1
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Mentrup T, Leinung N, Patel M, Fluhrer R, Schröder B. The role of SPP/SPPL intramembrane proteases in membrane protein homeostasis. FEBS J 2024; 291:25-44. [PMID: 37625440 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) and the four SPP-like proteases SPPL2a, SPPL2b, SPPL2c and SPPL3 constitute a family of aspartyl intramembrane proteases with homology to presenilins. The different members reside in distinct cellular localisations within the secretory pathway and the endo-lysosomal system. Despite individual cleavage characteristics, they all cleave single-span transmembrane proteins with a type II orientation exhibiting a cytosolic N-terminus. Though the identification of substrates is not complete, SPP/SPPL-mediated proteolysis appears to be rather selective. Therefore, according to our current understanding cleavage by SPP/SPPL proteases rather seems to serve a regulatory function than being a bulk proteolytic pathway. In the present review, we will summarise our state of knowledge on SPP/SPPL proteases and in particular highlight recently identified substrates and the functional and/or (patho)-physiological implications of these cleavage events. Based on this, we aim to provide an overview of the current open questions in the field. These are connected to the regulation of these proteases at the cellular level but also in context of disease and patho-physiological processes. Furthermore, the interplay with other proteostatic systems capable of degrading membrane proteins is beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Mentrup
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Nadja Leinung
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Mehul Patel
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Regina Fluhrer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Health Research, University of Augsburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schröder
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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2
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Tao Z, Yang D, Ni R. Tmed10 deficiency results in impaired exocrine pancreatic differentiation in zebrafish larvae. Dev Biol 2023; 503:43-52. [PMID: 37597605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane p24 trafficking protein 10 (TMED10) is a conserved vesicle trafficking protein. It is dysregulated in Alzheimer disease and plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. In addition to the brain, TMED10 is highly expressed in the exocrine pancreas; however, its biological functions and underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We studied reduced Tmed10 in zebrafish embryos by morpholino oligonucleotide knockdown and CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis. Tmed10-deficient embryos showed extensive loss of acinar mass and impaired acinar differentiation. TMED10 has been reported to have an inhibitory effect on γ-secretase. As one of the substrates of γ-secretase, membrane-bound β-catenin was significantly reduced in Tmed10-deficient embryos. Increased γ-secretase activity in wild-type embryos resulted in a phenotype similar to that of tmed10 mutants. And the mutant phenotype could be rescued by treatment with the γ-secretase inhibitor, N-[N-(3, 5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-s-phenylglycinet-butyl ester (DAPT). In addition, the reduced membrane-bound β-catenin was accompanied with up-regulated β-catenin target genes in Tmed10-deficient embryos. Overexpression of β-catenin signaling inhibitor Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) could rescue the exocrine pancreas defects. Taken together, our study reveals that Tmed10 regulates exocrine pancreatic differentiation through γ-secretase. Reduced membrane-bound β-catenin, accompanied with hyperactivation of β-catenin signaling, is an important cause of exocrine pancreas defects in Tmed10-deficient embryos. Our study reaffirms the importance of appropriate β-catenin signaling in exocrine pancreas development. These findings may provide a theoretical basis for the development of treatment strategies for TMED10-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Tao
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Yang
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Ni
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715, Chongqing, China.
