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Corrie LM, Kuecks-Winger H, Ebrahimikondori H, Birol I, Helbing CC. Transcriptomic profiling of Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana back skin during natural and thyroid hormone-induced metamorphosis under different temperature regimes with particular emphasis on innate immune system components. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 50:101238. [PMID: 38714098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
As amphibians undergo thyroid hormone (TH)-dependent metamorphosis from an aquatic tadpole to the terrestrial frog, their innate immune system must adapt to the new environment. Skin is a primary line of defense, yet this organ undergoes extensive remodelling during metamorphosis and how it responds to TH is poorly understood. Temperature modulation, which regulates metamorphic timing, is a unique way to uncover early TH-induced transcriptomic events. Metamorphosis of premetamorphic tadpoles is induced by exogenous TH administration at 24 °C but is paused at 5 °C. However, at 5 °C a "molecular memory" of TH exposure is retained that results in an accelerated metamorphosis upon shifting to 24 °C. We used RNA-sequencing to identify changes in Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana back skin gene expression during natural and TH-induced metamorphosis. During natural metamorphosis, significant differential expression (DE) was observed in >6500 transcripts including classic TH-responsive transcripts (thrb and thibz), heat shock proteins, and innate immune system components: keratins, mucins, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Premetamorphic tadpoles maintained at 5 °C showed 83 DE transcripts within 48 h after TH administration, including thibz which has previously been identified as a molecular memory component in other tissues. Over 3600 DE transcripts were detected in TH-treated tadpoles at 24 °C or when tadpoles held at 5 °C were shifted to 24 °C. Gene ontology (GO) terms related to transcription, RNA metabolic processes, and translation were enriched in both datasets and immune related GO terms were observed in the temperature-modulated experiment. Our findings have implications on survival as climate change affects amphibia worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorissa M Corrie
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Haley Kuecks-Winger
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Hossein Ebrahimikondori
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Inanc Birol
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
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Evans EP, Helbing CC. Defining components of early thyroid hormone signalling through temperature-mediated activation of molecular memory in cultured Rana [lithobates] catesbeiana tadpole back skin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 347:114440. [PMID: 38159870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential signalling molecules for the postembryonic development of all vertebrates. THs are necessary for the metamorphosis from tadpole to froglet and exogenous TH administration precociously induces metamorphosis. In American bullfrog (Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana) tadpoles, the TH-induced metamorphosis observed at a warm temperature (24 °C) is arrested at a cold temperature (4 °C) even in the presence of exogenous THs. However, when TH-exposed tadpoles are shifted from cold to warm temperatures (4 → 24 °C), they undergo TH-dependent metamorphosis at an accelerated rate even when the initial TH signal is no longer present. Thus, they possess a "molecular memory" of TH exposure that establishes the TH-induced response program at the cold temperature and prompts accelerated metamorphosis after a shift to a warmer temperature. The components of the molecular memory that allow the uncoupling of initiation from the execution of the metamorphic program are not understood. To investigate this, we used cultured tadpole back skin (C-Skin) in a repeated measures experiment under 24 °C only, 4 °C only, and 4 → 24 °C temperature shifted regimes and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses. RNA-seq identified 570, 44, and 890 transcripts, respectively, that were significantly changed by TH treatment. These included transcripts encoding transcription factors and proteins involved in mRNA structure and stability. Notably, transcripts associated with molecular memory do not overlap with those identified previously in cultured tail fin (C-fin) except for TH-induced basic leucine zipper-containing protein (thibz) suggesting that thibz may have a central role in molecular memory that works with tissue-specific factors to establish TH-induced gene expression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - C C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.
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Raj S, Sifuentes CJ, Kyono Y, Denver RJ. Metamorphic gene regulation programs in Xenopus tropicalis tadpole brain. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287858. [PMID: 37384728 PMCID: PMC10310023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian metamorphosis is controlled by thyroid hormone (TH), which binds TH receptors (TRs) to regulate gene expression programs that underlie morphogenesis. Gene expression screens using tissues from premetamorphic tadpoles treated with TH identified some TH target genes, but few studies have analyzed genome-wide changes in gene regulation during spontaneous metamorphosis. We analyzed RNA sequencing data at four developmental stages from the beginning to the end of spontaneous metamorphosis, conducted on the neuroendocrine centers of Xenopus tropicalis tadpole brain. We also conducted chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) for TRs, and we compared gene expression changes during metamorphosis with those induced by exogenous TH. The mRNA levels of 26% of protein coding genes changed during metamorphosis; about half were upregulated and half downregulated. Twenty four percent of genes whose mRNA levels changed during metamorphosis had TR ChIP-seq peaks. Genes involved with neural cell differentiation, cell physiology, synaptogenesis and cell-cell signaling were upregulated, while genes involved with cell cycle, protein synthesis, and neural stem/progenitor cell homeostasis were downregulated. There is a shift from building neural structures early in the metamorphic process, to the differentiation and maturation of neural cells and neural signaling pathways characteristic of the adult frog brain. Only half of the genes modulated by treatment of premetamorphic tadpoles with TH for 16 h changed expression during metamorphosis; these represented 33% of the genes whose mRNA levels changed during metamorphosis. Taken together, our results provide a foundation for understanding the molecular basis for metamorphosis of tadpole brain, and they highlight potential caveats for interpreting gene regulation changes in premetamorphic tadpoles induced by exogenous TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samhitha Raj
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Sifuentes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiro Kyono
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Denver
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Liu L, Liu Q, Zou X, Chen Q, Wang X, Gao Z, Jiang J. Identification of thyroid hormone response genes in the remodeling of dorsal muscle during Microhyla fissipes metamorphosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1099130. [PMID: 36817577 PMCID: PMC9937655 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1099130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extensive morphological, biochemical, and cellular changes occur during anuran metamorphosis, which is triggered by a single hormone, thyroid hormone (TH). The function of TH is mainly mediated through thyroid receptor (TR) by binding to the specific thyroid response elements (TREs) of direct response genes, in turn regulating the downstream genes in the cascade. The remodeling of dorsal skeletal muscle during anuran metamorphosis provides the perfect model to identify the immediate early and direct response genes that are important during apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation of the muscle. Methods In our current study, we performed Illumina sequencing combined with single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing in the dorsal muscle of Microhyla fissipes after TH, cycloheximide (CHX), and TH_CHX treatment. Results and Discussion We first identified 1,245 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) after TH exposure, many of which were involved in DNA replication, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, cell cycle, apoptosis, p53 signaling pathway, and protein digestion and absorption. In the comparison of the TH group vs. control group and TH_CHX group vs. CHX group overlapping gene, 39 upregulated and 6 downregulated genes were identified as the TH directly induced genes. Further analysis indicated that AGGTCAnnTnAGGTCA is the optimal target sequence of target genes for TR/RXR heterodimers in M. fissipes. Future investigations on the function and regulation of these genes and pathways should help to reveal the mechanisms governing amphibian dorsal muscle remodeling. These full-length and high-quality transcriptomes in this study also provide an important foundation for future studies in M. fissipes metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusha Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Zou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiheng Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xungang Wang
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Zexia Gao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Abruzzese GA, Arbocco FCV, Ferrer MJ, Silva AF, Motta AB. Role of Hormones During Gestation and Early Development: Pathways Involved in Developmental Programming. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1428:31-70. [PMID: 37466768 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32554-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that an altered maternal milieu and environmental insults during the intrauterine and perinatal periods of life affect the developing organism, leading to detrimental long-term outcomes and often to adult pathologies through programming effects. Hormones, together with growth factors, play critical roles in the regulation of maternal-fetal and maternal-neonate interfaces, and alterations in any of them may lead to programming effects on the developing organism. In this chapter, we will review the role of sex steroids, thyroid hormones, and insulin-like growth factors, as crucial factors involved in physiological processes during pregnancy and lactation, and their role in developmental programming effects during fetal and early neonatal life. Also, we will consider epidemiological evidence and data from animal models of altered maternal hormonal environments and focus on the role of different tissues in the establishment of maternal and fetus/infant interaction. Finally, we will identify unresolved questions and discuss potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Adriana Abruzzese
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Campo Verde Arbocco
- Laboratorio de Hormonas y Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, IMBECU, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María José Ferrer
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aimé Florencia Silva
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Beatriz Motta
- Laboratorio de Fisio-patología ovárica, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fu L, Liu R, Ma V, Shi YB. Upregulation of proto-oncogene ski by thyroid hormone in the intestine and tail during Xenopus metamorphosis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 328:114102. [PMID: 35944650 PMCID: PMC9530006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) is important for adult organ function and vertebrate development, particularly during the postembryonic period when many organs develop/mature into their adult forms. Amphibian metamorphosis is totally dependent on T3 and can be easily manipulated, thus offering a unique opportunity for studying how T3 controls postembryonic development in vertebrates. Numerous early studies have demonstrated that T3 affects frog metamorphosis through T3 receptor (TR)-mediated regulation of T3 response genes, where TR forms a heterodimer with RXR (9-cis retinoic acid receptor) and binds to T3 response elements (TREs) in T3 response genes to regulate their expression. We have previously identified many candidate direct T3 response genes in Xenopus tropicalis tadpole intestine. Among them is the proto-oncogene Ski, which encodes a nuclear protein with complex function in regulating cell fate. We show here that Ski is upregulated in the intestine and tail of premetamorphic tadpoles upon T3 treatment and its expression peaks at stage 62, the climax of metamorphosis. We have further discovered a putative TRE in the first exon that can bind to TR/RXR in vitro and mediate T3 regulation of the promoter in vivo. These data demonstrate that Ski is activated by T3 through TR binding to a TRE in the first exon during Xenopus tropicalis metamorphosis, implicating a role of Ski in regulating cell fate during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert Liu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vincent Ma
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Koide EM, Abbott EA, Helbing CC. Uncovering early thyroid hormone signalling events through temperature-mediated activation of molecular memory in the cultured bullfrog tadpole tail fin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 323-324:114047. [PMID: 35472316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is a critical signalling molecule for all vertebrate organisms, playing a crucial role in postembryonic development. The best-studied mechanism of TH response is through modulating gene expression, however TH's involvement in coordinating the early steps in the TH signal transduction pathway is still poorly understood. The American bullfrog, Rana [Lithobates] catesbeiana, is a useful model to study these early responses as tadpole post-embryonic development in the form of metamorphosis of the tadpole into a frog can be experimentally induced by TH exposure. The rate of TH-induced metamorphosis can be modulated by temperature where sufficiently cold temperatures (5 °C) completely halt precocious metamorphosis. Interestingly, when premetamorphic tadpoles exposed to exogenous THs at 5 °C are shifted to permissive temperatures (24 °C), their metamorphic rate exceeds that of TH-exposed tadpoles at the permissive temperature. This suggests that a molecular memory of TH exposure is retained at 5 °C even after THs are cleared at this low temperature. However, the molecular memory machinery is poorly understood. Herein we use RNA-seq analysis to identify potential components of the molecular memory in cultured tail fin that allows for the recapitulation of the molecular memory phenomenon. Eighty-one gene transcripts were TH-responsive at 5 °C compared to matched controls indicating that the molecular memory is more complex than previously thought. Many of these transcripts encode transcription factors including thyroid hormone-induced B/Zip, thibz, and a novel krüppel-like factor family member, klfX. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide treatment had no effect on their TH induction suggesting that a change in transcription or translation is not required. Rather a change in RNA stability may be a possible mechanism contributing to the molecular memory. The ability to manipulate temperature and TH response in cultured organs provide an exciting opportunity to further elucidate the early TH signalling mechanisms during postembryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - E A Abbott
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - C C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada.
