest that a number of protein families in plants include GTs that have not yet been identified as such and are therefore not included in CAZy. These families include proteins with domain of unknown function (DUF) DUF23, DUF246, and DUF266. The evidence for these proteins being GTs and their possible roles in cell wall biosynthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fasmer Hansen
- Feedstocks Division, Joint Bioenergy Institute, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ai Oikawa
- Feedstocks Division, Joint Bioenergy Institute, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Feedstocks Division, Joint Bioenergy Institute, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Henrik V. Scheller, Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA. e-mail:
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37
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Caenorhabditis elegans proteins captured by immobilized Galβ1-4Fuc disaccharide units: assignment of 3 annexins. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:1837-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Paschinger K, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Furukawa K, Wilson IBH. Presence of galactosylated core fucose on N-glycans in the planaria Dugesia japonica. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:561-567. [PMID: 21630384 PMCID: PMC3155867 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Planarial species are of especial interest to biologists due to the phenomenon of pluripotency and, in comparison to other developmental processes, it can be hypothesised that glycan-lectin interactions may play a role. In order to examine the N-glycans of one of these organisms, Dugesia japonica, peptide:N-glycosidase A was employed and the released glycans were subject to pyridylamination, HPLC and mass spectrometric analysis. A range of oligomannosidic glycans was observed with a trimethylated Man(5) GlcNAc(2) structure being the dominant species. Three glycans were also observed to contain deoxyhexose; in particular, a glycan with the composition Hex(4) HexNAc(2) Fuc(1) Me(2) was revealed by exoglycosidase digestion, in combination with MS/MS, to contain a galactosylated core α1,6-fucose residue, whereas this core modification was found to be capped with a methylhexose residue in the case of a Hex(5) HexNAc(2) Fuc(1) Me(3) structure. This is the first report of these types of structures in a platyhelminth and indicates that the 'GalFuc' modification of N-glycans is not just restricted to molluscs and nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Universität für BodenkulturMuthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli
- Vetomics Core Facility for Research, Veterinärmedizinische UniversitätA-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Kiyoshi Furukawa
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of TechnologyNagaoka 940-2188, Japan
| | - Iain BH Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für BodenkulturMuthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
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39
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Bleuler-Martínez S, Butschi A, Garbani M, Wälti MA, Wohlschlager T, Potthoff E, Sabotiĉ J, Pohleven J, Lüthy P, Hengartner MO, Aebi M, Künzler M. A lectin-mediated resistance of higher fungi against predators and parasites. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:3056-70. [PMID: 21486374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fruiting body lectins are ubiquitous in higher fungi and characterized by being synthesized in the cytoplasm and up-regulated during sexual development. The function of these lectins is unclear. A lack of phenotype in sexual development upon inactivation of the respective genes argues against a function in this process. We tested a series of characterized fruiting body lectins from different fungi for toxicity towards the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the mosquito Aedes aegypti and the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. Most of the fungal lectins were found to be toxic towards at least one of the three target organisms. By altering either the fungal lectin or the glycans of the target organisms, or by including soluble carbohydrate ligands as competitors, we demonstrate that the observed toxicity is dependent on the interaction between the fungal lectins and specific glycans in the target organisms. The toxicity was found to be dose-dependent such that low levels of lectin were no longer toxic but still led to food avoidance by C. elegans. Finally, we show, in an ecologically more relevant scenario, that challenging the vegetative mycelium of Coprinopsis cinerea with the fungal-feeding nematode Aphelenchus avenae induces the expression of the nematotoxic fruiting body lectins CGL1 and CGL2. Based on these findings, we propose that filamentous fungi possess an inducible resistance against predators and parasites mediated by lectins that are specific for glycans of these antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bleuler-Martínez
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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40
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Takeuchi T, Sugiura KI, Nishiyama K, Takahashi H, Natsugari H, Arata Y, Natsuka S, Kasai KI. .BETA.-Galactosidases from Jack Bean and Streptococcus Have Different Cleaving Abilities towards Fucose-Containing Sugars. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:567-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Ken-ichi Sugiura
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Kazusa Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Hideyo Takahashi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Hideaki Natsugari
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Yoichiro Arata
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University
| | - Shunji Natsuka
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Niigata University
| | - Ken-ichi Kasai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University
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41
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Abstract
Recent studies suggest that a specific class of fungal lectins, commonly referred to as fruiting body lectins, play a role as effector molecules in the defense of fungi against predators and parasites. Hallmarks of these fungal lectins are their specific expression in reproductive structures, fruiting bodies, and/or sclerotia and their synthesis on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Fruiting body lectins are released upon damage of the fungal cell and bind to specific carbohydrate structures of predators and parasites, which leads to deterrence, inhibition of growth, and development or even killing of these organisms. Here, we describe assays to assess the toxicity of such lectins and other cytoplasmic proteins toward three different model organisms: the insect Aedes aegypti, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. All three assays are based on heterologous expression of the examined proteins in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli and feeding of these recombinant bacteria to omnivorous and bacterivorous organisms.
