1
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Surolia R, Antony VB. Pathophysiological Role of Vimentin Intermediate Filaments in Lung Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:872759. [PMID: 35573702 PMCID: PMC9096236 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.872759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin intermediate filaments, a type III intermediate filament, are among the most widely studied IFs and are found abundantly in mesenchymal cells. Vimentin intermediate filaments localize primarily in the cytoplasm but can also be found on the cell surface and extracellular space. The cytoplasmic vimentin is well-recognized for its role in providing mechanical strength and regulating cell migration, adhesion, and division. The post-translationally modified forms of Vimentin intermediate filaments have several implications in host-pathogen interactions, cancers, and non-malignant lung diseases. This review will analyze the role of vimentin beyond just the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker highlighting its role as a regulator of host-pathogen interactions and signaling pathways for the pathophysiology of various lung diseases. In addition, we will also examine the clinically relevant anti-vimentin compounds and antibodies that could potentially interfere with the pathogenic role of Vimentin intermediate filaments in lung disease.
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2
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Vimentin: Regulation and pathogenesis. Biochimie 2022; 197:96-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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Actin Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Single-Cell Wound Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910886. [PMID: 34639226 PMCID: PMC8509258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane protects the eukaryotic cell from its surroundings and is essential for cell viability; thus, it is crucial that membrane disruptions are repaired quickly to prevent immediate dyshomeostasis and cell death. Accordingly, cells have developed efficient repair mechanisms to rapidly reseal ruptures and reestablish membrane integrity. The cortical actin cytoskeleton plays an instrumental role in both plasma membrane resealing and restructuring in response to damage. Actin directly aids membrane repair or indirectly assists auxiliary repair mechanisms. Studies investigating single-cell wound repair have often focused on the recruitment and activation of specialized repair machinery, despite the undeniable need for rapid and dynamic cortical actin modulation; thus, the role of the cortical actin cytoskeleton during wound repair has received limited attention. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of membrane repair mechanisms directly or indirectly involving cortical actin cytoskeletal remodeling.
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4
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Claude-Taupin A, Jia J, Bhujabal Z, Garfa-Traoré M, Kumar S, da Silva GPD, Javed R, Gu Y, Allers L, Peters R, Wang F, da Costa LJ, Pallikkuth S, Lidke KA, Mauthe M, Verlhac P, Uchiyama Y, Salemi M, Phinney B, Tooze SA, Mari MC, Johansen T, Reggiori F, Deretic V. ATG9A protects the plasma membrane from programmed and incidental permeabilization. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:846-858. [PMID: 34257406 PMCID: PMC8276549 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The integral membrane protein ATG9A plays a key role in autophagy. It displays a broad intracellular distribution and is present in numerous compartments, including the plasma membrane (PM). The reasons for the distribution of ATG9A to the PM and its role at the PM are not understood. Here, we show that ATG9A organizes, in concert with IQGAP1, components of the ESCRT system and uncover cooperation between ATG9A, IQGAP1 and ESCRTs in protection from PM damage. ESCRTs and ATG9A phenocopied each other in protection against PM injury. ATG9A knockouts sensitized the PM to permeabilization by a broad spectrum of microbial and endogenous agents, including gasdermin, MLKL and the MLKL-like action of coronavirus ORF3a. Thus, ATG9A engages IQGAP1 and the ESCRT system to maintain PM integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Claude-Taupin
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zambarlal Bhujabal
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Meriem Garfa-Traoré
- Cell Imaging Platform, INSERM US24 Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Gustavo Peixoto Duarte da Silva
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ruheena Javed
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yuexi Gu
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Lee Allers
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ryan Peters
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Fulong Wang
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Luciana Jesus da Costa
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandeep Pallikkuth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Keith A Lidke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Verlhac
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yasuo Uchiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brett Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, London, UK
| | - Muriel C Mari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolic (AIM) Center of Biochemical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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5
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Song D, Liu H, Wu J, Gao X, Hao J, Fan D. Insights into the role of ERp57 in cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:2456-2464. [PMID: 33758622 PMCID: PMC7974888 DOI: 10.7150/jca.48707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 57 (ERp57) has a molecular weight of 57 kDa, belongs to the protein disulfide-isomerase (PDI) family, and is primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ERp57 functions in the quality control of nascent synthesized glycoproteins, participates in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule assembly, regulates immune responses, maintains immunogenic cell death (ICD), regulates the unfolded protein response (UPR), functions as a 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) receptor, regulates the NF-κB and STAT3 pathways, and participates in DNA repair processes and cytoskeletal remodeling. Recent studies have reported ERp57 overexpression in various human cancers, and altered expression and aberrant functionality of ERp57 are associated with cancer growth and progression and changes in the chemosensitivity of cancers. ERp57 may become a potential biomarker and therapeutic target to combat cancer development and chemoresistance. Here, we summarize the available knowledge of the role of ERp57 in cancer and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaoliang Gao
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianyu Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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6
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Talukder MSU, Pervin MS, Tanvir MIO, Fujimoto K, Tanaka M, Itoh G, Yumura S. Ca 2+-Calmodulin Dependent Wound Repair in Dictyostelium Cell Membrane. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041058. [PMID: 32340342 PMCID: PMC7226253 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound repair of cell membrane is a vital physiological phenomenon. We examined wound repair in Dictyostelium cells by using a laserporation, which we recently invented. We examined the influx of fluorescent dyes from the external medium and monitored the cytosolic Ca2+ after wounding. The influx of Ca2+ through the wound pore was essential for wound repair. Annexin and ESCRT components accumulated at the wound site upon wounding as previously described in animal cells, but these were not essential for wound repair in Dictyostelium cells. We discovered that calmodulin accumulated at the wound site upon wounding, which was essential for wound repair. The membrane accumulated at the wound site to plug the wound pore by two-steps, depending on Ca2+ influx and calmodulin. From several lines of evidence, the membrane plug was derived from de novo generated vesicles at the wound site. Actin filaments also accumulated at the wound site, depending on Ca2+ influx and calmodulin. Actin accumulation was essential for wound repair, but microtubules were not essential. A molecular mechanism of wound repair will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Shahabe Uddin Talukder
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (M.S.U.T.); (M.S.P.); (M.I.O.T.); (K.F.); (M.T.)
- Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, AERE, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka 3787, Bangladesh
| | - Mst. Shaela Pervin
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (M.S.U.T.); (M.S.P.); (M.I.O.T.); (K.F.); (M.T.)
- Rajshahi Diabetic Association General Hospital, Luxmipur, Jhautala, Rajshahi 6000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Istiaq Obaidi Tanvir
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (M.S.U.T.); (M.S.P.); (M.I.O.T.); (K.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Koushiro Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (M.S.U.T.); (M.S.P.); (M.I.O.T.); (K.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Masahito Tanaka
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (M.S.U.T.); (M.S.P.); (M.I.O.T.); (K.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Go Itoh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Yumura
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (M.S.U.T.); (M.S.P.); (M.I.O.T.); (K.F.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: yumura@yamaguchi–u.ac.jp; Tel./Fax: +81-83-933-5717
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7
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Yu MB, Guerra J, Firek A, Langridge WHR. Extracellular vimentin modulates human dendritic cell activation. Mol Immunol 2018; 104:37-46. [PMID: 30399492 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein traditionally considered to be an intracellular protein with a structural role. However, recent evidence suggests that vimentin can also be found outside the cell in disease conditions such as cancer, traumatic tissue injury, and inflammation. Extracellular vimentin was previously found to stimulate innate immunity by increasing monocyte and macrophage ability to kill bacteria. However, vimentin has also been previously found to decrease neutrophil infiltration into inflamed tissue. How extracellular vimentin affects the initiation of adaptive immune responses is unknown. Initiation of adaptive immunity involves priming of naïve T cells by antigen-presenting cells, the most effective of which are dendritic cells (DCs). In this study, we demonstrate how extracellular vimentin modulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - induced activation of human DCs. Using cytometric bead arrays, we show that extracellular vimentin decreases LPS-activated DC secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12 while increasing secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Using flow cytometry, we show that extracellular vimentin does not significantly affect LPS-induced DC surface expression of MHC I (HLA-ABC) or MHC II (HLA-DR) presentation molecules, costimulatory factors (CD80, CD86), or the DC maturation marker (CD83). Further, LPS-stimulated DCs co-cultured with allogeneic naïve CD4 + T cells (Th0) induced less secretion of the pro-inflammatory Th1 effector cytokine IFN-γ in the presence of vimentin than in the presence of LPS alone. This result suggests that vimentin reduces Th1 differentiation. Taken together, our data suggest that extracellular vimentin may inhibit pro-inflammatory adaptive immune responses, by blocking DC secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, extracellular vimentin may play an important role in cancer or trauma-complications by inducing suppression of the adaptive immune response. In a positive sense, the presence of extracellular vimentin may prevent tissue-damage from contributing to the development of autoimmunity. Consequently, extracellular vimentin may become a novel drug target for treatment of a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Yu
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA; Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Joshua Guerra
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA; University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anthony Firek
- Section of Endocrinology, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, CA, USA
| | - William H R Langridge
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA; Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda, University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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8
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Barthélémy F, Defour A, Lévy N, Krahn M, Bartoli M. Muscle Cells Fix Breaches by Orchestrating a Membrane Repair Ballet. J Neuromuscul Dis 2018; 5:21-28. [PMID: 29480214 PMCID: PMC5836414 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-170251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle undergoes many micro-membrane lesions at physiological state. Based on their sizes and magnitude these lesions are repaired via different complexes on a specific spatio-temporal manner. One of the major repair complex is a dysferlin-dependent mechanism. Accordingly, mutations in the DYSF gene encoding dysferlin results in the development of several muscle pathologies called dysferlinopathies, where abnormalities of the membrane repair process have been characterized in patients and animal models. Recent efforts have been deployed to decipher the function of dysferlin, they shed light on its direct implication in sarcolemma resealing after injuries. These discoveries served as a strong ground to design therapeutic approaches for dysferlin-deficient patients. This review detailed the different partners and function of dysferlin and positions the sarcolemma repair in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Barthélémy
- Microbiology Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aurélia Defour
- Aix Marseille University, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Lévy
- Aix Marseille University, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Martin Krahn
- Aix Marseille University, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Bartoli
- Aix Marseille University, MMG, INSERM, Marseille, France
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9