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Mengeling BJ, Vetter LF, Furlow JD. Retinoid-X receptor agonists increase thyroid hormone competence in lower jaw remodeling of pre-metamorphic Xenopus laevis tadpoles. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266946. [PMID: 35417489 PMCID: PMC9007347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling plays critical roles during vertebrate development, including regulation of skeletal and cartilage growth. TH acts through its receptors (TRs), nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) that heterodimerize with Retinoid-X receptors (RXRs), to regulate gene expression. A defining difference between NR signaling during development compared to in adult tissues, is competence, the ability of the organism to respond to an endocrine signal. Amphibian metamorphosis, especially in Xenopus laevis, the African clawed frog, is a well-established in vivo model for studying the mechanisms of TH action during development. Previously, we’ve used one-week post-fertilization X. laevis tadpoles, which are only partially competent to TH, to show that in the tail, which is naturally refractive to exogenous T3 at this stage, RXR agonists increase TH competence, and that RXR antagonism inhibits the TH response. Here, we focused on the jaw that undergoes dramatic TH-mediated remodeling during metamorphosis in order to support new feeding and breathing styles. We used a battery of approaches in one-week-old tadpoles, including quantitative morphology, differential gene expression and whole mount cell proliferation assays, to show that both pharmacologic (bexarotene) and environmental (tributyltin) RXR agonists potentiated TH-induced responses but were inactive in the absence of TH; and the RXR antagonist UVI 3003 inhibited TH action. Bex and TBT significantly potentiated cellular proliferation and the TH induction of runx2, a transcription factor critical for developing cartilage and bone. Prominent targets of RXR-mediated TH potentiation were members of the matrix metalloprotease family, suggesting that RXR potentiation may emphasize pathways responsible for rapid changes during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J. Mengeling
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lara F. Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - J. David Furlow
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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Hasebe T, Fujimoto K, Ishizuya-Oka A. Essential roles of YAP-TEAD complex in adult stem cell development during thyroid hormone-induced intestinal remodeling of Xenopus laevis. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 388:313-329. [PMID: 35211820 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During amphibian metamorphosis which is triggered by thyroid hormone (TH), the small intestine is extensively remodeled from the larval to adult form. In the Xenopus laevis intestine, some of the larval epithelial cells dedifferentiate into adult stem cells, which newly form the adult epithelium similar to the mammalian one. We have previously shown that TH-activated Shh, Wnt and Notch signaling pathways play important roles in adult epithelial development. Here we focus on the Hippo signaling pathway, which is known to interact with these pathways in the mammalian intestine. Our quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicates that the expression of genes involved in this pathway including YAP1, TAZ, TEAD1 and core kinases is differently regulated by TH in the metamorphosing intestine. Additionally, we show by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry that the transcriptional co-activator YAP1, a major effector of the Hippo signaling, is expressed in the adult stem cells and connective tissue cells surrounding them and that YAP1 protein is localized in either nucleus or cytoplasm of the stem cells. We further show that YAP1 binds its binding partner TEAD1 (transcription factor) in vivo and that their interaction is inhibited by verteporfin (VP). More importantly, by using VP in organ culture of the tadpole intestine, we experimentally demonstrate that the inhibition of YAP1-TEAD1 interaction decreases both TH-induced stem cells expressing LGR5 and nearby connective tissue cells in number and proliferation, leading to the failure of adult epithelial development. Our results indicate that YAP-TEAD complex is required for stem cell development during intestinal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hasebe
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-0023, Japan.
| | - Kenta Fujimoto
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-0023, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ishizuya-Oka
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-0023, Japan
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Fu L, Crawford L, Tong A, Luu N, Tanizaki Y, Shi YB. Sperm associated antigen 7 is activated by T3 during Xenopus tropicalis metamorphosis via a thyroid hormone response element within the first intron. Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:48-58. [PMID: 34862790 PMCID: PMC8810736 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) affects many diverse physiological processes such as metabolism, organogenesis, and growth. The two highly related frog species, diploid Xenopus tropicalis and pseudo tetraploid Xenopus laevis, have been used as models for analyzing the effects of T3 during vertebrate development. T3 regulates T3-inducible gene transcription through T3 receptor (TR)-binding to T3-response elements (TREs). We have previously identified sperm associated antigen 7 (spag7) as a candidate T3 target gene that is potentially involved in adult stem cell development and/or proliferation during intestinal metamorphosis. To investigate whether T3 regulates spag7 directly at the transcriptional level via TR, we first conducted qRT-PCR to analyze its expression during natural and T3-induced metamorphosis and found that spag7 was up-regulated during natural metamorphosis in the intestine, tail, brain and hindlimb, peaking at the climax of metamorphosis in all those organs, and upon T3 treatment of premetamorphic tadpoles. Next, we demonstrated that an intronic TRE in spag7, first identified through bioinformatic analysis, could bind to TR in vitro and in vivo during metamorphosis. A dual luciferase assay utilizing a reconstituted frog oocyte transcription system showed that the TRE could mediate promoter activation by liganded TR. These results indicate that spag7 expression is directly regulated by T3 through the TRE in the first intron during metamorphosis, implicating a role for spag7 early during T3-regulated tissue remodeling and resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - LaTaijah Crawford
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Tong
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nga Luu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuta Tanizaki
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Espina JEC, Bagamasbad PD. Synergistic gene regulation by thyroid hormone and glucocorticoid in the hippocampus. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 118:35-81. [PMID: 35180933 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is considered the center for learning and memory in the brain, and its development and function is greatly affected by the thyroid and stress axes. Thyroid hormone (TH) and glucocorticoids (GC) are known to have a synergistic effect on developmental programs across several vertebrate species, and their effects on hippocampal structure and function are well-documented. However, there are few studies that focus on the processes and genes that are cooperatively regulated by the two hormone axes. Cross-regulation of the thyroid and stress axes in the hippocampus occurs on multiple levels such that TH can regulate the expression of the GC receptor (GR) while GC can modulate tissue sensitivity to TH by controlling the expression of TH receptor (TR) and enzymes involved in TH biosynthesis. Thyroid hormone and GC are also known to synergistically regulate the transcription of genes associated with neuronal function and development. Synergistic gene regulation by TH and GC may occur through the direct, cooperative action of TR and GR on common target genes, or by indirect mechanisms involving gene regulatory cascades activated by TR and GR. In this chapter, we describe the known physiological effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of TH and GC synergistic gene regulation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ezekiel C Espina
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Pia D Bagamasbad
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
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12
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Corrie LM, Kempe MN, Blajkevitch O, Shang D, Helbing CC. Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate as a Potential Endocrine Disruptor of Thyroid Hormone Activity in American bullfrog, Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana, Tadpoles. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 80:726-734. [PMID: 33774695 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are required to regulate complex developmental processes in vertebrates and are highly sensitive to endocrine-disrupting compounds. Previous studies demonstrate that dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS), a common constituent of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food products, disrupts canonical signaling of adipocyte differentiation by binding a nuclear hormone receptor in the same superfamily as thyroid hormone (TH) receptors. The present study was designed to determine whether DOSS is capable of disrupting TH signaling using the American bullfrog, Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana-a cosmopolitan frog species that undergoes TH-dependent metamorphosis to transition from an aquatic tadpole to a terrestrial juvenile frog. Premetamorphic R. catesbeiana tadpoles were injected with 2 pmol/g body weight T3 or 10 pmol/g body weight T4 to induce precocious metamorphosis, then exposed for 48 h to environmentally or clinically relevant DOSS concentrations (0.5, 5, and 50 mg/L). Gene expression of three classical TH-responsive targets (thra, thrb, and thibz) was measured in tadpole liver and tail fin tissue through reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). DOSS disrupted gene expression in liver and tail fin tissue at all three concentrations tested but the patterns of expression differed by tissue, gene transcript, and TH treatment status. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that DOSS can alter TH signaling. Further exploration into DOSS disruption of TH signaling is warranted, because exposure may affect other TH-dependent processes, such as salmon smoltification and perinatal human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorissa M Corrie
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Meaghan N Kempe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Oxana Blajkevitch
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, 2645 Dollarton Highway, North Vancouver, BC, V7H 1B1, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific Environmental Science Centre, 2645 Dollarton Highway, North Vancouver, BC, V7H 1B1, Canada
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
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13
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Xie M, Gol'din P, Herdina AN, Estefa J, Medvedeva EV, Li L, Newton PT, Kotova S, Shavkuta B, Saxena A, Shumate LT, Metscher BD, Großschmidt K, Nishimori S, Akovantseva A, Usanova AP, Kurenkova AD, Kumar A, Arregui IL, Tafforeau P, Fried K, Carlström M, Simon A, Gasser C, Kronenberg HM, Bastepe M, Cooper KL, Timashev P, Sanchez S, Adameyko I, Eriksson A, Chagin AS. Secondary ossification center induces and protects growth plate structure. eLife 2020; 9:55212. [PMID: 33063669 PMCID: PMC7581430 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth plate and articular cartilage constitute a single anatomical entity early in development but later separate into two distinct structures by the secondary ossification center (SOC). The reason for such separation remains unknown. We found that evolutionarily SOC appears in animals conquering the land - amniotes. Analysis of the ossification pattern in mammals with specialized extremities (whales, bats, jerboa) revealed that SOC development correlates with the extent of mechanical loads. Mathematical modeling revealed that SOC reduces mechanical stress within the growth plate. Functional experiments revealed the high vulnerability of hypertrophic chondrocytes to mechanical stress and showed that SOC protects these cells from apoptosis caused by extensive loading. Atomic force microscopy showed that hypertrophic chondrocytes are the least mechanically stiff cells within the growth plate. Altogether, these findings suggest that SOC has evolved to protect the hypertrophic chondrocytes from the high mechanical stress encountered in the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pavel Gol'din
- Department of Evolutionary Morphology, Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of NAS of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Anna Nele Herdina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Anatomy, MIC, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jordi Estefa
- Science for Life Laboratory and Uppsala University, Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina V Medvedeva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Phillip T Newton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Kotova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Boris Shavkuta
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aditya Saxena
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Lauren T Shumate
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Brian D Metscher
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Großschmidt
- Bone and Biomaterials Research, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shigeki Nishimori