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3
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Li X, Ni J, Qing H, Quan Z. The Regulatory Mechanism of Rab21 in Human Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5944-5953. [PMID: 37369821 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Rab proteins are important components of small GTPases and play crucial roles in regulating intracellular transportation and cargo delivery. Maintaining the proper functions of Rab proteins is essential for normal cellular activities such as cell signaling, division, and survival. Due to their vital and irreplaceable role in regulating intracellular vesicle transportation, accumulated researches have shown that the abnormalities of Rab proteins and their effectors are closely related to human diseases. Here, this review focused on Rab21, a member of the Rab family, and introduced the structures and functions of Rab21, as well as the regulatory mechanisms of Rab21 in human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and inflammation. In summary, we described in detail the role of Rab21 in human diseases and provide insights into the potential of Rab21 as a therapeutic target for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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4
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Contreras W, Bazan JF, Mentrup T. The transmembrane domain of Frey1 harbors a transplantable inhibitory motif for intramembrane proteases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:170. [PMID: 37261541 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although aspartic intramembrane-cleaving proteases (I-CLIPs) are crucial switches of multiple signaling pathways and involved in several devastating diseases, little is known about their physiological regulation. We have recently identified Frey regulator of sperm-oocyte fusion 1 (Frey1) as an inhibitory protein of Signal Peptide Peptidase-like 2c (SPPL2c), a member of this protease family. Employing structure modeling along with cell-based inhibition and interaction studies, we identify a short motif within the Frey1 transmembrane domain essential for inhibition of SPPL2c. Intriguingly, this motif can be transplanted to the SPPL2c substrate PLN, thereby transforming it into an inhibitor of this enzyme. It can be adopted for the generation of Notch1-based γ-Secretase inhibitors demonstrating its versatile use among aspartic I-CLIPs. In summary, we describe a mechanism of aspartic I-CLIP inhibition which allows the targeted generation of specific inhibitors of these enzymes and might enable the identification of endogenous negative regulators of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whendy Contreras
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 42, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Fernando Bazan
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Torben Mentrup
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Fiedlerstraße 42, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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5
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Hur JY. γ-Secretase in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:433-446. [PMID: 35396575 PMCID: PMC9076685 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by synaptic and neuronal loss in the brain. One of the characteristic hallmarks of AD is senile plaques containing amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Aβ is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential proteolytic cleavages by β-secretase and γ-secretase, and the polymerization of Aβ into amyloid plaques is thought to be a key pathogenic event in AD. Since γ-secretase mediates the final cleavage that liberates Aβ, γ-secretase has been widely studied as a potential drug target for the treatment of AD. γ-Secretase is a transmembrane protein complex containing presenilin, nicastrin, Aph-1, and Pen-2, which are sufficient for γ-secretase activity. γ-Secretase cleaves >140 substrates, including APP and Notch. Previously, γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) were shown to cause side effects in clinical trials due to the inhibition of Notch signaling. Therefore, more specific regulation or modulation of γ-secretase is needed. In recent years, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) have been developed. To modulate γ-secretase and to understand its complex biology, finding the binding sites of GSIs and GSMs on γ-secretase as well as identifying transiently binding γ-secretase modulatory proteins have been of great interest. In this review, decades of findings on γ-secretase in AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeun Hur
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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6
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Lack of a site-specific phosphorylation of Presenilin 1 disrupts microglial gene networks and progenitors during development. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237773. [PMID: 32822378 PMCID: PMC7444478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells play a key role in brain homeostasis from development to adulthood. Here we show the involvement of a site-specific phosphorylation of Presenilin 1 (PS1) in microglial development. Profiles of microglia-specific transcripts in different temporal stages of development, combined with multiple systematic transcriptomic analysis and quantitative determination of microglia progenitors, indicate that the phosphorylation of PS1 at serine 367 is involved in the temporal dynamics of microglial development, specifically in the developing brain rudiment during embryonic microgliogenesis. We constructed a developing brain-specific microglial network to identify transcription factors linked to PS1 during development. Our data showed that PS1 functional connections appear through interaction hubs at Pu.1, Irf8 and Rela-p65 transcription factors. Finally, we showed that the total number of microglia progenitors was markedly reduced in the developing brain rudiment of embryos lacking PS1 phosphorylation compared to WT. Our work identifies a novel role for PS1 in microglial development.