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Mesquita FS, Brito C, Cabanes D, Sousa S. Control of cytoskeletal dynamics during cellular responses to pore forming toxins. Commun Integr Biol 2017; 10:e1349582. [PMID: 29259728 PMCID: PMC5731514 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1349582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Following damage by pore forming toxins (PFTs) host cells engage repair processes and display profound cytoskeletal remodeling and concomitant plasma membrane (PM) blebbing. We have recently demonstrated that host cells utilize similar mechanisms to control cytoskeletal dynamics in response to PFTs and during cell migration. This involves assembly of cortical actomyosin bundles, reorganisation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network, and the interaction between the ER chaperone Gp96 and the molecular motor Non-muscle Myosin Heavy Chain IIA (NMHCIIA). Consequently, Gp96 regulates actomyosin activity, PM blebbing and cell migration, and protects PM integrity against PFTs. In addition, we observed that PFTs increase association of Gp96 and ER vacuoles with the cell surface or within PM blebs loosely attached to the cell body. Similarly, gut epithelial cells damaged by PFTs in vivo were shown to release microvilli structures or directly purge cytoplasmic content. Cytoplasmic purging involves profound cytoskeletal remodeling and ER vacuolation, suggesting that our observations recapitulate recovery processes in vivo. Here, we discuss our findings in light of the current understanding of PM repair mechanisms and in vivo recovery responses to PFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sarmento Mesquita
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Group of Molecular Microbiology, IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Brito
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Group of Molecular Microbiology, IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Didier Cabanes
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Group of Molecular Microbiology, IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Sousa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Group of Molecular Microbiology, IBMC, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Pathak-Sharma S, Zhang X, Lam JGT, Weisleder N, Seveau SM. High-Throughput Microplate-Based Assay to Monitor Plasma Membrane Wounding and Repair. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:305. [PMID: 28770170 PMCID: PMC5509797 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane of mammalian cells is susceptible to disruption by mechanical and biochemical damages that frequently occur within tissues. Therefore, efficient and rapid repair of the plasma membrane is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and survival. Excessive damage of the plasma membrane and defects in its repair are associated with pathological conditions such as infections, muscular dystrophy, heart failure, diabetes, and lung and neurodegenerative diseases. The molecular events that remodel the plasma membrane during its repair remain poorly understood. In the present work, we report the development of a quantitative high-throughput assay that monitors the efficiency of the plasma membrane repair in real time using a sensitive microplate reader. In this assay, the plasma membrane of living cells is perforated by the bacterial pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O and the integrity and recovery of the membrane are monitored at 37°C by measuring the fluorescence intensity of the membrane impermeant dye propidium iodide. We demonstrate that listeriolysin O causes dose-dependent plasma membrane wounding and activation of the cell repair machinery. This assay was successfully applied to cell types from different origins including epithelial and muscle cells. In conclusion, this high-throughput assay provides a novel opportunity for the discovery of membrane repair effectors and the development of new therapeutic compounds that could target membrane repair in various pathological processes, from degenerative to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Pathak-Sharma
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbus, OH, United States
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan G T Lam
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, United States
| | - Noah Weisleder
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research InstituteColumbus, OH, United States
| | - Stephanie M Seveau
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbus, OH, United States.,Center for Microbial Infection Biology, The Ohio State University Medical CenterColumbus, OH, United States
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11
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Poellmann MJ, Lee RC. Repair and Regeneration of the Wounded Cell Membrane. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-017-0031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Davenport NR, Bement WM. Cell repair: Revisiting the patch hypothesis. Commun Integr Biol 2016; 9:e1253643. [PMID: 28042380 PMCID: PMC5193046 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2016.1253643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane damage elicits a complex and dynamic cellular response. A vital component of this response, membrane resealing, is thought to arise from fusion of intracellular membranous compartments to form a temporary, impermeant patch at the site of damage; however, this hypothesis has been difficult to confirm visually. By utilizing advanced microscopy technologies with high spatiotemporal resolution in wounded Xenopus laevis oocytes, we provide the first direct visualization of the membrane fusion events predicted by the patch hypothesis; we show the barrier formed by patching is capable of abating exchange of material across the plasma membrane within seconds. Profound changes also occur to the plasma membrane surrounding wounds; lipid remodeling is accompanied by membrane fusion events, both conventional (e.g., exocytosis) and novel (e.g., “explodosis”). Further, we reveal additional complexity in wound-induced subcellular patterning, supporting existing evidence that extensive interactions between lipid, protein, and ionic signaling pathways shape the cellular wound response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Davenport
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI, USA
| | - William M Bement
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Zoology; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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13
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Moe AM, Golding AE, Bement WM. Cell healing: Calcium, repair and regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 45:18-23. [PMID: 26514621 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell repair is attracting increasing attention due to its conservation, its importance to health, and its utility as a model for cell signaling and cell polarization. However, some of the most fundamental questions concerning cell repair have yet to be answered. Here we consider three such questions: (1) How are wound holes stopped? (2) How is cell regeneration achieved after wounding? (3) How is calcium inrush linked to wound stoppage and cell regeneration?