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Anastasia Akovantseva
- Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research center "Crystallography and Photonics", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna P Usanova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Paul Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - András Simon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Gasser
- Department of Solid Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Murat Bastepe
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Kimberly L Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Photonic Technologies, Research center "Crystallography and Photonics", Moscow, Russian Federation.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sophie Sanchez
- Science for Life Laboratory and Uppsala University, Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala, Sweden.,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.,Sorbonne Université - CR2P - MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroimmunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anders Eriksson
- Department of Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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14
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Fitak RR, Mohandesan E, Corander J, Yadamsuren A, Chuluunbat B, Abdelhadi O, Raziq A, Nagy P, Walzer C, Faye B, Burger PA. Genomic signatures of domestication in Old World camels. Commun Biol 2020; 3:316. [PMID: 32561887 PMCID: PMC7305198 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestication begins with the selection of animals showing less fear of humans. In most domesticates, selection signals for tameness have been superimposed by intensive breeding for economical or other desirable traits. Old World camels, conversely, have maintained high genetic variation and lack secondary bottlenecks associated with breed development. By re-sequencing multiple genomes from dromedaries, Bactrian camels, and their endangered wild relatives, here we show that positive selection for candidate genes underlying traits collectively referred to as 'domestication syndrome' is consistent with neural crest deficiencies and altered thyroid hormone-based signaling. Comparing our results with other domestic species, we postulate that the core set of domestication genes is considerably smaller than the pan-domestication set - and overlapping genes are likely a result of chance and redundancy. These results, along with the extensive genomic resources provided, are an important contribution to understanding the evolutionary history of camels and the genomic features of their domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rodgers Fitak
- Institute of Population Genetics, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Biology, Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
| | - Elmira Mohandesan
- Institute of Population Genetics, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jukka Corander
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, N-0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adiya Yadamsuren
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jia No.20 North, DaTun road, ChaoYang District, Beijing, China
- Wild Camel Protection Foundation Mongolia. Jukov avenue, Bayanzurh District, Ulaanbaatar, 13343, Mongolia
| | - Battsetseg Chuluunbat
- Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Peace avenue-54b, Bayarzurh District, Ulaanbaatar, 210351, Mongolia
| | - Omer Abdelhadi
- University of Khartoum, Department for Meat Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Abdul Raziq
- Camelait, Alain Farms for Livestock Production, Alain Dubai Road, Alain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Peter Nagy
- Farm and Veterinary Department, Emirates Industry for Camel Milk and Products, PO Box 294236, Dubai, Umm Nahad, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chris Walzer
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, Bronx, NY, USA
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernard Faye
- CIRAD-ES, UMR 112, Campus International de Baillarguet, TA C/112A, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Pamela Anna Burger
- Institute of Population Genetics, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Noli L, Khorsandi SE, Pyle A, Giritharan G, Fogarty N, Capalbo A, Devito L, Jovanovic VM, Khurana P, Rosa H, Kolundzic N, Cvoro A, Niakan KK, Malik A, Foulk R, Heaton N, Ardawi MS, Chinnery PF, Ogilvie C, Khalaf Y, Ilic D. Effects of thyroid hormone on mitochondria and metabolism of human preimplantation embryos. Stem Cells 2020; 38:369-381. [PMID: 31778245 PMCID: PMC7064942 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are regarded as the major controllers of metabolic rate and oxygen consumption in mammals. Although it has been demonstrated that thyroid hormone supplementation improves bovine embryo development in vitro, the cellular mechanisms underlying these effects are so far unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of thyroid hormone in development of human preimplantation embryos. Embryos were cultured in the presence or absence of 10-7 M triiodothyronine (T3) till blastocyst stage. Inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) were separated mechanically and subjected to RNAseq or quantification of mitochondrial DNA copy number. Analyses were performed using DESeq (v1.16.0 on R v3.1.3), MeV4.9 and MitoMiner 4.0v2018 JUN platforms. We found that the exposure of human preimplantation embryos to T3 had a profound impact on nuclear gene transcription only in the cells of ICM (1178 regulated genes-10.5% of 11 196 expressed genes) and almost no effect on cells of TE (38 regulated genes-0.3% of expressed genes). The analyses suggest that T3 induces in ICM a shift in ribosome and oxidative phosphorylation activity, as the upregulated genes are contributing to the composition and organization of the respiratory chain and associated cofactors involved in mitoribosome assembly and stability. Furthermore, a number of genes affecting the citric acid cycle energy production have reduced expression. Our findings might explain why thyroid disorders in women have been associated with reduced fertility and adverse pregnancy outcome. Our data also raise a possibility that supplementation of culture media with T3 may improve outcomes for women undergoing in vitro fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Noli
- Division of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's HospitalLondonUK
- Department of Pathological SciencesFakeeh College for Medical SciencesJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Angela Pyle
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial ResearchInstitute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | - Norah Fogarty
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Antonio Capalbo
- Igenomix Italyvia Fermi 1, MarosticaItaly
- DAHFMO, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza, University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Liani Devito
- Division of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Vladimir M. Jovanovic
- Bioinformatics Solution Center and Human Biology Group; Institute for Zoology; Department of Biology, Chemistry and PharmacyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Preeti Khurana
- Division of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Hannah Rosa
- MitoDNA Service LabKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Nikola Kolundzic
- Division of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Aleksandra Cvoro
- Center for BioenergeticsHouston Methodist Research InstituteHoustonTexas
| | - Kathy K. Niakan
- Human Embryo and Stem Cell LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Afshan Malik
- MitoDNA Service LabKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Nigel Heaton
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College HospitalLondonUK
| | - Mohammad Saleh Ardawi
- Department of Pathological SciencesFakeeh College for Medical SciencesJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Patrick F. Chinnery
- MRC‐Mitochondrial Biology Unit and Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Caroline Ogilvie
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Yacoub Khalaf
- Division of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Dusko Ilic
- Division of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College London and Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's HospitalLondonUK
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16
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Buffenstein R, Lewis KN, Gibney PA, Narayan V, Grimes KM, Smith M, Lin TD, Brown-Borg HM. Probing Pedomorphy and Prolonged Lifespan in Naked Mole-Rats and Dwarf Mice. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 35:96-111. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00032.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pedomorphy, maintenance of juvenile traits throughout life, is most pronounced in extraordinarily long-lived naked mole-rats. Many of these traits (e.g., slow growth rates, low hormone levels, and delayed sexual maturity) are shared with spontaneously mutated, long-lived dwarf mice. Although some youthful traits likely evolved as adaptations to subterranean habitats (e.g., thermolability), the nature of these intrinsic pedomorphic features may also contribute to their prolonged youthfulness, longevity, and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick A. Gibney
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Vikram Narayan
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
| | - Kelly M. Grimes
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Megan Smith
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
| | - Tzuhua D. Lin
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
| | - Holly M. Brown-Borg
- Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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17
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Fu L, Li C, Na W, Shi YB. Thyroid hormone activates Xenopus MBD3 gene via an intronic TRE in vivo. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2020; 25:437-451. [PMID: 31585895 DOI: 10.2741/4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) is important for adult organ function and vertebrate development. Amphibian metamorphosis is totally dependent on T3 and can be easily manipulated, thus offering a unique opportunity for studying how T3 controls vertebrate development. T3 controls frog metamorphosis through T3 receptor (TR)-mediated regulation of T3 response genes. To identify direct T3 response genes, we previously carried out a ChIP (chromatin immunoprecipitation)-on-chip analysis with a polyclonal anti-TR antibody on the tadpole intestine and identified many putative TR target genes. Among them is the methyl-CpG binding domain protein 3 (MBD3) gene, which has been implicated to play a role in epigenetic regulation of cellular processes as a subunit of the Mi-2/NuRD (Nucleosome Remodeling Deacetylase) complex. We show here that MBD3 is upregulated in the intestine and tail by T3 and its expression peaks at stage 62, the climax of metamorphosis. We further show that a putative TRE within the first intron of the MBD3 gene binds to TR/RXR in vitro and in vivo, and mediates T3 regulation of the MBD3 promoter in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezhen Fu
- NICHD, NIH, bldg 49 Rm6A82, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Christin Li
- NICHD, NIH, bldg 49 Rm6A82, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Wonho Na
- NICHD, NIH, bldg 49 Rm6A82, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- NICHD, NIH, bldg 49 Rm6A82, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA,
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18
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Coordinated transcriptional regulation by thyroid hormone and glucocorticoid interaction in adult mouse hippocampus-derived neuronal cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220378. [PMID: 31348800 PMCID: PMC6660079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a well-known target of thyroid hormone (TH; e.g., 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine—T3) and glucocorticoid (GC; e.g., corticosterone—CORT) action. Despite evidence that TH and GC play critical roles in neural development and function, few studies have identified genes and patterns of gene regulation influenced by the interaction of these hormones at a genome-wide scale. In this study we investigated gene regulation by T3, CORT, and T3 + CORT in the mouse hippocampus-derived cell line HT-22. We treated cells with T3, CORT, or T3 + CORT for 4 hr before cell harvest and RNA isolation for microarray analysis. We identified 9 genes regulated by T3, 432 genes by CORT, and 412 genes by T3 + CORT. Among the 432 CORT-regulated genes, there were 203 genes that exhibited an altered CORT response in the presence of T3, suggesting that T3 plays a significant role in modulating CORT-regulated genes. We also found 80 genes synergistically induced, and 73 genes synergistically repressed by T3 + CORT treatment. We performed in silico analysis using publicly available mouse neuronal chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing datasets and identified a considerable number of synergistically regulated genes with TH receptor and GC receptor peaks mapping within 1 kb of chromatin marks indicative of hormone-responsive enhancer regions. Functional annotation clustering of synergistically regulated genes reveal the relevance of proteasomal-dependent degradation, neuroprotective effect of growth hormones, and neuroinflammatory responses as key pathways to how TH and GC may coordinately influence learning and memory. Taken together, our transcriptome data represents a promising exploratory dataset for further study of common molecular mechanisms behind synergistic TH and GC gene regulation, and identify specific genes and their role in processes mediated by cross-talk between the thyroid and stress axes in a mammalian hippocampal model system.