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7
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Shin JH, Cho DH. TMP21 regulates autophagy by modulating ROS production and mTOR activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:746-751. [PMID: 31472964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic cellular response to stress that has been liked to various human diseases. However, the precise involvement of autophagy in health and disease remains unclear. To explore the molecular mechanisms of autophagy, we investigated the effect of TMP21. We found that the down-regulation of TMP21 induced autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, the enhanced autophagy observed upon TMP21 depletion was almost completely blocked in ATG5 knockout (KO) or ATG7-KO HeLa cells. Silencing of TMP21 in SH-SY5Y cells also increased the production of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accordingly, treatment with the ROS scavenger NAC suppressed autophagy activation as well as ROS production in TMP21-depleted cells. In addition, the inhibition of mTOR by treatment with Torin1 was mitigated in TMP21 overexpressing cells compared with that in control cells. Taken together, these results indicated that TMP21 could regulate autophagy by modulating ROS production and mTOR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Shin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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8
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Del Olmo T, Lacarrière-Keïta C, Normandin C, Jean D, Boisvert FM, Jean S. RAB21 interacts with TMED10 and modulates its localization and abundance. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.045336. [PMID: 31455601 PMCID: PMC6777364 DOI: 10.1242/bio.045336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking controls vesicular transport of cargo between cellular compartments. Vesicular trafficking is essential for cellular homeostasis and dysfunctional trafficking is linked to several pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases. Following endocytosis, early endosomes act as sorting stations of internalized materials, routing cargo toward various fates. One important class of membrane trafficking regulators are RAB GTPases. RAB21 has been associated with multiple functions and regulates integrin internalization, endosomal sorting of specific clathrin-independent cargo and autophagy. Although RAB21 is mostly associated with early endosomes, it has been shown to mediate a specific sorting event at the Golgi. From mass spectrometry data, we identified a GTP-favored interaction between RAB21 and TMED10 and 9, essential regulators of COPI and COPII vesicles. Using RAB21 knockout cells, we describe the role of RAB21 in modulating TMED10 Golgi localization. Taken together, our study suggests a new potential function of RAB21 in modulating TMED10 trafficking, with relevance to neurodegenerative disorders. Summary: A small early endosomal RAB GTPase is found to interact with p24 family members, with potential impacts on p24 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Del Olmo
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1E 4K8
| | - Camille Lacarrière-Keïta
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1E 4K8
| | - Caroline Normandin
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1E 4K8
| | - Dominique Jean
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1E 4K8
| | - François-Michel Boisvert
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1E 4K8
| | - Steve Jean
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Département d'anatomie et de biologie cellulaire, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, Rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1E 4K8
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9
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Qiu K, Zhang X, Wang S, Li C, Wang X, Li X, Wu Y. TMP21 in Alzheimer's Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and a Potential Target. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:328. [PMID: 31379512 PMCID: PMC6651510 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly, which is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. Neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal loss are the major neuropathological hallmarks in AD brains. TMP21 is a key molecule for protein trafficking in cells. Growing evidence indicates that TMP21 is dysregulated in AD, which plays a pivotal role in neuritic plaque formation. Therefore, we aim to review the dysregulation of TMP21 in AD, the role of TMP21 in neuritic plaque formation and underlying mechanisms. Moreover, the potential role of TMP21 in neurofibrillary tangle formation, synaptic impairment and neuronal loss is discussed. It will provide an outlook into the potential of regulating TMP21 as a therapeutic approach for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixin Qiu
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China.,National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yili Wu
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Behavioral Interventions, Institute of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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10
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Nakano N, Tsuchiya Y, Kako K, Umezaki K, Sano K, Ikeno S, Otsuka E, Shigeta M, Nakagawa A, Sakata N, Itoh F, Nakano Y, Iemura SI, van Dinther M, Natsume T, Ten Dijke P, Itoh S. TMED10 Protein Interferes with Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β Signaling by Disrupting TGF-β Receptor Complex Formation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4099-4112. [PMID: 28115518 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.769109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensity and duration of TGF-β signaling determine the cellular biological response. How this is negatively regulated is not well understood. Here, we identified a novel negative regulator of TGF-β signaling, transmembrane p24-trafficking protein 10 (TMED10). TMED10 disrupts the complex formation between TGF-β type I (also termed ALK5) and type II receptors (TβRII). Misexpression studies revealed that TMED10 attenuated TGF-β-mediated signaling. A 20-amino acid-long region from Thr91 to Glu110 within the extracellular region of TMED10 was found to be crucial for TMED10 interaction with both ALK5 and TβRII. Synthetic peptides corresponding to this region inhibit both TGF-β-induced Smad2 phosphorylation and Smad-dependent transcriptional reporter activity. In a xenograft cancer model, where previously TGF-β was shown to elicit tumor-promoting effects, gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies for TMED10 revealed a decrease and increase in the tumor size, respectively. Thus, we determined herein that TMED10 expression levels are the key determinant for efficiency of TGF-β receptor complex formation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nakano
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsuchiya
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kenro Kako
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Kenryu Umezaki
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Keigo Sano
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Souichi Ikeno
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Eri Otsuka
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Masashi Shigeta
