1
|
Obata S, Vaz de Castro PAS, Riella LV, Cravedi P. Recurrent C3 glomerulopathy after kidney transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2024; 38:100839. [PMID: 38412598 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2024.100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The complement system is part of innate immunity and is pivotal in protecting the body against pathogens and maintaining host homeostasis. Activation of the complement system is triggered through multiple pathways, including antibody deposition, a mannan-binding lectin, or activated complement deposition. C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is a rare glomerular disease driven by complement dysregulation with high post-transplantation recurrence rates. Its treatment is mainly based on immunosuppressive therapies, specifically mycophenolate mofetil and glucocorticoids. Recent years have seen significant progress in understanding complement biology and its role in C3G pathophysiology. New complement-tergeting treatments have been developed and initial trials have shown promising results. However, challenges persist in C3G, with recurrent post-transplantation cases leading to suboptimal outcomes. This review discusses the pathophysiology and management of C3G, with a focus on its recurrence after kidney transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shota Obata
- Precision Immunology Institute, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Pedro A S Vaz de Castro
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Unit of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Leonardo V Riella
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Paolo Cravedi
- Precision Immunology Institute, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Krishna NK, Cunnion KM, Parker GA. The EPICC Family of Anti-Inflammatory Peptides: Next Generation Peptides, Additional Mechanisms of Action, and In Vivo and Ex Vivo Efficacy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:752315. [PMID: 35222367 PMCID: PMC8863753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.752315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The EPICC peptides are a family of peptides that have been developed from the sequence of the capsid protein of human astrovirus type 1 and previously shown to inhibit the classical and lectin pathways of complement. The EPICC peptides have been further optimized to increase aqueous solubility and identify additional mechanisms of action. Our laboratory has developed the lead EPICC molecule, PA-dPEG24 (also known as RLS-0071), which is composed of a 15 amino acid peptide with a C-terminal monodisperse 24-mer PEGylated moiety. RLS-0071 has been demonstrated to possess other mechanisms of action in addition to complement blockade that include the inhibition of neutrophil-driven myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, inhibition of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation as well as intrinsic antioxidant activity mediated by vicinal cysteine residues contained within the peptide sequence. RLS-0071 has been tested in various ex vivo and in vivo systems and has shown promise for the treatment of both immune-mediated hematological diseases where alterations in the classical complement pathway plays an important pathogenic role as well as in models of tissue-based diseases such as acute lung injury and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy driven by both complement and neutrophil-mediated pathways (i.e., MPO activity and NET formation). Next generation EPICC peptides containing a sarcosine residue substitution in various positions within the peptide sequence possess aqueous solubility in the absence of PEGylation and demonstrate enhanced complement and neutrophil inhibitory activity compared to RLS-0071. This review details the development of the EPICC peptides, elucidation of their dual-acting complement and neutrophil inhibitory activities and efficacy in ex vivo systems using human clinical specimens and in vivo efficacy in animal disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neel K Krishna
- Division of Research, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Kenji M Cunnion
- Division of Research, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Children's Specialty Group, Norfolk, VA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Grace A Parker
- Division of Research, ReAlta Life Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Parasnavis SS, Niu B, Aspelund M, Chung WK, Snyder M, Cramer SM. Systematic workflow for studying domain contributions of bispecific antibodies to selectivity in multimodal chromatography. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:211-225. [PMID: 34687215 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a systematic workflow was formulated and implemented to understand selectivity differences and preferred binding patches for bispecific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their parental mAbs on three multimodal cation exchange resin systems. This workflow incorporates chromatographic screening of the parent mAbs and their fragments at various pH followed by surface property mapping and protein footprinting using covalent labeling followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The chromatography screens on multimodal resins with the intact mAbs indicated enhanced selectivity as compared to single-mode interaction systems. While the bispecific antibody (bsAb) eluted between the two parental mAbs on most of the resins, the retention of the bispecific transitioned from co-eluting with one parental mAb to the other parental mAb on Capto MMC. To investigate the contribution of different domains, mAb fragments were evaluated and the results indicated that the interactions were likely dominated by the Fab domain at higher pH. Protein surface property maps were then employed to hypothesize the potential preferred binding patches in the solvent-exposed regions of the parental Fabs. Finally, protein footprinting was carried out with the parental mAbs and the bsAb in the bound and unbound states at pH 7.5 to identify the preferred binding patches. Results with the intact mAb analysis supported the hypothesis that interactions with the resins were primarily driven by the residues in the Fab fragments and not the Fc. Furthermore, peptide mapping data indicated that the light chain may be playing a more important role in the higher binding of Parent A as compared with Parent B in these resin systems. Finally, results with the bsAb indicated that both halves of the molecule contributed to binding with the resins, albeit with subtle differences as compared to the parental mAbs. The workflow presented in this paper lays the foundation to systematically study the chromatographic selectivity of large multidomain molecules which can provide insights into improved biomanufacturability and expedited downstream bioprocess development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth S Parasnavis
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Ben Niu
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew Aspelund
- Purification Process Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Wai K Chung
- Purification Process Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Snyder
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, California, USA
| | - Steven M Cramer
- Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hair PS, Gregory Rivera M, Enos AI, Pearsall SE, Sharp JA, Yousefieh N, Lattanzio FA, Krishna NK, Cunnion KM. Peptide Inhibitor of Complement C1 (PIC1) Inhibits Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
5
|
Schatz-Jakobsen JA, Pedersen DV, Andersen GR. Structural insight into proteolytic activation and regulation of the complement system. Immunol Rev 2017; 274:59-73. [PMID: 27782336 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a highly complex and carefully regulated proteolytic cascade activated through three different pathways depending on the activator recognized. The structural knowledge regarding the intricate proteolytic enzymes that activate and control complement has increased dramatically over the last decade. This development has been pivotal for understanding how mutations within complement proteins might contribute to pathogenesis and has spurred new strategies for development of complement therapeutics. Here we describe and discuss the complement system from a structural perspective and integrate the most recent findings obtained by crystallography, small-angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy. In particular, we focus on the proteolytic enzymes governing activation and their products carrying the biological effector functions. Additionally, we present the structural basis for some of the best known complement inhibitors. The large number of accumulated molecular structures enables us to visualize the relative size, position, and overall orientation of many of the most interesting complement proteins and assembled complexes on activator surfaces and in membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis V Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reply to Arlaud et al.: Structure of the C1 complex and the unbound C1r 2s 2 tetramer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5768-E5770. [PMID: 28701383 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704353114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
7
|
Yan J, Han D, Liu C, Gao Y, Li D, Liu Y, Yang G. Staphylococcus aureus VraX specifically inhibits the classical pathway of complement by binding to C1q. Mol Immunol 2017; 88:38-44. [PMID: 28582645 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
VraX is a protein secreted by Staphylococcus aureus, an important human pathogen. A dramatic over expression of VraX is observed when S. aureus is exposed to several antimicrobial agents; however, its function remains unclear. Here, we aimed to reveal the function of this protein and the mechanism by which it affects the immune system to enhance the pathogenesis of the bacterium. Our results showed that VraX specifically inhibited the classical pathway of the complement system. In particular, VraX could bind to the C1q protein and block the formation of the C1 complex. Deletion of VraX decreased the pathogenesis of S. aureus. Our findings indicate that over expression of VraX might be a protective response for S. aureus survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Dianpeng Han
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghua Liu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Gao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Di Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China.