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19
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Meyer‐Lucht Y, Luquet E, Jóhannesdóttir F, Rödin‐Mörch P, Quintela M, Richter‐Boix A, Höglund J, Laurila A. Genetic basis of amphibian larval development along a latitudinal gradient: Gene diversity, selection and links with phenotypic variation in transcription factor
C/EBP‐1. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2786-2801. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Meyer‐Lucht
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Emilien Luquet
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés Université Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France
| | - Fríða Jóhannesdóttir
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Patrik Rödin‐Mörch
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - María Quintela
- Department of Population Genetics Institute of Marine Research Bergen Norway
| | - Alex Richter‐Boix
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jacob Höglund
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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20
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Sachs LM, Buchholz DR. Insufficiency of Thyroid Hormone in Frog Metamorphosis and the Role of Glucocorticoids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:287. [PMID: 31143159 PMCID: PMC6521741 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is the most important hormone in frog metamorphosis, a developmental process which will not occur in the absence of TH but can be induced precociously by exogenous TH. However, such treatments including in-vitro TH treatments often do not replicate the events of natural metamorphosis in many organs, including lung, brain, blood, intestine, pancreas, tail, and skin. A potential explanation for the discrepancy between natural and TH-induced metamorphosis is the involvement of glucocorticoids (GCs). GCs are not able to advance development by themselves but can modulate the rate of developmental progress induced by TH via increased tissue sensitivity to TH. Global gene expression analyses and endocrine experiments suggest that GCs may also have direct actions required for completion of metamorphosis independent of their effects on TH signaling. Here, we provide a new review and analysis of the requirement and necessity of TH signaling in light of recent insights from gene knockout frogs. We also examine the independent and interactive roles GCs play in regulating morphological and molecular metamorphic events dependent upon TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M. Sachs
- Département Adaptation du Vivant, UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Daniel R. Buchholz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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21
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Encarnação T, Pais AACC, Campos MG, Burrows HD. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Impact on human health, wildlife and the environment. Sci Prog 2019; 102:3-42. [PMID: 31829784 PMCID: PMC10424550 DOI: 10.1177/0036850419826802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals are a group of pollutants that can affect the endocrine system and lead to diseases and dysfunctions across the lifespan of organisms. They are omnipresent. They are in the air we breathe, in the food we eat and in the water we drink. They can be found in our everyday lives through personal care products, household cleaning products, furniture and in children's toys. Every year, hundreds of new chemicals are produced and released onto the market without being tested, and they reach our bodies through everyday products. Permanent exposure to those chemicals may intensify or even become the main cause for the development of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. In recent years, legislation and regulations have been implemented, which aim to control the release of potentially adverse endocrine disrupting chemicals, often invoking the precautionary principle. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of research on environmental aspects of endocrine disrupting chemicals and their effects on human health, based on evidence from animal and human studies. Emphasis is given to three ubiquitous and persistent groups of chemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides, and on two non-persistent, but ubiquitous, bisphenol A and phthalates. Some selected historical cases are also presented and successful cases of regulation and legislation described. These led to a decrease in exposure and consequent minimization of the effects of these compounds. Recommendations from experts on this field, World Health Organization, scientific reports and from the Endocrine Society are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Encarnação
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alberto ACC Pais
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria G Campos
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hugh D Burrows
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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22
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Fu L, Yin J, Shi YB. Involvement of epigenetic modifications in thyroid hormone-dependent formation of adult intestinal stem cells during amphibian metamorphosis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 271:91-96. [PMID: 30472386 PMCID: PMC6322911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian metamorphosis has long been used as model to study postembryonic development in vertebrates, a period around birth in mammals when many organs/tissues mature into their adult forms and is characterized by peak levels of plasma thyroid hormone (T3). Of particular interest is the remodeling of the intestine during metamorphosis. In the highly-related anurans Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, this remodeling process involves larval epithelial cell death and de novo formation of adult stem cells via dedifferentiation of some larval cells under the induction of T3, making it a valuable system to investigate how adult organ-specific stem cells are formed during vertebrate development. Here, we will review some studies by us and others on how T3 regulates the formation of the intestinal stem cells during metamorphosis. We will highlight the involvement of nucleosome removal and a positive feedback mechanism involving the histone methyltransferases in gene regulation by T3 receptor (TR) during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 49 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jessica Yin
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 49 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 49 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Laslo M, Denver RJ, Hanken J. Evolutionary Conservation of Thyroid Hormone Receptor and Deiodinase Expression Dynamics in ovo in a Direct-Developing Frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:307. [PMID: 31178826 PMCID: PMC6542950 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct development is a reproductive mode in amphibians that has evolved independently from the ancestral biphasic life history in at least a dozen anuran lineages. Most direct-developing frogs, including the Puerto Rican coquí, Eleutherodactylus coqui, lack a free-living aquatic larva and instead hatch from terrestrial eggs as miniature adults. Their embryonic development includes the transient formation of many larval-specific features and the formation of adult-specific features that typically form postembryonically-during metamorphosis-in indirect-developing frogs. We found that pre-hatching developmental patterns of thyroid hormone receptors alpha (thra) and beta (thrb) and deiodinases type II (dio2) and type III (dio3) mRNAs in E. coqui limb and tail are conserved relative to those seen during metamorphosis in indirect-developing frogs. Additionally, thra, thrb, and dio2 mRNAs are expressed in the limb before formation of the embryonic thyroid gland. Liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry revealed that maternally derived thyroid hormone is present throughout early embryogenesis, including stages of digit formation that occur prior to the increase in embryonically produced thyroid hormone. Eleutherodactylus coqui embryos take up much less 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) from the environment compared with X. tropicalis tadpoles. However, E. coqui tissue explants mount robust and direct gene expression responses to exogenous T3 similar to those seen in metamorphosing species. The presence of key components of the thyroid axis in the limb and the ability of limb tissue to respond to T3 suggest that thyroid hormone-mediated limb development may begin prior to thyroid gland formation. Thyroid hormone-dependent limb development and tail resorption characteristic of metamorphosis in indirect-developing anurans are evolutionarily conserved, but they occur instead in ovo in E. coqui.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Laslo
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mara Laslo
| | - Robert J. Denver
- Departments of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - James Hanken
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Mengeling BJ, Goodson ML, Furlow JD. RXR Ligands Modulate Thyroid Hormone Signaling Competence in Young Xenopus laevis Tadpoles. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2576-2595. [PMID: 29762675 PMCID: PMC6692881 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate thyroid hormone (TH) signaling through thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) is essential for vertebrate development. Amphibian metamorphosis is initiated and sustained through the action of TH on TRs, which are conserved across vertebrates. TRs heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) on thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) in the genome; however, in most cell line and adult animal studies, RXR ligands do not affect expression of TR target genes. We used a quantitative, precocious metamorphosis assay to interrogate the effects of the RXR agonist bexarotene (Bex) and the RXR antagonist UVI 3003 (UVI) on T3-induced resorption phenotypes in Xenopus laevis tadpoles 1 week postfertilization. Bex potentiated gill and tail resorption, and UVI abrogated T3 action. These results held in transgenic tadpoles bearing a TRE-driven luciferase reporter. Therefore, we used poly-A-primed RNA sequencing transcriptomic analysis to determine their effects on T3-induced gene expression. We also assayed the environmental pollutant tributyltin (TBT), which is an RXR agonist. We found that the proteases that carry out resorption were potentiated by Bex and TBT but were not significantly inhibited by UVI. However, several transcription factors from multiple families (sox4, fosl2, mxd1, mafb, nfib) were all inhibited by UVI and potentiated by Bex and TBT. All required T3 for induction. Time course analysis of gene expression showed that although the agonists could potentiate within 12 hours, the antagonist response lagged. These data indicate that the agonists and antagonist are not necessarily functioning through the same mechanism and suggest that RXR liganding may modulate TH competence in metamorphic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Mengeling
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michael L Goodson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - J David Furlow
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
- Correspondence: J. David Furlow, PhD, Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616.