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Moe
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adriana E Golding
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William M Bement
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA.
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14
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Zamah AM, Hassis ME, Albertolle ME, Williams KE. Proteomic analysis of human follicular fluid from fertile women. Clin Proteomics 2015; 12:5. [PMID: 25838815 PMCID: PMC4357057 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-015-9077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Follicular fluid is a unique biological fluid in which the critical events of oocyte and follicular maturation and somatic cell-germ cell communication occur. Because of the intimate proximity of follicular fluid to the maturing oocyte, this fluid provides a unique window into the processes occurring during follicular maturation. A thorough identification of the specific components within follicular fluid may provide a better understanding of intrafollicular signaling, as well as reveal potential biomarkers of oocyte health for women undergoing assisted reproductive treatment. In this study, we used high and low pH HPLC peptide separations followed by mass spectrometry to perform a comprehensive proteomic analysis of human follicular fluid from healthy ovum donors. Next, using samples from a second set of patients, an isobaric mass tagging strategy for quantitative analysis was used to identify proteins with altered abundances after hCG treatment. Results A total of 742 follicular fluid proteins were identified in healthy ovum donors, including 413 that have not been previously reported. The proteins belong to diverse functional groups including insulin growth factor and insulin growth factor binding protein families, growth factor and related proteins, receptor signaling, defense/immunity, anti-apoptotic proteins, matrix metalloprotease related proteins, and complement activity. In a quantitative analysis, follicular fluid samples from age-matched women undergoing in vitro fertilization oocyte retrieval were compared and 17 follicular fluid proteins were found at significantly altered levels (p < 0.05) between pre-hCG and post-hCG samples. These proteins belong to a variety of functional processes, including protease inhibition, inflammation, and cell adhesion. Conclusions This database of FF proteins significantly extends the known protein components present during the peri-ovulatory period and provides a useful basis for future studies comparing follicular fluid proteomes in various fertility, disease, and environmental exposure conditions. We identified 17 differentially expressed proteins after hCG treatment and together these data showed the feasibility for defining biomarkers that illuminate how the ovarian follicle microenvironment is altered in various infertility-related conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-015-9077-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberuni M Zamah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Maria E Hassis
- Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Matthew E Albertolle
- Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Katherine E Williams
- Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA ; Center for Reproductive Sciences and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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15
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Abstract
Cells are always subjected to mechanical stresses, resulting in wounds of the cell membrane, but cells are able to repair and reseal their wounded membrane. Previous reports have shown that actin and myosin II accumulate around the wound and that the constriction of this purse-string closes the membrane pore. Here, we developed a microsurgical wound assay to assess wound repair in Dictyostelium cells. Fluorescent dye that had been incorporated into the cells leaked out for only 2-3 sec after wounding, and a GFP-derived, fluorescent Ca(2+) sensor showed that intracellular Ca(2+) transiently increased immediately after wounding. In the absence of external Ca(2+), the cell failed to repair itself. During the repair process, actin accumulated at the wounded sites but myosin II did not. The wounds were repaired even in myosin II null cells to a comparable degree as the wild-type cells, suggesting that myosin II does not contribute to wound repair. Thus, the actomyosin purse-string constriction model is not a common mechanism for wound repair in eukaryotic cells, and this discrepancy may arise from the difference in cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiko Yumura
- Department of Functional Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Sayaka Hashima
- Department of Functional Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Satsuki Muranaka
- Department of Functional Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
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16
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Kim SC, Kellett T, Wang S, Nishi M, Nagre N, Zhou B, Flodby P, Shilo K, Ghadiali SN, Takeshima H, Hubmayr RD, Zhao X. TRIM72 is required for effective repair of alveolar epithelial cell wounding. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L449-59. [PMID: 25106429 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00172.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms for lung cell repair are largely unknown. Previous studies identified tripartite motif protein 72 (TRIM72) from striated muscle and linked its function to tissue repair. In this study, we characterized TRIM72 expression in lung tissues and investigated the role of TRIM72 in repair of alveolar epithelial cells. In vivo injury of lung cells was introduced by high tidal volume ventilation, and repair-defective cells were labeled with postinjury administration of propidium iodide. Primary alveolar epithelial cells were isolated and membrane wounding and repair were labeled separately. Our results show that absence of TRIM72 increases susceptibility to deformation-induced lung injury whereas TRIM72 overexpression is protective. In vitro cell wounding assay revealed that TRIM72 protects alveolar epithelial cells through promoting repair rather than increasing resistance to injury. The repair function of TRIM72 in lung cells is further linked to caveolin 1. These data suggest an essential role for TRIM72 in repair of alveolar epithelial cells under plasma membrane stress failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Chul Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas Kellett
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Miyuki Nishi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nagaraja Nagre
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Per Flodby