| | - Guang Yang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Structure and activation of C1, the complex initiating the classical pathway of the complement cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:986-991. [PMID: 28104818 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616998114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an important antimicrobial and inflammation-generating component of the innate immune system. The classical pathway of complement is activated upon binding of the 774-kDa C1 complex, consisting of the recognition molecule C1q and the tetrameric protease complex C1r2s2, to a variety of activators presenting specific molecular patterns such as IgG- and IgM-containing immune complexes. A canonical model entails a C1r2s2 with its serine protease domains tightly packed together in the center of C1 and an intricate intramolecular reaction mechanism for activation of C1r and C1s, induced upon C1 binding to the activator. Here, we show that the serine protease domains of C1r and C1s are located at the periphery of the C1r2s2 tetramer both when alone or within the nonactivated C1 complex. Our structural studies indicate that the C1 complex adopts a conformation incompatible with intramolecular activation of C1, suggesting instead that intermolecular proteolytic activation between neighboring C1 complexes bound to a complement activating surface occurs. Our results rationalize how a multitude of structurally unrelated molecular patterns can activate C1 and suggests a conserved mechanism for complement activation through the classical and the related lectin pathway.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang G, de Jong RN, van den Bremer ETJ, Beurskens FJ, Labrijn AF, Ugurlar D, Gros P, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI, Heck AJR. Molecular Basis of Assembly and Activation of Complement Component C1 in Complex with Immunoglobulin G1 and Antigen. Mol Cell 2016; 63:135-45. [PMID: 27320199 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The classical complement pathway contributes to the natural immune defense against pathogens and tumors. IgG antibodies can assemble at the cell surface into hexamers via Fc:Fc interactions, which recruit complement component C1q and induce complement activation. Biophysical characterization of the C1:IgG complex has remained elusive primarily due to the low affinity of IgG-C1q binding. Using IgG variants that dynamically form hexamers efficient in C1q binding and complement activation, we could assess C1q binding in solution by native mass spectrometry and size-exclusion chromatography. Fc-domain deglycosylation, described to abrogate complement activation, affected IgG hexamerization and C1q binding. Strikingly, antigen binding by IgG hexamers or deletion of the Fab arms substantially potentiated complement initiation, suggesting that Fab-mediated effects impact downstream Fc-mediated events. Finally, we characterized a reconstituted 2,045.3 ± 0.4-kDa complex of intact C1 bound to antigen-saturated IgG hexamer by native mass spectrometry, providing a clear visualization of a complete complement initiation complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanbo Wang
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rob N de Jong
- Genmab, Yalelaan 60, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Deniz Ugurlar
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Piet Gros
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Genmab, Yalelaan 60, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bajic G, Degn SE, Thiel S, Andersen GR. Complement activation, regulation, and molecular basis for complement-related diseases. EMBO J 2015; 34:2735-57. [PMID: 26489954 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an essential element of the innate immune response that becomes activated upon recognition of molecular patterns associated with microorganisms, abnormal host cells, and modified molecules in the extracellular environment. The resulting proteolytic cascade tags the complement activator for elimination and elicits a pro-inflammatory response leading to recruitment and activation of immune cells from both the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system. Through these activities, complement functions in the first line of defense against pathogens but also contributes significantly to the maintenance of homeostasis and prevention of autoimmunity. Activation of complement and the subsequent biological responses occur primarily in the extracellular environment. However, recent studies have demonstrated autocrine signaling by complement activation in intracellular vesicles, while the presence of a cytoplasmic receptor serves to detect complement-opsonized intracellular pathogens. Furthermore, breakthroughs in both functional and structural studies now make it possible to describe many of the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying complement activation and the subsequent downstream events, as well as its cross talk with, for example, signaling pathways, the coagulation system, and adaptive immunity. We present an integrated and updated view of complement based on structural and functional data and describe the new roles attributed to complement. Finally, we discuss how the structural and mechanistic understanding of the complement system rationalizes the genetic defects conferring uncontrolled activation or other undesirable effects of complement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goran Bajic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren E Degn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Merle NS, Church SE, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Roumenina LT. Complement System Part I - Molecular Mechanisms of Activation and Regulation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:262. [PMID: 26082779 PMCID: PMC4451739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 979] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is a complex innate immune surveillance system, playing a key role in defense against pathogens and in host homeostasis. The complement system is initiated by conformational changes in recognition molecular complexes upon sensing danger signals. The subsequent cascade of enzymatic reactions is tightly regulated to assure that complement is activated only at specific locations requiring defense against pathogens, thus avoiding host tissue damage. Here, we discuss the recent advances describing the molecular and structural basis of activation and regulation of the complement pathways and their implication on physiology and pathology. This article will review the mechanisms of activation of alternative, classical, and lectin pathways, the formation of C3 and C5 convertases, the action of anaphylatoxins, and the membrane-attack-complex. We will also discuss the importance of structure-function relationships using the example of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Lastly, we will discuss the development and benefits of therapies using complement inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S Merle
- UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Complement and Diseases Team, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris , Paris , France
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Church
- UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Integrative Cancer Immunology Team, INSERM , Paris , France
| | - Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi
- UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Complement and Diseases Team, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris , Paris , France ; Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou , Paris , France
| | - Lubka T Roumenina
- UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Complement and Diseases Team, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris , Paris , France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pollard RD, Blesso CN, Zabalawi M, Fulp B, Gerelus M, Zhu X, Lyons EW, Nuradin N, Francone OL, Li XA, Sahoo D, Thomas MJ, Sorci-Thomas MG. Procollagen C-endopeptidase Enhancer Protein 2 (PCPE2) Reduces Atherosclerosis in Mice by Enhancing Scavenger Receptor Class B1 (SR-BI)-mediated High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)-Cholesteryl Ester Uptake. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15496-15511. [PMID: 25947382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in human populations have shown a significant correlation between procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer protein 2 (PCPE2) single nucleotide polymorphisms and plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations. PCPE2, a 52-kDa glycoprotein located in the extracellular matrix, enhances the cleavage of C-terminal procollagen by bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1). Our studies here focused on investigating the basis for the elevated concentration of enlarged plasma HDL in PCPE2-deficient mice to determine whether they protected against diet-induced atherosclerosis. PCPE2-deficient mice were crossed with LDL receptor-deficient mice to obtain LDLr(-/-), PCPE2(-/-) mice, which had elevated HDL levels compared with LDLr(-/-) mice with similar LDL concentrations. We found that LDLr(-/-), PCPE2(-/-) mice had significantly more neutral lipid and CD68+ infiltration in the aortic root than LDLr(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, in light of their elevated HDL levels, the extent of aortic lipid deposition in LDLr(-/-), PCPE2(-/-) mice was similar to that reported for LDLr(-/-), apoA-I(-/-) mice, which lack any apoA-I/HDL. Furthermore, LDLr(-/-), PCPE2(-/-) mice had reduced HDL apoA-I fractional clearance and macrophage to fecal reverse cholesterol transport rates compared with LDLr(-/-) mice, despite a 2-fold increase in liver SR-BI expression. PCPE2 was shown to enhance SR-BI function by increasing the rate of HDL-associated cholesteryl ester uptake, possibly by optimizing SR-BI localization and/or conformation. We conclude that PCPE2 is atheroprotective and an important component of the reverse cholesterol transport HDL system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricquita D Pollard
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101
| | - Christopher N Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268
| | - Manal Zabalawi
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101
| | - Brian Fulp
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101
| | - Mark Gerelus
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101
| | - Xuewei Zhu
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101
| | - Erica W Lyons
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101
| | - Nebil Nuradin
- Department of Medicine and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Omar L Francone
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421
| | - Xiang-An Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Daisy Sahoo
- Department of Medicine and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Michael J Thomas
- Department of Medicine and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Mary G Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tariq M, Chen R, Yuan H, Liu Y, Wu Y, Wang J, Xia C. De novo transcriptomic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes from the Chinese goose: gene discovery and immune system pathway description. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121015. [PMID: 25816068 PMCID: PMC4376690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Chinese goose is one of the most economically important poultry birds and is a natural reservoir for many avian viruses. However, the nature and regulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems of this waterfowl species are not completely understood due to limited information on the goose genome. Recently, transcriptome sequencing technology was applied in the genomic studies focused on novel gene discovery. Thus, this study described the transcriptome of the goose peripheral blood lymphocytes to identify immunity relevant genes. Principal Findings De novo transcriptome assembly of the goose peripheral blood lymphocytes was sequenced by Illumina-Solexa technology. In total, 211,198 unigenes were assembled from the 69.36 million cleaned reads. The average length, N50 size and the maximum length of the assembled unigenes were 687 bp, 1,298 bp and 18,992 bp, respectively. A total of 36,854 unigenes showed similarity by BLAST search against the NCBI non-redundant (Nr) protein database. For functional classification, 163,161 unigenes were comprised of three Gene Ontology (Go) categories and 67 subcategories. A total of 15,334 unigenes were annotated into 25 eukaryotic orthologous groups (KOGs) categories. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database annotated 39,585 unigenes into six biological functional groups and 308 pathways. Among the 2,757 unigenes that participated in the 15 immune system KEGG pathways, 125 of the most important immune relevant genes were summarized and analyzed by STRING analysis to identify gene interactions and relationships. Moreover, 10 genes were confirmed by PCR and analyzed. Of these 125 unigenes, 109 unigenes, approximately 87%, were not previously identified in the goose. Conclusion This de novo transcriptome analysis could provide important Chinese goose sequence information and highlights the value of new gene discovery, pathways investigation and immune system gene identification, and comparison with other avian species as useful tools to understand the goose immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Tariq