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Ishizuya-Oka A. How thyroid hormone regulates transformation of larval epithelial cells into adult stem cells in the amphibian intestine. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:98-103. [PMID: 28232053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the amphibian intestine during metamorphosis, a small number of larval epithelial cells dedifferentiate into adult stem cells that newly form the adult epithelium analogous to the mammalian counterpart, while most of them undergo apoptosis. Because this larval-to-adult intestinal remodeling can be experimentally induced by thyroid hormone (TH) both in vivo and in vitro, TH response genes identified in the Xenopus intestine provide us valuable clues to investigating how adult stem cells and their niche are formed during postembryonic development. Their expression and functional analyses by using the culture and recent transgenic (Tg) techniques have shed light on key signaling pathways essential for intestinal stem cell development. The present review focuses on such recent findings and discusses the evolutionally conserved roles of TH in development or maintenance of the stem cells which are common to the terrestrial vertebrate intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ishizuya-Oka
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0023, Japan.
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Genome-wide identification of thyroid hormone receptor targets in the remodeling intestine during Xenopus tropicalis metamorphosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6414. [PMID: 28743885 PMCID: PMC5527017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06679-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) affects development and metabolism in vertebrates. We have been studying intestinal remodeling during T3-dependent Xenopus metamorphosis as a model for organ maturation and formation of adult organ-specific stem cells during vertebrate postembryonic development, a period characterized by high levels of plasma T3. T3 is believed to affect development by regulating target gene transcription through T3 receptors (TRs). While many T3 response genes have been identified in different animal species, few have been shown to be direct target genes in vivo, especially during development. Here we generated a set of genomic microarray chips covering about 8000 bp flanking the predicted transcription start sites in Xenopus tropicalis for genome wide identification of TR binding sites. By using the intestine of premetamorphic tadpoles treated with or without T3 and for chromatin immunoprecipitation assays with these chips, we determined the genome-wide binding of TR in the control and T3-treated tadpole intestine. We further validated TR binding in vivo and analyzed the regulation of selected genes. We thus identified 278 candidate direct TR target genes. We further provided evidence that these genes are regulated by T3 and likely involved in the T3-induced formation of adult intestinal stem cells during metamorphosis.
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Wen L, Fu L, Shi YB. Histone methyltransferase Dot1L is a coactivator for thyroid hormone receptor during Xenopus development. FASEB J 2017; 31:4821-4831. [PMID: 28739643 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700131r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Histone modifications are associated with transcriptional regulation by diverse transcription factors. Genome-wide correlation studies have revealed that histone activation marks and repression marks are associated with activated and repressed gene expression, respectively. Among the histone activation marks is histone H3 K79 methylation, which is carried out by only a single methyltransferase, disruptor of telomeric silencing-1-like (DOT1L). We have been studying thyroid hormone (T3)-dependent amphibian metamorphosis in two highly related species, the pseudo-tetraploid Xenopus laevis and diploid Xenopus tropicalis, as a model for postembryonic development, a period around birth in mammals that is difficult to study. We previously showed that H3K79 methylation levels are induced at T3 target genes during natural and T3-induced metamorphosis and that Dot1L is itself a T3 target gene. These suggest that T3 induces Dot1L expression, and Dot1L in turn functions as a T3 receptor (TR) coactivator to promote vertebrate development. We show here that in cotransfection studies or in the reconstituted frog oocyte in vivo transcription system, overexpression of Dot1L enhances gene activation by TR in the presence of T3. Furthermore, making use of the ability to carry out transgenesis in X. laevis and gene knockdown in X. tropicalis, we demonstrate that endogenous Dot1L is critical for T3-induced activation of endogenous TR target genes while transgenic Dot1L enhances endogenous TR function in premetamorphic tadpoles in the presence of T3. Our studies thus for the first time provide complementary gain- and loss-of functional evidence in vivo for a cofactor, Dot1L, in gene activation by TR during vertebrate development.-Wen, L., Fu, L., Shi, Y.-B. Histone methyltransferase Dot1L is a coactivator for thyroid hormone receptor during Xenopus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Wen
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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28
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Sachs LM, Buchholz DR. Frogs model man: In vivo thyroid hormone signaling during development. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28109053 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling comprises TH transport across cell membranes, metabolism by deiodinases, and molecular mechanisms of gene regulation. Proper TH signaling is essential for normal perinatal development, most notably for neurogenesis and fetal growth. Knowledge of perinatal TH endocrinology needs improvement to provide better treatments for premature infants and endocrine diseases during gestation and to counteract effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Studies in amphibians have provided major insights to understand in vivo mechanisms of TH signaling. The frog model boasts dramatic TH-dependent changes directly observable in free-living tadpoles with precise and easy experimental control of the TH response at developmental stages comparable to fetal stages in mammals. The hormones, their receptors, molecular mechanisms, and developmental roles of TH signaling are conserved to a high degree in humans and amphibians, such that with respect to developmental TH signaling "frogs are just little people that hop." The frog model is exceptionally illustrative of fundamental molecular mechanisms of in vivo TH action involving TH receptors, transcriptional cofactors, and chromatin remodeling. This review highlights the current need, recent successes, and future prospects using amphibians as a model to elucidate molecular mechanisms and functional roles of TH signaling during post-embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M Sachs
- UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Dépt. Régulation, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Daniel R Buchholz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221
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Alves RN, Cardoso JCR, Harboe T, Martins RST, Manchado M, Norberg B, Power DM. Duplication of Dio3 genes in teleost fish and their divergent expression in skin during flatfish metamorphosis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:279-293. [PMID: 28062304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deiodinase 3 (Dio3) plays an essential role during early development in vertebrates by controlling tissue thyroid hormone (TH) availability. The Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) possesses duplicate dio3 genes (dio3a and dio3b). Expression analysis indicates that dio3b levels change in abocular skin during metamorphosis and this suggests that this enzyme is associated with the divergent development of larval skin to the juvenile phenotype. In larvae exposed to MMI, a chemical that inhibits TH production, expression of dio3b in ocular skin is significantly up-regulated suggesting that THs normally modulate this genes expression during this developmental event. The molecular basis for divergent dio3a and dio3b expression and responsiveness to MMI treatment is explained by the multiple conserved TREs in the proximal promoter region of teleost dio3b and their absence from the promoter of dio3a. We propose that the divergent expression of dio3 in ocular and abocular skin during halibut metamorphosis contributes to the asymmetric pigment development in response to THs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Alves
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - J C R Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - T Harboe
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Austevoll, Norway.
| | - R S T Martins
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - M Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - B Norberg
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Austevoll, Norway.
| | - D M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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30
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A balance of Mad and Myc expression dictates larval cell apoptosis and adult stem cell development during Xenopus intestinal metamorphosis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2787. [PMID: 28492553 PMCID: PMC5520718 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Myc/Mad/Max network has long been shown to be an important factor in regulating cell proliferation, death and differentiation in diverse cell types. In general, Myc–Max heterodimers activate target gene expression to promote cell proliferation, although excess of c-Myc can also induce apoptosis. In contrast, Mad competes against Myc to form Mad–Max heterodimers that bind to the same target genes to repress their expression and promote differentiation. The role of the Myc/Mad/Max network during vertebrate development, especially, the so-called postembryonic development, a period around birth in mammals, is unclear. Using thyroid hormone (T3)-dependent Xenopus metamorphosis as a model, we show here that Mad1 is induced by T3 in the intestine during metamorphosis when larval epithelial cell death and adult epithelial stem cell development take place. More importantly, we demonstrate that Mad1 is expressed in the larval cells undergoing apoptosis, whereas c-Myc is expressed in the proliferating adult stem cells during intestinal metamorphosis, suggesting that Mad1 may have a role in cell death during development. By using transcription activator-like effector nuclease-mediated gene-editing technology, we have generated Mad1 knockout Xenopus animals. This has revealed that Mad1 is not essential for embryogenesis or metamorphosis. On the other hand, consistent with its spatiotemporal expression profile, Mad1 knockout leads to reduced larval epithelial apoptosis but surprisingly also results in increased adult stem cell proliferation. These findings not only reveal a novel role of Mad1 in regulating developmental cell death but also suggest that a balance of Mad and Myc controls cell fate determination during adult organ development.