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Konstantin Shilo
- Thoracic Pathology Division, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samir N Ghadiali
- Biomedical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Hiroshi Takeshima
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rolf D Hubmayr
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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17
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Zhong W, Chen X, Jiang P, Wan JMF, Qin P, Yu ACH. Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress by sonoporation: linkage to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis initiation. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2013; 39:2382-2392. [PMID: 24063957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of cavitational means to create transient membrane pores on living cells (i.e., sonoporation) may potentially induce a broad range of downstream bio-effects that disrupt the functioning of various organelles. Here we observed that on HL-60 leukemia cells, sonoporation may induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress on a time-lapse basis and, in turn, signal the mitochondria to commit a cell toward apoptosis. Our observations were derived from in vitro ultrasound exposure experiments performed on HL-60 cells in the presence of lipid-shelled microbubbles (1:1 cell-to-bubble ratio; 1-MHz frequency; 0.45-MPa in situ peak negative pressure; 100-cycle pulse length; 1-kHz pulse repetition frequency; 60-s exposure period). Using flow cytometry, we found that sonoporated cells exhibited a progressive loss of functional ER mass over a 6-h period. Also, post-exposure Western blot assays (between 0 and 24 h) revealed various indications of post-sonoporation ER stress: (i) upregulation of ER-resident enzymes responsible for catalyzing protein folding; (ii) activation of trans-ER-membrane stress sensors; (iii) increased expression of ER-induced regulatory proteins that mediate pro-apoptotic signals to the mitochondria. These results corresponded to flow cytometry observations that depicted a progressive depolarization of a sonoporated cell's mitochondrial outer membrane potential. They were also consistent with another Western blot assay that found, in sonoporated cells, a time-lapse increase of caspase-9 (a mitochondria-activated apoptosis initiator protein). Taken together, our findings indicate that sonoporation may upset ER homeostasis, and this may ultimately result in initiation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhong
- Medical Engineering Program, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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18
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Mariano A, Henning A, Han R. Dysferlin-deficient muscular dystrophy and innate immune activation. FEBS J 2013; 280:4165-76. [PMID: 23527661 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cells encounter many physical, chemical and biological stresses that perturb plasma membrane integrity, warranting an immediate membrane repair response to regain cell homeostasis. Failure to respond properly to such perturbation leads to individual cell death, which may also produce systemic influence by triggering sterile immunological responses. In this review, we discuss recent progress on understanding the mechanisms underlying muscle cell membrane repair and the potential mediators of innate immune activation when the membrane repair system is defective, specifically focusing on pathology associated with dysferlin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Mariano
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Health Science Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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19
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Hai A, Spira ME. On-chip electroporation, membrane repair dynamics and transient in-cell recordings by arrays of gold mushroom-shaped microelectrodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2865-73. [PMID: 22678065 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the use of on-chip gold mushroom-shaped microelectrodes (gMμEs) to generate localized electropores in the plasma membrane of adhering cultured neurons and to electrophysiologically monitor the ensuing membrane repair dynamics. Delivery of an alternating voltage pulse (0.5-1 V, 100 Hz, 300 ms) through an extracellularly positioned micrometer-sized gMμE electroporates the patch of plasma membrane facing the microelectrode. The repair dynamics of the electropores were analyzed by continuous monitoring of the neuron transmembrane potential, input resistance (R(in)) and action potential (AP) amplitude with an intracellular microelectrode and a number of neighbouring extracellular gMμEs. Electroporation by a gMμE is associated with local elevation of the free intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) around the gMμE. The membrane repair kinetics proceeds as an exponential process interrupted by abrupt recovery steps. These abrupt events are consistent with the "membrane patch model" of membrane repair in which patches of intracellular membrane fuse with the plasma membrane at the site of injury. Membrane electroporation by a single gMμE generates a neuron-gMμE configuration that permits recordings of attenuated intracellular action potentials. We conclude that the use of on-chip cultured neurons via a gMμE configuration provides a unique neuroelectronic interface that enables the selection of individual cells for electroporation, generates a confined electroporated membrane patch, monitors membrane repair dynamics and records attenuated intracellular action potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Hai
- Department of Neurobiology the Life Sciences Institute, and the Harvey M. Kruger Family center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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20
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Lee SH, Meng XW, Flatten KS, Loegering DA, Kaufmann SH. Phosphatidylserine exposure during apoptosis reflects bidirectional trafficking between plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Cell Death Differ 2012; 20:64-76. [PMID: 22858544 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on the external leaflet of the plasma membrane is widely observed during apoptosis and forms the basis for the annexin V binding assay to detect apoptotic cell death. Current efforts to explain PS exposure focus on two potential mechanisms, activation of a phospholipid scramblase or calcium-mediated trafficking of lysosomes to the cell surface. Here, we provide evidence that apoptotic PS exposure instead reflects bidirectional trafficking of membrane between the cell surface and cytoplasm. Using a series of cell lines, some of which expose large amounts of PS during apoptosis and some of which do not, we demonstrate that accumulation of plasma membrane-derived cytoplasmic vesicles in a dynamin-, clathrin- and Cdc42-independent manner is a previously undescribed but widely occurring feature of apoptosis. The apoptotic exposure of PS occurs when these vesicles traffic back to cell surface in a calcium-dependent process that is deficient in a substantial fraction of human cancer cell lines. These observations provide a new model for PS externalization during apoptosis and simultaneously identify an altered step that accounts for the paucity of apoptotic PS exposure in many cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Lee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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21