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Ai Nakagawa
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sakata
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Fumiko Itoh
- the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yota Nakano
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Iemura
- the Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, 11-25 Sakaemachi, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-8031, Japan
| | - Maarten van Dinther
- the Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, S-1-P, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tohru Natsume
- the Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan, and
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- the Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Leiden University Medical Center, S-1-P, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,the Science for Life Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 24, Sweden
| | - Susumu Itoh
- From the Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan,
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11
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Pastor-Cantizano N, Montesinos JC, Bernat-Silvestre C, Marcote MJ, Aniento F. p24 family proteins: key players in the regulation of trafficking along the secretory pathway. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:967-985. [PMID: 26224213 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
p24 family proteins have been known for a long time, but their functions have remained elusive. However, they are emerging as essential regulators of protein trafficking along the secretory pathway, influencing the composition, structure, and function of different organelles in the pathway, especially the ER and the Golgi apparatus. In addition, they appear to modulate the transport of specific cargos, including GPI-anchored proteins, G-protein-coupled receptors, or K/HDEL ligands. As a consequence, they have been shown to play specific roles in signaling, development, insulin secretion, and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The search of new putative ligands may open the way to discover new functions for this fascinating family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Pastor-Cantizano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Montesinos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - César Bernat-Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Marcote
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avenida Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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12
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Alzheimer disease: modeling an Aβ-centered biological network. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:861-71. [PMID: 27021818 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In genetically complex diseases, the search for missing heritability is focusing on rare variants with large effect. Thanks to next generation sequencing technologies, genome-wide characterization of these variants is now feasible in every individual. However, a lesson from current studies is that collapsing rare variants at the gene level is often insufficient to obtain a statistically significant signal in case-control studies, and that network-based analyses are an attractive complement to classical approaches. In Alzheimer disease (AD), according to the prevalent amyloid cascade hypothesis, the pathology is driven by the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. In past years, based on experimental studies, several hundreds of proteins have been shown to interfere with Aβ production, clearance, aggregation or toxicity. Thanks to a manual curation of the literature, we identified 335 genes/proteins involved in this biological network and classified them according to their cellular function. The complete list of genes, or its subcomponents, will be of interest in ongoing AD genetic studies.
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13
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Zhang X, Li Y, Xu H, Zhang YW. The γ-secretase complex: from structure to function. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:427. [PMID: 25565961 PMCID: PMC4263104 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most critical pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides that form extracellular senile plaques in the brain. Aβ is derived from β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) through sequential cleavage by β- and γ-secretases. γ-secretase is a high molecular weight complex minimally composed of four components: presenilins (PS), nicastrin, anterior pharynx defective 1 (APH-1), and presenilin enhancer 2 (PEN-2). In addition to APP, γ-secretase also cleaves many other type I transmembrane (TM) protein substrates. As a crucial enzyme for Aβ production, γ-secretase is an appealing therapeutic target for AD. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the structure and function of γ-secretase, as well as recent progress in developing γ-secretase targeting drugs for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, FJ, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, FJ, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, FJ, China ; Degenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen, FJ, China
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The β-secretase-derived C-terminal fragment of βAPP, C99, but not Aβ, is a key contributor to early intraneuronal lesions in triple-transgenic mouse hippocampus. J Neurosci 2013; 32:16243-1655a. [PMID: 23152608 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2775-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-transgenic mice (3xTgAD) overexpressing Swedish-mutated β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP(swe)), P310L-Tau (Tau(P301L)), and physiological levels of M146V-presenilin-1 (PS1(M146V)) display extracellular amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) deposits and Tau tangles. More disputed is the observation that these mice accumulate intraneuronal Aβ that has been linked to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits. Here, we provide immunohistological, genetic, and pharmacological evidences for early, age-dependent, and hippocampus-specific accumulation of the β-secretase-derived βAPP fragment C99 that is observed from 3 months of age and enhanced by pharmacological blockade of γ-secretase. Notably, intracellular Aβ is only detectable several months later and appears, as is the case of C99, in enlarged cathepsin B-positive structures, while extracellular Aβ deposits are detected ~12 months of age and beyond. Early C99 production occurs mainly in the CA1/subicular interchange area of the hippocampus corresponding to the first region exhibiting plaques and tangles in old mice. Furthermore, the comparison of 3xTgAD mice with double-transgenic mice bearing the βAPP(swe) and Tau(P301L) mutations but expressing endogenous PS1 (2xTgAD) demonstrate that C99 accumulation is not accounted for by a loss of function triggered by PS1 mutation that would have prevented C99 secondary cleavage by γ-secretase. Together, our work identifies C99 as the earliest βAPP catabolite and main contributor to the intracellular βAPP-related immunoreactivity in 3xTgAD mice, suggesting its implication as an initiator of the neurodegenerative process and cognitive alterations taking place in this mouse model.