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31
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Truter JC, van Wyk JH, Oberholster PJ, Botha AM, Mokwena LM. An evaluation of the endocrine disruptive potential of crude oil water accommodated fractions and crude oil contaminated surface water to freshwater organisms using in vitro and in vivo approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1330-1342. [PMID: 27787904 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge regarding the potential impacts of crude oil on endocrine signaling in freshwater aquatic vertebrates is limited. The expression of selected genes as biomarkers for altered endocrine signaling was studied in African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, tadpoles and juvenile Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, exposed to weathered bunker and unweathered refinery crude oil water accommodated fractions (WAFs). In addition, the expression of the aforementioned genes was quantified in X. laevis tadpoles exposed to surface water collected from the proximity of an underground oil bunker. The (anti)estrogenicity and (anti)androgenicity of crude oil, crude oil WAFs, and surface water were furthermore evaluated using recombinant yeast. Thyroid hormone receptor beta expression was significantly down-regulated in X. laevis in response to both oil WAF types, whereas a further thyroid linked gene, type 2 deiodinase, was up-regulated in O. mossambicus exposed to a high concentration of bunker oil WAF. In addition, both WAFs altered the expression of the adipogenesis-linked peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in X. laevis. The crude oil and WAFs exhibited antiestrogenic and antiandrogenic activity in vitro. However, O. mossambicus androgen receptor 2 was the only gene, representing the reproductive system, significantly affected by WAF exposure. Estrogenicity, antiestrogenicity, and antiandrogenicity were detected in surface water samples; however, no significant changes were observed in the expression of any of the genes evaluated in X. laevis exposed to surface water. The responses varied among the 2 model organisms used, as well as among the 2 types of crude oil. Nonetheless, the data provide evidence that crude oil pollution may lead to adverse health effects in freshwater fish and amphibians as a result of altered endocrine signaling. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1330-1342. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christoff Truter
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Johannes H van Wyk
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Paul J Oberholster
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anna-Maria Botha
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Lucky M Mokwena
- Central Analytical Facility, Mass Spectrometry Unit, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Luu N, Fu L, Fujimoto K, Shi YB. Direct Regulation of Histidine Ammonia-Lyase 2 Gene by Thyroid Hormone in the Developing Adult Intestinal Stem Cells. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1022-1033. [PMID: 28323994 PMCID: PMC5460799 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most vertebrate organs use adult stem cells to maintain homeostasis and ensure proper repair when damaged. How such organ-specific stem cells are formed during vertebrate development is largely unexplored. We have been using the thyroid hormone (T3)-dependent amphibian metamorphosis to address this issue. Early studies in Xenopus laevis have shown that intestinal remodeling involves complete degeneration of the larval epithelium and de novo formation of adult stem cells through dedifferentiation of some larval epithelial cells. We have further discovered that the histidine ammonia-lyase (HAL; also known as histidase or histidinase)-2 gene is strongly and specifically activated by T3 in the proliferating adult stem cells of the intestine during metamorphosis, implicating a role of histidine catabolism in the development of adult intestinal stem cells. To determine the mechanism by which T3 regulates the HAL2 gene, we have carried out bioinformatics analysis and discovered a putative T3 response element (TRE) in the HAL2 gene. Importantly, we show that this TRE is bound by T3 receptor (TR) in the intestine during metamorphosis. The TRE is capable of binding to the heterodimer of TR and 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR) in vitro and mediate transcriptional activation by liganded TR/RXR in frog oocytes. More importantly, the HAL2 promoter containing the TRE can drive T3-dependent reporter gene expression to mimic endogenous HAL2 expression in transgenic animals. Our results suggest that the TRE mediates the induction of HAL2 gene by T3 in the developing adult intestinal stem cells during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Luu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenta Fujimoto
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Development of yeast reporter assays for the enhanced detection of environmental ligands of thyroid hormone receptors α and β from Xenopus tropicalis. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 37:15-24. [PMID: 27544454 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are involved in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis during the development and differentiation of vertebrates, particularly amphibian metamorphosis, which is entirely controlled by internal TH levels. Some artificial chemicals have been shown to exhibit TH-disrupting activities. In order to detect TH disruptors for amphibians, we herein developed a reporter assay using yeast strains expressing the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) α and β together with the transcriptional coactivator SRC-1, all of which were derived from the frog Xenopus tropicalis (XT). These yeast strains responded to endogenous THs (T2, T3, and T4) in a dose-dependent manner. They detected the TR ligand activities of some artificial chemicals suspected to exhibit TH-disrupting activities, as well as TR ligand activity in river water collected downstream of sewage plant discharges, which may have originated from human excrement. Moreover, the responses of XT TR strains to these endogenous and artificial ligands were stronger than those of yeast strains for human TRα and β assays, which had previously been established in our laboratory. These results indicate that the yeast reporter assay system for XT TRα and β is valuable for assessing TR ligand activities in environmental samples that may be particularly potent in amphibians.
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34
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Fu L, Shi YB. The Sox transcriptional factors: Functions during intestinal development in vertebrates. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 63:58-67. [PMID: 27567710 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The intestine has long been studied as a model for adult stem cells due to the life-long self-renewal of the intestinal epithelium through the proliferation of the adult intestinal stem cells. Recent evidence suggests that the formation of adult intestinal stem cells in mammals takes place during the thyroid hormone-dependent neonatal period, also known as postembryonic development, which resembles intestinal remodeling during frog metamorphosis. Studies on the metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis have revealed that many members of the Sox family, a large family of DNA binding transcription factors, are upregulated in the intestinal epithelium during the formation and/or proliferation of the intestinal stem cells. Similarly, a number of Sox genes have been implicated in intestinal development and pathogenesis in mammals. Futures studies are needed to determine the expression and potential involvement of this important gene family in the development of the adult intestinal stem cells. These include the analyses of the expression and regulation of these and other Sox genes during postembryonic development in mammals as well as functional investigations in both mammals and amphibians by using the recently developed gene knockout technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States.
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Alves RN, Gomes AS, Stueber K, Tine M, Thorne MAS, Smáradóttir H, Reinhard R, Clark MS, Rønnestad I, Power DM. The transcriptome of metamorphosing flatfish. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:413. [PMID: 27233904 PMCID: PMC4884423 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2699-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flatfish metamorphosis denotes the extraordinary transformation of a symmetric pelagic larva into an asymmetric benthic juvenile. Metamorphosis in vertebrates is driven by thyroid hormones (THs), but how they orchestrate the cellular, morphological and functional modifications associated with maturation to juvenile/adult states in flatfish is an enigma. Since THs act via thyroid receptors that are ligand activated transcription factors, we hypothesized that the maturation of tissues during metamorphosis should be preceded by significant modifications in the transcriptome. Targeting the unique metamorphosis of flatfish and taking advantage of the large size of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) larvae, we determined the molecular basis of TH action using RNA sequencing. RESULTS De novo assembly of sequences for larval head, skin and gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract) yielded 90,676, 65,530 and 38,426 contigs, respectively. More than 57 % of the assembled sequences were successfully annotated using a multi-step Blast approach. A unique set of biological processes and candidate genes were identified specifically associated with changes in morphology and function of the head, skin and GI-tract. Transcriptome dynamics during metamorphosis were mapped with SOLiD sequencing of whole larvae and revealed greater than 8,000 differentially expressed (DE) genes significantly (p < 0.05) up- or down-regulated in comparison with the juvenile stage. Candidate transcripts quantified by SOLiD and qPCR analysis were significantly (r = 0.843; p < 0.05) correlated. The majority (98 %) of DE genes during metamorphosis were not TH-responsive. TH-responsive transcripts clustered into 6 groups based on their expression pattern during metamorphosis and the majority of the 145 DE TH-responsive genes were down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS A transcriptome resource has been generated for metamorphosing Atlantic halibut and over 8,000 DE transcripts per stage were identified. Unique sets of biological processes and candidate genes were associated with changes in the head, skin and GI-tract during metamorphosis. A small proportion of DE transcripts were TH-responsive, suggesting that they trigger gene networks, signalling cascades and transcription factors, leading to the overt changes in tissue occurring during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo N Alves
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centro de Ciências do Mar - CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana S Gomes
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Stueber
- Max Planck-Genome Centre, Max Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Mbaye Tine
- Max Planck-Genome Centre, Max Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany.,Current address: Molecular Zoology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa
| | - M A S Thorne
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | | | - Richard Reinhard
- Max Planck-Genome Centre, Max Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany
| | - M S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology Group, Centro de Ciências do Mar - CCMAR, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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Bonett RM. An Integrative Endocrine Model for the Evolution of Developmental Timing and Life History of Plethodontids and Other Salamanders. COPEIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1643/ot-15-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Identification of organ-autonomous constituents of the molecular memory conferred by thyroid hormone exposure in cold temperature-arrested metamorphosing Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana tadpoles. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 17:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Préau L, Le Blay K, Saint Paul E, Morvan-Dubois G, Demeneix BA. Differential thyroid hormone sensitivity of fast cycling progenitors in the neurogenic niches of tadpoles and juvenile frogs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:138-51. [PMID: 26628040 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis occurs in neural stem cell (NSC) niches where slow cycling stem cells give rise to faster cycling progenitors. In the adult mouse NSC niche thyroid hormone, T3, and its receptor TRα act as a neurogenic switch promoting progenitor cell cycle completion and neuronal differentiation. Little is known about whether and how T3 controls proliferation of differentially cycling cells during xenopus neurogenesis. To address this question, we first used Sox3 as a marker of stem cell and progenitor populations and then applied pulse-chase EdU/IdU incorporation experiments to identify Sox3-expressing slow cycling (NSC) and fast cycling progenitor cells. We focused on the lateral ventricle of Xenopus laevis and two distinct stages of development: late embryonic development (pre-metamorphic) and juvenile frogs (post-metamorphic). These stages were selected for their relatively stable thyroid hormone availability, either side of the major dynamic phase represented by metamorphosis. TRα expression was found in both pre and post-metamorphic neurogenic regions. However, exogenous T3 treatment only increased proliferation of the fast cycling Sox3+ cell population in post-metamorphic juveniles, having no detectable effect on proliferation in pre-metamorphic tadpoles. We hypothesised that the resistance of proliferative cells to exogenous T3 in pre-metamorphic tadpoles could be related to T3 inactivation by the inactivating Deiodinase 3 enzyme. Expression of dio3 was widespread in the tadpole neurogenic niche, but not in the juvenile neurogenic niche. Use of a T3-reporter transgenic line showed that in juveniles, T3 had a direct transcriptional effect on rapid cycling progenitors. Thus, the fast cycling progenitor cells in the neurogenic niche of tadpoles and juvenile frogs respond differentially to T3 as a function of developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Préau
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75231, France
| | - K Le Blay
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75231, France
| | - E Saint Paul
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75231, France
| | - G Morvan-Dubois
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75231, France
| | - B A Demeneix
- UMR CNRS 7221, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 75231, France.