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Sharma N, Medikayala S, Defour A, Rayavarapu S, Brown KJ, Hathout Y, Jaiswal JK. Use of quantitative membrane proteomics identifies a novel role of mitochondria in healing injured muscles. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30455-67. [PMID: 22778268 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.354415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are proficient at healing from a variety of injuries. Healing occurs in two phases, early and late phase. Early phase involves healing the injured sarcolemma and restricting the spread of damage to the injured myofiber. Late phase of healing occurs a few days postinjury and involves interaction of injured myofibers with regenerative and inflammatory cells. Of the two phases, cellular and molecular processes involved in the early phase of healing are poorly understood. We have implemented an improved sarcolemmal proteomics approach together with in vivo labeling of proteins with modified amino acids in mice to study acute changes in the sarcolemmal proteome in early phase of myofiber injury. We find that a notable early phase response to muscle injury is an increased association of mitochondria with the injured sarcolemma. Real-time imaging of live myofibers during injury demonstrated that the increased association of mitochondria with the injured sarcolemma involves translocation of mitochondria to the site of injury, a response that is lacking in cultured myoblasts. Inhibiting mitochondrial function at the time of injury inhibited healing of the injured myofibers. This identifies a novel role of mitochondria in the early phase of healing injured myofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Sharma
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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22
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Protein disulfide isomerase-associated 6 is an ATF6-inducible ER stress response protein that protects cardiac myocytes from ischemia/reperfusion-mediated cell death. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:259-67. [PMID: 22609432 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proper folding of secreted and transmembrane proteins made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) requires oxygen for disulfide bond formation. Accordingly, ischemia can impair ER protein folding and initiate the ER stress response, which we previously showed is activated in the ischemic heart and in culture cardiac myocytes subjected to simulated ischemia. ER stress and ischemia activate the transcription factor, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), which induces numerous genes, many of which have not been identified, or examined in the heart. Using an ATF6 transgenic mouse model, we previously showed that ATF6 protected the heart from ischemic damage; however, the mechanism of this protection remains to be determined. In this study, we showed that, in the mouse heart, and in cultured cardiac myocytes, ATF6 induced the protein disulfide isomerase associated 6 (PDIA6) gene, which encodes an ER enzyme that catalyzes protein disulfide bond formation. Moreover, in cultured cardiac myocytes, ER stress-mediated PDIA6 promoter activation was ATF6-dependent, and required an ER stress response element (ERSE) and a nearby CCAAT box element. Electromobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that ATF6 bound to the ERSE in the PDIA6 promoter, in vitro, and in the mouse heart, in vivo. Gain- and loss-of-function studies showed that PDIA6 protected cardiac myocytes against simulated ischemia/reperfusion-induced death in a manner that was dependent on the catalytic activity of PDIA6. Thus, by facilitating disulfide bond formation, and enhanced ER protein folding, PDIA6 may contribute to the protective effects of ATF6 in the ischemic mouse heart.
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23
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Abstract
Calpains, a family of Ca(2+)-dependent cytosolic cysteine proteases, can modulate their substrates' structure and function through limited proteolytic activity. In the human genome, there are 15 calpain genes. The most-studied calpains, referred to as conventional calpains, are ubiquitous. While genetic studies in mice have improved our understanding about the conventional calpains' physiological functions, especially those essential for mammalian life as in embryogenesis, many reports have pointed to overactivated conventional calpains as an exacerbating factor in pathophysiological conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and muscular dystrophies. For treatment of these diseases, calpain inhibitors have always been considered as drug targets. Recent studies have introduced another aspect of calpains that calpain activity is required to protect the heart and skeletal muscle against stress. This review summarizes the functions and regulation of calpains, focusing on the relevance of calpains to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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24
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Cytoskeleton responses in wound repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2469-83. [PMID: 22349211 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Wound repair on the cellular and multicellular levels is essential to the survival of complex organisms. In order to avoid further damage, prevent infection, and restore normal function, cells and tissues must rapidly seal and remodel the wounded area. The cytoskeleton is an important component of wound repair in that it is needed for actomyosin contraction, recruitment of repair machineries, and cell migration. Recent use of model systems and high-resolution microscopy has provided new insight into molecular aspects of the cytoskeletal response during wound repair. Here we discuss the role of the cytoskeleton in single-cell, embryonic, and adult repair, as well as the striking resemblance of these processes to normal developmental events and many diseases.