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Hussain I, Fabrègue J, Anderes L, Ousson S, Borlat F, Eligert V, Berger S, Dimitrov M, Alattia JR, Fraering PC, Beher D. The role of γ-secretase activating protein (GSAP) and imatinib in the regulation of γ-secretase activity and amyloid-β generation. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:2521-31. [PMID: 23209290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.370924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a large enzyme complex comprising presenilin, nicastrin, presenilin enhancer 2, and anterior pharynx-defective 1 that mediates the intramembrane proteolysis of a large number of proteins including amyloid precursor protein and Notch. Recently, a novel γ-secretase activating protein (GSAP) was identified that interacts with γ-secretase and the C-terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein to selectively increase amyloid-β production. In this study we have further characterized the role of endogenous and exogenous GSAP in the regulation of γ-secretase activity and amyloid-β production in vitro. Knockdown of GSAP expression in N2a cells decreased amyloid-β levels. In contrast, overexpression of GSAP in HEK cells expressing amyloid precursor protein or in N2a cells had no overt effect on amyloid-β generation. Likewise, purified recombinant GSAP had no effect on amyloid-β generation in two distinct in vitro γ-secretase assays. In subsequent cellular studies with imatinib, a kinase inhibitor that reportedly prevents the interaction of GSAP with the C-terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein, a concentration-dependent decrease in amyloid-β levels was observed. However, no interaction between GSAP and the C-terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein was evident in co-immunoprecipitation studies. In addition, subchronic administration of imatinib to rats had no effect on brain amyloid-β levels. In summary, these findings suggest the roles of GSAP and imatinib in the regulation of γ-secretase activity and amyloid-β generation are uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrut Hussain
- Department of Therapeutic Area Neurodegenerative Diseases, Merck Serono S.A., Chemin des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Gael B, Georgakopoulos A, Robakis NK. Cellular mechanisms of γ-secretase substrate selection, processing and toxicity. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 98:166-75. [PMID: 22622135 PMCID: PMC3404154 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Presenilins (PSs) are catalytic components of the γ-secretase proteolytic complexes that produce Aβ and cell signaling peptides. γ-Secretase substrates are mostly membrane-bound peptides derived following proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular domain of type I transmembrane proteins. Recent work reveals that γ-secretase substrate processing is regulated by proteins termed γ-secretase substrate recruiting factors (γSSRFs) that bridge substrates to γ-secretase complexes. These factors constitute novel targets for pharmacological control of specific γ-secretase products, such as Aβ and signaling peptides. PS familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) mutants cause a loss of γ-secretase cleavage function at epsilon sites of substrates thus inhibiting production of cell signaling peptides while promoting accumulation of uncleaved toxic substrates. Importantly, γ-secretase inhibitors may cause toxicity in vivo by similar mechanisms. Here we review novel mechanisms that control γ-secretase substrate selection and cleavage and examine their relevance to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barthet Gael
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Anastasios Georgakopoulos
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Nikolaos K. Robakis
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics of Neurodegeneration, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
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Hur JY, Teranishi Y, Kihara T, Yamamoto NG, Inoue M, Hosia W, Hashimoto M, Winblad B, Frykman S, Tjernberg LO. Identification of novel γ-secretase-associated proteins in detergent-resistant membranes from brain. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:11991-2005. [PMID: 22315232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.246074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease, oligomeric amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) species lead to synapse loss and neuronal death. γ-Secretase, the transmembrane protease complex that mediates the final catalytic step that liberates Aβ from its precursor protein (APP), has a multitude of substrates, and therapeutics aimed at reducing Aβ production should ideally be specific for APP cleavage. It has been shown that APP can be processed in lipid rafts, and γ-secretase-associated proteins can affect Aβ production. Here, we use a biotinylated inhibitor for affinity purification of γ-secretase and associated proteins and mass spectrometry for identification of the purified proteins, and we identify novel γ-secretase-associated proteins in detergent-resistant membranes from brain. Furthermore, we show by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of gene expression that a subset of the γ-secretase-associated proteins, in particular voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) and contactin-associated protein 1 (CNTNAP1), reduced Aβ production (Aβ40 and Aβ42) by around 70%, whereas knockdown of presenilin 1, one of the essential γ-secretase complex components, reduced Aβ production by 50%. Importantly, these proteins had a less pronounced effect on Notch processing. We conclude that VDAC1 and CNTNAP1 associate with γ-secretase in detergent-resistant membranes and affect APP processing and suggest that molecules that interfere with this interaction could be of therapeutic use for Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeun Hur
- Karolinska Institutet Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Alzheimer Center, KI Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge SE-141 57, Sweden.