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Identification of Thyroid Hormones and Functional Characterization of Thyroid Hormone Receptor in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas Provide Insight into Evolution of the Thyroid Hormone System. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144991. [PMID: 26710071 PMCID: PMC4692385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play important roles in development, metamorphosis, and metabolism in vertebrates. During the past century, TH functions were regarded as a synapomorphy of vertebrates. More recently, accumulating evidence has gradually convinced us that TH functions also occur in invertebrate chordates. To date, however, TH-related studies in non-chordate invertebrates have been limited. In this study, THs were qualitatively detected by two reliable methods (HPLC and LC/MS) in a well-studied molluscan species, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Quantitative measurement of THs during the development of C. gigas showed high TH contents during embryogenesis and that oyster embryos may synthesize THs endogenously. As a first step in elucidating the TH signaling cascade, an ortholog of vertebrate TH receptor (TR), the most critical gene mediating TH effects, was cloned in C. gigas. The sequence of CgTR has conserved DNA-binding and ligand-binding domains that normally characterize these receptors. Experimental results demonstrated that CgTR can repress gene expression through binding to promoters of target genes and can interact with oyster retinoid X receptor. Moreover, CgTR mRNA expression was activated by T4 and the transcriptional activity of CgTR promoter was repressed by unliganded CgTR protein. An atypical thyroid hormone response element (CgDR5) was found in the promoter of CgTR, which was verified by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). These results indicated that some of the CgTR function is conserved. However, the EMSA assay showed that DNA binding specificity of CgTR was different from that of the vertebrate TR and experiments with two dual-luciferase reporter systems indicated that l-thyroxine, 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine, and triiodothyroacetic acid failed to activate the transcriptional activity of CgTR. This is the first study to functionally characterize TR in mollusks. The presence of THs and the functions of CgTR in mollusks contribute to better understanding of the evolution of the TH system.
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Gomes AS, Alves RN, Rønnestad I, Power DM. Orchestrating change: The thyroid hormones and GI-tract development in flatfish metamorphosis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 220:2-12. [PMID: 24975541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Metamorphosis in flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) is a late post-embryonic developmental event that prepares the organism for the larval-to-juvenile transition. Thyroid hormones (THs) play a central role in flatfish metamorphosis and the basic elements that constitute the thyroid axis in vertebrates are all present at this stage. The advantage of using flatfish to study the larval-to-juvenile transition is the profound change in external morphology that accompanies metamorphosis making it easy to track progression to climax. This important lifecycle transition is underpinned by molecular, cellular, structural and functional modifications of organs and tissues that prepare larvae for a successful transition to the adult habitat and lifestyle. Understanding the role of THs in the maturation of organs and tissues with diverse functions during metamorphosis is a major challenge. The change in diet that accompanies the transition from a pelagic larvae to a benthic juvenile in flatfish is associated with structural and functional modifications in the gastrointestinal tract (GI-tract). The present review will focus on the maturation of the GI-tract during metamorphosis giving particular attention to organogenesis of the stomach a TH triggered event. Gene transcripts and biological processes that are associated with GI-tract maturation during Atlantic halibut metamorphosis are identified. Gene ontology analysis reveals core biological functions and putative TH-responsive genes that underpin TH-driven metamorphosis of the GI-tract in Atlantic halibut. Deciphering the specific role remains a challenge. Recent advances in characterizing the molecular, structural and functional modifications that accompany the appearance of a functional stomach in Atlantic halibut are considered and future research challenges identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Gomes
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - R N Alves
- Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - I Rønnestad
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - D M Power
- Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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Okada M, Miller TC, Fu L, Shi YB. Direct Activation of Amidohydrolase Domain-Containing 1 Gene by Thyroid Hormone Implicates a Role in the Formation of Adult Intestinal Stem Cells During Xenopus Metamorphosis. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3381-93. [PMID: 26086244 PMCID: PMC4541628 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The T3-dependent anuran metamorphosis resembles postembryonic development in mammals, the period around birth when plasma T3 levels peak. In particular, the remodeling of the intestine during metamorphosis mimics neonatal intestinal maturation in mammals when the adult intestinal epithelial self-renewing system is established. We have been using intestinal metamorphosis to investigate how the organ-specific adult stem cells are formed during vertebrate development. Early studies in Xenopus laevis have shown that this process involves complete degeneration of the larval epithelium and de novo formation of adult stem cells. A tissue-specific microarray analysis of intestinal gene expression during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis has identified a number of candidate stem cell genes. Here we have carried out detailed analyses of one such gene, amidohydrolase domain containing 1 (AMDHD1) gene, which encodes an enzyme in the histidine catabolic pathway. We show that AMDHD1 is exclusively expressed in the proliferating adult epithelial stem cells during metamorphosis with little expression in other intestinal tissues. We further provide evidence that T3 activates AMDHD1 gene expression directly at the transcription level through T3 receptor binding to the AMDHD1 gene in the intestine. In addition, we have reported earlier that histidine ammonia-lyase gene, another gene in histidine catabolic pathway, is similarly regulated by T3 in the intestine. These results together suggest that histidine catabolism plays a critical role in the formation and/or proliferation of adult intestinal stem cells during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiro Okada
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Thomas C Miller
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Wen L, Hasebe T, Miller TC, Ishizuya-Oka A, Shi YB. A requirement for hedgehog signaling in thyroid hormone-induced postembryonic intestinal remodeling. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:13. [PMID: 25859319 PMCID: PMC4391142 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal remodeling during amphibian metamorphosis has long been studied as a model for the formation of the adult organs in vertebrates, especially the formation of adult organ-specific stem cells. Like all other processes during metamorphosis, this process is controlled by thyroid hormone (T3), which affects cell fate and behavior through transcriptional regulation of target genes by binding to T3 receptors (TRs). Earlier studies have shown that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is induced by T3 in the developing adult stem cells and that the Shh receptor and other downstream components are present in the connective tissue and at lower levels in the muscles at the climax of intestinal remodeling. However, no in vivo studies have carried out to investigate whether Shh produced in the adult cells can regulate the connective tissue to promote intestinal maturation. Results We have addressed this issue by treating tadpoles with Shh inhibitor cyclopamine. We showed that cyclopamine but not the structurally related chemical tomatidine inhibited the expression of Shh response genes BMP4, Snai2, and Twist1. More importantly, we showed that cyclopamine reduced the cell proliferation of both the developing adult stem cells as well as cells in the other intestinal tissues at the climax of metamorphosis, leading to delayed/incomplete remodeling of the intestine at the end of metamorphosis. We further revealed that both Snai2 and Twist1 were strongly upregulated during metamorphosis in the intestine and their expression was restricted to the connective tissue. Conclusions Our results suggest that Shh indeed signals the connective tissue whereby it can increase adult stem cell proliferation and promote formation of the adult intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Wen
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program on Cell Regulation and Metabolism, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 18 T, Rm. 106, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Takashi Hasebe
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0023 Japan
| | - Thomas C Miller
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program on Cell Regulation and Metabolism, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 18 T, Rm. 106, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Atsuko Ishizuya-Oka
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0023 Japan
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program on Cell Regulation and Metabolism, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 18 T, Rm. 106, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Sun G, Fu L, Wen L, Shi YB. Activation of Sox3 gene by thyroid hormone in the developing adult intestinal stem cell during Xenopus metamorphosis. Endocrinology 2014; 155:5024-32. [PMID: 25211587 PMCID: PMC4239430 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The maturation of the intestine into the adult form involves the formation of adult stem cells in a thyroid hormone (T3)-dependent process in vertebrates. In mammals, this takes place during postembryonic development, a period around birth when the T3 level peaks. Due to the difficulty of manipulating late-stage, uterus-enclosed embryos, very little is known about the development of the adult intestinal stem cells. Interestingly, the remodeling of the intestine during the T3-dependent amphibian metamorphosis mimics the maturation of mammalian intestine. Our earlier microarray studies in Xenopus laevis revealed that the transcription factor SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 3 (Sox3), well known for its involvement in neural development, was upregulated in the intestinal epithelium during metamorphosis. Here, we show that Sox3 is highly and specifically expressed in the developing adult intestinal progenitor/stem cells. We further show that its induction by T3 is independent of new protein synthesis, suggesting that Sox3 is directly activated by liganded T3 receptor. Thus, T3 activates Sox3 as one of the earliest changes in the epithelium, and Sox3 in turn may facilitate the dedifferentiation of the larval epithelial cells into adult stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences (G.S.), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China; and Section on Molecular Morphogenesis (L.F., L.W., Y.-B.S.), Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Ishizuya-Oka A, Kajita M, Hasebe T. Thyroid hormone-regulated Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling is essential for dedifferentiation of larval epithelial cells into adult stem cells in the Xenopus laevis intestine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107611. [PMID: 25211363 PMCID: PMC4161470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Amphibian intestinal remodeling, where thyroid hormone (T3) induces some larval epithelial cells to become adult stem cells analogous to the mammalian intestinal ones, serves as a unique model for studying how the adult stem cells are formed. To clarify its molecular mechanisms, we here investigated roles of non-canonical Wnt signaling in the larval-to-adult intestinal remodeling during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Methods/Findings Our quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analyses indicated that the expressions of Wnt5a and its receptors, frizzled 2 (Fzd2) and receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2) are up-regulated by T3 and are spatiotemporally correlated with adult epithelial development in the X. laevis intestine. Notably, changes in morphology of larval absorptive epithelial cells expressing Ror2 coincide well with formation of the adult stem cells during metamorphosis. In addition, by using organ cultures of the tadpole intestine, we have experimentally shown that addition of exogenous Wnt5a protein to the culture medium causes morphological changes in the larval epithelium expressing Ror2 even in the absence of T3. In contrast, in the presence of T3 where the adult stem cells are formed in vitro, inhibition of endogenous Wnt5a by an anti-Wnt5a antibody suppressed the epithelial morphological changes, leading to the failure of stem cell formation. Significance Our findings strongly suggest that the adult stem cells originate from the larval absorptive cells expressing Ror2, which require Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling for their dedifferentiation accompanied by changes in cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ishizuya-Oka