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25
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Abdelmohsen K, Tominaga K, Lee EK, Srikantan S, Kang MJ, Kim MM, Selimyan R, Martindale JL, Yang X, Carrier F, Zhan M, Becker KG, Gorospe M. Enhanced translation by Nucleolin via G-rich elements in coding and non-coding regions of target mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:8513-30. [PMID: 21737422 PMCID: PMC3201861 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate gene expression at many post-transcriptional levels, including mRNA stability and translation. The RBP nucleolin, with four RNA-recognition motifs, has been implicated in cell proliferation, carcinogenesis and viral infection. However, the subset of nucleolin target mRNAs and the influence of nucleolin on their expression had not been studied at a transcriptome-wide level. Here, we globally identified nucleolin target transcripts, many of which encoded cell growth- and cancer-related proteins, and used them to find a signature motif on nucleolin target mRNAs. Surprisingly, this motif was very rich in G residues and was not only found in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR), but also in the coding region (CR) and 5'-UTR. Nucleolin enhanced the translation of mRNAs bearing the G-rich motif, since silencing nucleolin did not change target mRNA stability, but decreased the size of polysomes forming on target transcripts and lowered the abundance of the encoded proteins. In summary, nucleolin binds G-rich sequences in the CR and UTRs of target mRNAs, many of which encode cancer proteins, and enhances their translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotb Abdelmohsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging - Intramural Research Program, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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26
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Mellgren RL. A new twist on plasma membrane repair. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 4:198-200. [PMID: 21655439 DOI: 10.4161/cib.4.2.14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells in multicellular organisms are under constant mechanical stress, and often the plasma membrane (PM) is compromised. Fortunately, there is a vigorous repair mechanism that rapidly (within seconds) reseals the wound site by fusion with an internal membrane patch. Downstream events, remodeling of the injury site and forming replacement PM, must be carried out quickly (within minutes) if a cell is to survive multiple sequential injuries. The repertoire of proteins required to repair breaks (the PM repairome) is one of the major unknowns in this area of research. As an initial approach to defining the PM repairome, a cell surface biotinylation protocol was developed to identify intracellular proteins that become exposed at the site of reversible PM injury. It is likely that at least some of these proteins are important mediators of repair. These initial studies led to a surprising finding, namely the identification of some nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins transiently exposed at the surface of cells that ultimately recovered from PM damage. Thus, in reversible mechanical damage to the PM, underlying cellular structures may also be injured, and will also require mechanisms for repair. Other proteins at wound sites were previously identified docking partners for pathogenic bacteria and viruses (vimentin and nucleolin), or found to be upregulated and exposed on the surface of cancer cells (nucleolin and nucleophosmin-1). The new information from these studies may lead to development of novel antimicrobial and antineoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Mellgren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Toledo; College of Medicine; Toledo, OH USA
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27
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Sonnemann KJ, Bement WM. Wound repair: toward understanding and integration of single-cell and multicellular wound responses. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2011; 27:237-63. [PMID: 21721944 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of wound healing to medicine and biology has long been evident, and consequently, wound healing has been the subject of intense investigation for many years. However, several relatively recent developments have added new impetus to wound repair research: the increasing application of model systems; the growing recognition that single cells have a robust, complex, and medically relevant wound healing response; and the emerging recognition that different modes of wound repair bear an uncanny resemblance to other basic biological processes such as morphogenesis and cytokinesis. In this review, each of these developments is described, and their significance for wound healing research is considered. In addition, overlapping mechanisms of single-cell and multicellular wound healing are highlighted, and it is argued that they are more similar than is often recognized. Based on this and other information, a simple model to explain the evolutionary relationships of cytokinesis, single-cell wound repair, multicellular wound repair, and developmental morphogenesis is proposed. Finally, a series of important, but as yet unanswered, questions is posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Sonnemann
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706;
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28
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Abstract
Calpain has long been an enigmatic enzyme, although it is involved in a variety of biological phenomena. Recent progress in calpain genetics has highlighted numerous physiological contexts in which the functions of calpain are of great significance. This review focuses on recent findings in the field of calpain genetics and the importance of calpain function. Calpain is an intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine protease (EC 3.4.22.17; Clan CA, family C02) found in almost all eukaryotes. It is also present in a few bacteria, but not in archaebacteria. Calpain has limited proteolytic activity; rather, it transforms or modulates the structure and/or activity of its substrates. It is, therefore, referred to as a 'modulator protease'. Within the human genome, 15 genes (CAPN1-3, CAPN5-16) encode a calpain-like protease (CysPc) domain along with several different functional domains. Thus, calpains can be regarded as a distinct family of versatile enzymes that fulfil numerous tasks in vivo. Genetic studies show that a variety of defects in many different organisms, including lethality, muscular dystrophies and gastropathy, actually stem from calpain deficiencies. The cause-effect relationships identified by these studies form the basis for ongoing and future studies regarding the physiological role of calpains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo156-8506, Japan.