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Abstract
The presenilin complex is composed of four core proteins (presenilin 1 or presenilin 2, APH1, nicastrin, and PEN2). Several endogenous proteins have been reported to selectively modulate the function of the presenilin complexes; these include transmembrane trafficking protein, 21-KD (TMP21), CD147 antigen (basigin), the γ-secretase-activating protein (gSAP), and the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 3. Because the structure and assembly of these complexes underlies their activity, this review will discuss current work on the assembly of the complex and on presenilin-interacting proteins that regulate secretase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - P E Fraser
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Fontaine JF, Priller F, Barbosa-Silva A, Andrade-Navarro MA. Génie: literature-based gene prioritization at multi genomic scale. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:W455-61. [PMID: 21609954 PMCID: PMC3125729 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomedical literature is traditionally used as a way to inform scientists of the relevance of genes in relation to a research topic. However many genes, especially from poorly studied organisms, are not discussed in the literature. Moreover, a manual and comprehensive summarization of the literature attached to the genes of an organism is in general impossible due to the high number of genes and abstracts involved. We introduce the novel Génie algorithm that overcomes these problems by evaluating the literature attached to all genes in a genome and to their orthologs according to a selected topic. Génie showed high precision (up to 100%) and the best performance in comparison to other algorithms in most of the benchmarks, especially when high sensitivity was required. Moreover, the prioritization of zebrafish genes involved in heart development, using human and mouse orthologs, showed high enrichment in differentially expressed genes from microarray experiments. The Génie web server supports hundreds of species, millions of genes and offers novel functionalities. Common run times below a minute, even when analyzing the human genome with hundreds of thousands of literature records, allows the use of Génie in routine lab work. Availability: http://cbdm.mdc-berlin.de/tools/genie/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Fred Fontaine
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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Zhang YW, Thompson R, Zhang H, Xu H. APP processing in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Brain 2011; 4:3. [PMID: 21214928 PMCID: PMC3022812 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An important pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of extracellular senile plaques in the brain. Senile plaques are composed of aggregations of small peptides called β-amyloid (Aβ). Multiple lines of evidence demonstrate that overproduction/aggregation of Aβ in the brain is a primary cause of AD and inhibition of Aβ generation has become a hot topic in AD research. Aβ is generated from β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) through sequential cleavages first by β-secretase and then by γ-secretase complex. Alternatively, APP can be cleaved by α-secretase within the Aβ domain to release soluble APPα and preclude Aβ generation. Cleavage of APP by caspases may also contribute to AD pathologies. Therefore, understanding the metabolism/processing of APP is crucial for AD therapeutics. Here we review current knowledge of APP processing regulation as well as the patho/physiological functions of APP and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-wu Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Xiamen University, 422 SiMingNanLu, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, PR China
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Hasegawa H, Liu L, Nishimura M. Dilysine retrieval signal-containing p24 proteins collaborate in inhibiting γ-cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. J Neurochem 2010; 115:771-81. [PMID: 20807314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
γ-Secretase mediates intramembranous γ-cleavage and ε-cleavage of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) to liberate β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and APP intracellular domain respectively from the membrane. Although the regulatory mechanism of γ-secretase cleavage remains unresolved, a member of the p24 cargo protein family, named p24δ(1) or TMP21, has been identified as an activity-modulating component. The p24 family proteins are divided into four subfamilies (p24α, β, δ and γ). In contrast to p24δ(1), p24β(1) has reportedly no effect on γ-cleavage. In this study, we determined whether p24α(2), p24γ(3) or p24γ(4) modulates APP processing. Knockdown of cellular p24α(2) induced a significant increase in Aβ generation but not in APP intracellular domain production in cell-based and cell-free assays, whereas p24α(2) over-expression suppressed Aβ secretion. By contrast, Aβ secretion was not altered by p24γ(3) or p24γ(4) knockdown. Endogenous p24α(2) co-immunoprecipitated with core components of the γ-secretase complex, and the anti-p24α(2) immunoprecipitate exhibited γ-secretase activity. Mutational disruption of the conserved dilysine ER-retrieval motifs of p24α(2) and p24δ(1) perturbed inhibition of γ-cleavage. Simultaneous knockdown, or co-over-expression, of these proteins had no additive or synergistic effect on Aβ generation. Our findings suggest that dilysine ER-retrieval signal-containing p24 proteins, p24α(2) and p24δ(1), bind with γ-secretase complexes and collaborate in attenuating γ-cleavage of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
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