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Junya Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Beijing, The People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gaboriaud C, Ling WL, Thielens NM, Bally I, Rossi V. Deciphering the fine details of c1 assembly and activation mechanisms: "mission impossible"? Front Immunol 2014; 5:565. [PMID: 25414705 PMCID: PMC4222235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical complement pathway is initiated by the large (~800 kDa) and flexible multimeric C1 complex. Its catalytic function is triggered by the proteases hetero-tetramer C1r2s2, which is associated to the C1q sensing unit, a complex assembly of 18 chains built as a hexamer of heterotrimers. Initial pioneering studies gained insights into the main architectural principles of the C1 complex. A dissection strategy then provided the high-resolution structures of its main functional and/or structural building blocks, as well as structural details on some key protein–protein interactions. These past and current discoveries will be briefly summed up in order to address the question of what is still ill-defined. On a functional point of view, the main molecular determinants of C1 activation and its tight control will be delineated. The current perspective remains to decipher how C1 really works and is controlled in vivo, both in normal and pathological settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Gaboriaud
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
| | - Wai Li Ling
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
| | - Nicole M Thielens
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
| | - Isabelle Bally
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
| | - Véronique Rossi
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France ; CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; CEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bally I, Ancelet S, Moriscot C, Gonnet F, Mantovani A, Daniel R, Schoehn G, Arlaud GJ, Thielens NM. Expression of recombinant human complement C1q allows identification of the C1r/C1s-binding sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8650-5. [PMID: 23650384 PMCID: PMC3666734 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304894110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement C1q is a hexameric molecule assembled from 18 polypeptide chains of three different types encoded by three genes. This versatile recognition protein senses a wide variety of immune and nonimmune ligands, including pathogens and altered self components, and triggers the classical complement pathway through activation of its associated proteases C1r and C1s. We report a method for expression of recombinant full-length human C1q involving stable transfection of HEK 293-F mammalian cells and fusion of an affinity tag to the C-terminal end of the C chain. The resulting recombinant (r) C1q molecule is similar to serum C1q as judged from biochemical and structural analyses and exhibits the characteristic shape of a bunch of flowers. Analysis of its interaction properties by surface plasmon resonance shows that rC1q retains the ability of serum C1q to associate with the C1s-C1r-C1r-C1s tetramer, to recognize physiological C1q ligands such as IgG and pentraxin 3, and to trigger C1r and C1s activation. Functional analysis of rC1q variants carrying mutations of LysA59, LysB61, and/or LysC58, in the collagen-like stems, demonstrates that LysB61 and LysC58 each play a key role in the interaction with C1s-C1r-C1r-C1s, with LysA59 being involved to a lesser degree. We propose that LysB61 and LysC58 both form salt bridges with outer acidic Ca(2+) ligands of the C1r and C1s CUB (complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, bone morphogenetic protein) domains. The expression method reported here opens the way for deciphering the molecular basis of the unusual binding versatility of C1q by mapping the residues involved in the sensing of its targets and the binding of its receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bally
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5075, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sarah Ancelet
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5075, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Moriscot
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5075, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Unité Mixte Internationale 3265, Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, F-38042-Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Gonnet
- CNRS, UMR 8587, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l‘Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France
- Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France; and
| | | | - Régis Daniel
- CNRS, UMR 8587, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l‘Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France
- Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France; and
| | - Guy Schoehn
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5075, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS, Unité Mixte Internationale 3265, Unit for Virus Host Cell Interactions, F-38042-Grenoble, France
| | - Gérard J. Arlaud
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5075, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Nicole M. Thielens