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42
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Maduzia LL, Yu E, Zhang Y. Caenorhabditis elegans galectins LEC-6 and LEC-10 interact with similar glycoconjugates in the intestine. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:4371-81. [PMID: 21115491 PMCID: PMC3039406 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.188581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of metazoan proteins that show binding to various β-galactoside-containing glycans. Because of a lack of proper tools, the interaction of galectins with their specific glycan ligands in the cells and tissues are largely unknown. We have investigated the localization of galectin ligands in Caenorhabditis elegans using a novel technology that relies on the high binding specificity between galectins and their endogenous ligands. Fluorescently labeled recombinant galectin fusions are found to bind to ligands located in diverse tissues including the intestine, pharynx, and the rectal valve. Consistent with their role as galactoside-binding proteins, the interaction with their ligands is inhibited by galactose or lactose. Two of the galectins, LEC-6 and LEC-10, recognize ligands that co-localize along the intestinal lumen. The ligands for LEC-6 and LEC-10 are absent in three glycosylation mutants bre-1, fut-8, and galt-1, which have been shown to be required to synthesize the Gal-β1,4-Fuc modifications of the core N-glycans unique to C. elegans and several other invertebrates. Both galectins pull down the same set of glycoproteins in a manner dependent on the presence of these carbohydrate modifications. Endogenous LEC-6 and LEC-10 are expressed in the intestinal cells, but they are localized to different subcellular compartments that do not appear to overlap with each other or with the location of their glycan targets. An altered subcellular distribution of these ligands is found in mutants lacking both galectins. These results suggest a model where LEC-6 and LEC-10 interact with glycoproteins through specific glycans to regulate their cellular fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Maduzia
- New England Biolabs, Inc, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, USA
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43
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Butschi A, Titz A, Wälti MA, Olieric V, Paschinger K, Nöbauer K, Guo X, Seeberger PH, Wilson IBH, Aebi M, Hengartner MO, Künzler M. Caenorhabditis elegans N-glycan core beta-galactoside confers sensitivity towards nematotoxic fungal galectin CGL2. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000717. [PMID: 20062796 PMCID: PMC2798750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of fungal galectins has remained elusive. Here, we show that feeding of a mushroom galectin, Coprinopsis cinerea CGL2, to Caenorhabditis elegans inhibited development and reproduction and ultimately resulted in killing of this nematode. The lack of toxicity of a carbohydrate-binding defective CGL2 variant and the resistance of a C. elegans mutant defective in GDP-fucose biosynthesis suggested that CGL2-mediated nematotoxicity depends on the interaction between the galectin and a fucose-containing glycoconjugate. A screen for CGL2-resistant worm mutants identified this glycoconjugate as a Galbeta1,4Fucalpha1,6 modification of C. elegans N-glycan cores. Analysis of N-glycan structures in wild type and CGL2-resistant nematodes confirmed this finding and allowed the identification of a novel putative glycosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of this glycoepitope. The X-ray crystal structure of a complex between CGL2 and the Galbeta1,4Fucalpha1,6GlcNAc trisaccharide at 1.5 A resolution revealed the biophysical basis for this interaction. Our results suggest that fungal galectins play a role in the defense of fungi against predators by binding to specific glycoconjugates of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Butschi
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Titz
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin A. Wälti
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Olieric
- Swiss Light Source (SLS), Paul-Scherrer-Institute (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Nöbauer
- VetOMICS Core Facility for Proteomics & Metabolomics Studies, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaoqiang Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Iain B. H. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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44
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Suzuki N, Yamamoto K. Molecular cloning of pigeon UDP-galactose:beta-D-galactoside alpha1,4-galactosyltransferase and UDP-galactose:beta-D-galactoside beta1,4-galactosyltransferase, two novel enzymes catalyzing the formation of Gal alpha1-4Gal beta1-4Gal beta1-4GlcNAc sequence. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5178-87. [PMID: 19959475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.018663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that pigeon IgG possesses unique N-glycan structures that contain the Gal alpha1-4Gal beta1-4Gal beta1-4GlcNAc sequence at their nonreducing termini. This sequence is most likely produced by putative alpha1,4- and beta1,4-galactosyltransferases (GalTs), which are responsible for the biosynthesis of the Gal alpha1-4Gal and Gal beta1-4Gal sequences on the N-glycans, respectively. Because no such glycan structures have been found in mammalian glycoproteins, the biosynthetic enzymes that produce these glycans are likely to have distinct substrate specificities from the known mammalian GalTs. To study these enzymes, we cloned the pigeon liver cDNAs encoding alpha4GalT and beta4GalT by expression cloning and characterized these enzymes using the recombinant proteins. The deduced amino acid sequence of pigeon alpha4GalT has 58.2% identity to human alpha4GalT and 68.0 and 66.6% identity to putative alpha4GalTs from chicken and zebra finch, respectively. Unlike human and putative chicken alpha4GalTs, which possess globotriosylceramide synthase activity, pigeon alpha4GalT preferred to catalyze formation of the Gal alpha1-4Gal sequence on glycoproteins. In contrast, the sequence of pigeon beta4GalT revealed a type II transmembrane protein consisting of 438 amino acid residues, with no significant homology to the glycosyltransferases so far identified from mammals and chicken. However, hypothetical proteins from zebra finch (78.8% identity), frogs (58.9-60.4%), zebrafish (37.1-43.0%), and spotted green pufferfish (43.3%) were similar to pigeon beta4GalT, suggesting that the pigeon beta4GalT gene was inherited from the common ancestors of these vertebrates. The sequence analysis revealed that pigeon beta4GalT and its homologs form a new family of glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Suzuki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan.
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