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29
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Ennes-Vidal V, Menna-Barreto RFS, Santos ALS, Branquinha MH, d'Avila-Levy CM. MDL28170, a calpain inhibitor, affects Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis, ultrastructure and attachment to Rhodnius prolixus midgut. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18371. [PMID: 21483751 PMCID: PMC3070728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas' disease. During the parasite life cycle, many molecules are involved in the differentiation process and infectivity. Peptidases are relevant for crucial steps of T. cruzi life cycle; as such, it is conceivable that they may participate in the metacyclogenesis and interaction with the invertebrate host. Methodology/Principal Findings In this paper, we have investigated the effect of the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 on the attachment of T. cruzi epimastigotes to the luminal midgut surface of Rhodnius prolixus, as well as on the metacyclogenesis process and ultrastructure. MDL28170 treatment was capable of significantly reducing the number of bound epimastigotes to the luminal surface midgut of the insect. Once the cross-reactivity of the anti-Dm-calpain was assessed, it was possible to block calpain molecules by the antibody, leading to a significant reduction in the capacity of adhesion to the insect guts by T. cruzi. However, the antibodies were unable to interfere in metacyclogenesis, which was impaired by the calpain inhibitor presenting a significant reduction in the number of metacyclic trypomastigotes. The calpain inhibitor also promoted a direct effect against bloodstream trypomastigotes. Ultrastructural analysis of epimastigotes treated with the calpain inhibitor revealed disorganization in the reservosomes, Golgi and plasma membrane disruption. Conclusions/Significance The presence of calpain and calpain-like molecules in a wide range of organisms suggests that these proteins could be necessary for basic cellular functions. Herein, we demonstrated the effects of MDL28170 in crucial steps of the T. cruzi life cycle, such as attachment to the insect midgut and metacyclogenesis, as well as in parasite viability and morphology. Together with our previous findings, these results help to shed some light on the functions of T. cruzi calpains. Considering the potential roles of these molecules on the interaction with both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, it is interesting to improve knowledge on these molecules in T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Ennes-Vidal
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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30
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Han R. Muscle membrane repair and inflammatory attack in dysferlinopathy. Skelet Muscle 2011; 1:10. [PMID: 21798087 PMCID: PMC3156633 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-1-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of plasma membrane tears is an important normal physiological process that enables the cells to survive a variety of physiological and pathological membrane lesions. Dysferlin was the first protein reported to play a crucial role in this repair process in muscle, and recently, several other proteins including Mitsugumin 53 (MG53), annexin and calpain were also found to participate. These findings have now established the framework of the membrane repair mechanism. Defective membrane repair in dysferlin-deficient muscle leads to the development of muscular dystrophy associated with remarkable muscle inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated a crosstalk between defective membrane repair and immunological attack, thus unveiling a new pathophysiological mechanism of dysferlinopathy. Here I summarize and discuss the latest progress in the molecular mechanisms of membrane repair and the pathogenesis of dysferlinopathy. Discussion about potential therapeutic applications of these findings is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhi Han
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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31
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Albi E, Ambesi-Impiombato FS, Peverini M, Damaskopoulou E, Fontanini E, Lazzarini R, Curcio F, Perrella G. Thyrotropin receptor and membrane interactions in FRTL-5 thyroid cell strain in microgravity. ASTROBIOLOGY 2011; 11:57-64. [PMID: 21294645 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2010.0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to analyze the possible alteration of thyrotropin (TSH) receptors in microgravity, which could explain the absence of thyroid cell proliferation in the space environment. Several forms of the TSH receptor are localized on the plasma membrane associated with caveolae and lipid rafts. The TSH regulates the fluidity of the cell membrane and the presence of its receptors in microdomains that are rich in sphingomyelin and cholesterol. TSH also stimulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation and cell proliferation. Reported here are the results of an experiment in which the FRTL-5 thyroid cell line was exposed to microgravity during the Texus-44 mission (launched February 7, 2008, from Kiruna, Sweden). When the parabolic flight brought the sounding rocket to an altitude of 264 km, the culture media were injected with or without TSH in the different samples, and weightlessness prevailed on board for 6 minutes and 19 seconds. Control experiments were performed, in parallel, in an onboard 1g centrifuge and on the ground in Kiruna laboratory. Cell morphology and function were analyzed. Results show that in microgravity conditions the cells do not respond to TSH treatment and present an irregular shape with condensed chromatin, a modification of the cell membrane with shedding of the TSH receptor in the culture medium, and an increase of sphingomyelin-synthase and Bax proteins. It is possible that real microgravity induces a rearrangement of specific sections of the cell membrane, which act as platforms for molecular receptors, thus influencing thyroid cell function in astronauts during space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Albi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University School of Medicine, Perugia, Italy.
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