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5075, F-38027 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Forneris F, Wu J, Gros P. The modular serine proteases of the complement cascade. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2012; 22:333-41. [PMID: 22560446 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modular serine proteases are central to the complement cascade of the mammalian humoral immune system. These proteases form protein complexes through multi-domain interactions to achieve their proteolytic activity. We review the structural insights into complement initiation by auto-activation of the hetero-tetrameric proteases of the large danger-recognition protein complexes, amplification and labelling of particles by the formation and activity of C3 convertases, and regulation by convertase dissociation and degradation to prevent 'bystander' damage to healthy host cells and tissues. The data reveal that complex formation and large domain-domain rearrangements underlie the proteolytic reactions of the complement cascade, which enables the host to recognize and clear invading microbes and host debris from its blood and fluids surrounding tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Forneris
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gaboriaud C, Frachet P, Thielens NM, Arlaud GJ. The human c1q globular domain: structure and recognition of non-immune self ligands. Front Immunol 2012; 2:92. [PMID: 22566881 PMCID: PMC3342031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C1q, the ligand-binding unit of the C1 complex of complement, is a pattern recognition molecule with the unique ability to sense an amazing variety of targets, including a number of altered structures from self, such as apoptotic cells. The three-dimensional structure of its C-terminal globular domain, responsible for its recognition function, has been solved by X-ray crystallography, revealing a tightly packed heterotrimeric assembly with marked differences in the surface patterns of the subunits, and yielding insights into its versatile binding properties. In conjunction with other approaches, this same technique has been used recently to decipher the mechanisms that allow this domain to interact with various non-immune self ligands, including molecules known to provide eat-me signals on apoptotic cells, such as phosphatidylserine and DNA. These investigations provide evidence for a common binding area for these ligands located in subunit C of the C1q globular domain, and suggest that ligand recognition through this area down-regulates C1 activation, hence contributing to the control of the inflammatory reaction. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of these advances which represent a first step toward understanding the recognition mechanisms of C1q and their biological implications.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang L, Lilyestrom W, Li C, Scherer T, van Reis R, Zhang B. Revealing a Positive Charge Patch on a Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody by Chemical Labeling and Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8501-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2016129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangyi Zhang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, ‡Pharmaceutical Development, §Purification Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wayne Lilyestrom
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, ‡Pharmaceutical Development, §Purification Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charlene Li
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, ‡Pharmaceutical Development, §Purification Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, ‡Pharmaceutical Development, §Purification Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert van Reis
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, ‡Pharmaceutical Development, §Purification Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Boyan Zhang
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, ‡Pharmaceutical Development, §Purification Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Roumenina LT, Sène D, Radanova M, Blouin J, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Dragon-Durey MA, Fridman WH, Fremeaux-Bacchi V. Functional complement C1q abnormality leads to impaired immune complexes and apoptotic cell clearance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4369-73. [PMID: 21930969 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
C1q plays a key role in apoptotic cell and immune complex removal. Its absence contributes to the loss of tolerance toward self structures and development of autoimmunity. C1q deficiencies are extremely rare and are associated with complete lack of C1q or with secretion of surrogate C1q fragments. To our knowledge, we report the first case of a functional C1q abnormality, associated with the presence of a normal C1q molecule. Homozygous GlyB63Ser mutation was found in a patient suffering from lupus with neurologic manifestations and multiple infections. The GlyB63Ser C1q bound to Igs, pentraxins, LPSs, and apoptotic cells, similarly to C1q from healthy donors. However, the interaction of C1r(2)C1s(2) and C1 complex formation was abolished, preventing further complement activation and opsonization by C3. The mutation is located between LysB(61) and LysB(65) of C1q, suggested to form the C1r binding site. Our data infer that the binding of C1q to apoptotic cells in humans is insufficient to assure self-tolerance. The opsonization capacity of C4 and C3 fragments has to be intact to fight infections and to prevent autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lubka T Roumenina
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Protein ultrastructure and the nanoscience of complement activation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1008-19. [PMID: 21699938 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The complement system constitutes an important barrier to infection of the human body. Over more than four decades structural properties of the proteins of the complement system have been investigated with X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, small-angle scattering, and atomic force microscopy. Here, we review the accumulated evidence that the nm-scaled dimensions and conformational changes of these proteins support functions of the complement system with regard to tissue distribution, molecular crowding effects, avidity binding, and conformational regulation of complement activation. In the targeting of complement activation to the surfaces of nanoparticulate material, such as engineered nanoparticles or fragments of the microbial cell wall, these processes play intimately together. This way the complement system is an excellent example where nanoscience may serve to unravel the molecular biology of the immune response.
Collapse
|