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mitsuko Kajita
- Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kosugi-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Hasebe
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
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Pakharukova MY, Ershov NI, Vorontsova EV, Shilov AG, Merkulova TI, Mordvinov VA. Identification of thyroid hormone receptor homologs in the fluke Opisthorchis felineus (Platyhelminthes). Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 194:64-8. [PMID: 24798031 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The liver fluke, Opisthorchis felineus of the Opisthorchiidae family, is a well-known causative agent of opisthorchiasis in Russia and Europe. The aim of this work was to identify genes encoding thyroid hormone receptors in O. felineus, and to analyze the expression of possible target genes in response to treatment with exogenous thyroid hormones. We identified two genes encoding thyroid hormone receptors in the O. felineus genome, THRA and THRB. The genes were differentially expressed through the life cycle. The maximal level of mRNA expression of THRA1 and THRB was observed in adult worms. Treatment of the worms with triiodothyronine and thyroxine resulted in an increase in glucose 6-phosphatase mRNA expression and a decrease in malate dehydrogenase mRNA expression, potential gene targets of thyroid hormones. These data indicate that thyroid hormone receptors may perform essential roles in physiological processes in adult O. felineus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Y Pakharukova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Nikita I Ershov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Tatyana I Merkulova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Luu N, Wen L, Fu L, Fujimoto K, Shi YB, Sun G. Differential regulation of two histidine ammonia-lyase genes during Xenopus development implicates distinct functions during thyroid hormone-induced formation of adult stem cells. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:43. [PMID: 24499573 PMCID: PMC3874607 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organ-specific, adult stem cells are essential for organ-homeostasis and tissue repair and regeneration. The formation of such stem cells during vertebrate development remains to be investigated. Frog metamorphosis offers an excellent opportunity to study the formation of adult stem cells as this process involves essentially the transformations of all larval tissues/organs into the adult form. Of particular interest is the remodeling of the intestine. Early studies in Xenopus laevis have shown that this process involves complete degeneration of the larval epithelium and de novo formation of adult stem cells through dedifferentiation of some larval epithelial cells. A major advantage of this metamorphosis model is its total dependence on thyroid hormone (T3). In an effort to identify genes that are important for stem cell development, we have previously carried out tissue-specific microarray analysis of intestinal gene expression during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. Results We report the detailed characterization of one of the genes thus identified, the histidine ammonia-lyase (HAL) gene, which encodes an enzyme known as histidase or histidinase. We show that there are two duplicated HAL genes, HAL1 and HAL2, in both Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, a highly related but diploid species. Interestingly, only HAL2 is highly upregulated by T3 and appears to be specifically expressed in the adult intestinal progenitor/stem cells while HAL1 is not expressed in the intestine during metamorphosis. Furthermore, when analyzed in whole animals, HAL1 appears to be expressed only during embryogenesis but not metamorphosis while the opposite appears to be true for HAL2. Conclusions Our results suggest that the duplicated HAL genes have distinct functions with HAL2 likely involved in the formation and/or proliferation of the adult stem cells during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Luu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism (PCRM), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr., 20892 Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luan Wen
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism (PCRM), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr., 20892 Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism (PCRM), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr., 20892 Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenta Fujimoto
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism (PCRM), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr., 20892 Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Present address: Division of Gene Structure and Function, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, 350-1241 Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism (PCRM), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 18 Library Dr., 20892 Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Guihong Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072 Wuhan, P.R. China
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Sun G, Heimeier RA, Fu L, Hasebe T, Das B, Ishizuya-Oka A, Shi YB. Expression profiling of intestinal tissues implicates tissue-specific genes and pathways essential for thyroid hormone-induced adult stem cell development. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4396-407. [PMID: 23970787 PMCID: PMC3800751 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The study of the epithelium during development in the vertebrate intestine touches upon many contemporary aspects of biology: to name a few, the formation of the adult stem cells (ASCs) essential for the life-long self-renewal and the balance of stem cell activity for renewal vs cancer development. Although extensive analyses have been carried out on the property and functions of the adult intestinal stem cells in mammals, little is known about their formation during development due to the difficulty of manipulating late-stage, uterus-enclosed embryos. The gastrointestinal tract of the amphibian Xenopus laevis is an excellent model system for the study of mammalian ASC formation, cell proliferation, and differentiation. During T3-dependent amphibian metamorphosis, the digestive tract is extensively remodeled from the larval to the adult form for the adaptation of the amphibian from its aquatic herbivorous lifestyle to that of a terrestrial carnivorous frog. This involves de novo formation of ASCs that requires T3 signaling in both the larval epithelium and nonepithelial tissues. To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms, we have characterized the gene expression profiles in the epithelium and nonepithelial tissues by using cDNA microarrays. Our results revealed that T3 induces distinct tissue-specific gene regulation programs associated with the remodeling of the intestine, particularly the formation of the ASCs, and further suggested the existence of potentially many novel stem cell-associated genes, at least in the intestine during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihong Sun
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Building 18T, Room 106, 18 Library Drive, MSC 5431, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Rachel A. Heimeier, Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Program in Cellular Regulation and Metabolism, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; or Atsuko Ishizuya-Oka, Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-0063, Japan. , , or
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Gagne R, Green JR, Dong H, Wade MG, Yauk CL. Identification of thyroid hormone receptor binding sites in developing mouse cerebellum. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:341. [PMID: 23701648 PMCID: PMC3716714 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormones play an essential role in early vertebrate development as well as other key processes. One of its modes of action is to bind to the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) which, in turn, binds to thyroid response elements (TREs) in promoter regions of target genes. The sequence motif for TREs remains largely undefined as does the precise chromosomal location of the TR binding sites. A chromatin immunoprecipitation on microarray (ChIP-chip) experiment was conducted using mouse cerebellum post natal day (PND) 4 and PND15 for the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) beta 1 to map its binding sites on over 5000 gene promoter regions. We have performed a detailed computational analysis of these data. Results By analysing a recent spike-in study, the optimal normalization and peak identification approaches were determined for our dataset. Application of these techniques led to the identification of 211 ChIP-chip peaks enriched for TR binding in cerebellum samples. ChIP-PCR validation of 25 peaks led to the identification of 16 true positive TREs. Following a detailed literature review to identify all known mouse TREs, a position weight matrix (PWM) was created representing the classic TRE sequence motif. Various classes of promoter regions were investigated for the presence of this PWM, including permuted sequences, randomly selected promoter sequences, and genes known to be regulated by TH. We found that while the occurrence of the TRE motif is strongly correlated with gene regulation by TH for some genes, other TH-regulated genes do not exhibit an increased density of TRE half-site motifs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that an increase in the rate of occurrence of the half-site motifs does not always indicate the specific location of the TRE within the promoter region. To account for the fact that TR often operates as a dimer, we introduce a novel dual-threshold PWM scanning approach for identifying TREs with a true positive rate of 0.73 and a false positive rate of 0.2. Application of this approach to ChIP-chip peak regions revealed the presence of 85 putative TREs suitable for further in vitro validation. Conclusions This study further elucidates TRβ gene regulation in mouse cerebellum, with 211 promoter regions identified to bind to TR. While we have identified 85 putative TREs within these regions, future work will study other mechanisms of action that may mediate the remaining observed TR-binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Gagne
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada
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Hammond SA, Veldhoen N, Kobylarz M, Webber NR, Jordan J, Rehaume V, Boone MD, Helbing CC. Characterization of Gene Expression Endpoints During Postembryonic Development of the Northern Green Frog (Rana clamitans melanota). Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:392-401. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Austin Hammond
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Nik Veldhoen
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Marek Kobylarz
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Nicholas R. Webber
- Department of Zoology, Miami University, 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Jameson Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Vicki Rehaume
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6, Canada
| | - Michelle D. Boone
- Department of Zoology, Miami University, 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Caren C. Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3P6, Canada
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Hasebe T, Fu L, Miller TC, Zhang Y, Shi YB, Ishizuya-Oka A. Thyroid hormone-induced cell-cell interactions are required for the development of adult intestinal stem cells. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:18. [PMID: 23547658 PMCID: PMC3621685 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestine has long been used as a model to study organ-specific adult stem cells, which are essential for organ repair and tissue regeneration throughout adult life. The establishment of the intestinal epithelial cell self-renewing system takes place during perinatal development when the villus-crypt axis is established with the adult stem cells localized in the crypt. This developmental period is characterized by high levels of plasma thyroid hormone (T3) and T3 deficiency is known to impair intestinal development. Determining how T3 regulates adult stem cell development in the mammalian intestine can be difficult due to maternal influences. Intestinal remodeling during amphibian metamorphosis resembles perinatal intestinal maturation in mammals and its dependence on T3 is well established. A major advantage of the amphibian model is that it can easily be controlled by altering the availability of T3. The ability to manipulate and examine this relatively rapid and localized formation of adult stem cells has greatly assisted in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms regulating their formation and further revealed evidence that supports conservation in the underlying mechanisms of adult stem cell development in vertebrates. Furthermore, genetic studies in Xenopus laevis indicate that T3 actions in both the epithelium and the rest of the intestine, most likely the underlying connective tissue, are required for the formation of adult stem cells. Molecular analyses suggest that cell-cell interactions involving hedgehog and BMP pathways are critical for the establishment of the stem cell niche that is essential for the formation of the adult intestinal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hasebe
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, 2-297-2 Nakahara-ku, Kosugi-cho, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 211-0063, Japan.
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