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Kim S, Cho S, Kim JH. CD1-mediated immune responses in mucosal tissues: molecular mechanisms underlying lipid antigen presentation system. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1858-1871. [PMID: 37696897 PMCID: PMC10545705 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) molecule differs from major histocompatibility complex class I and II because it presents glycolipid/lipid antigens. Moreover, the CD1-restricted T cells that recognize these self and foreign antigens participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. CD1s are constitutively expressed by professional and nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in mucosal tissues, namely, the skin, lung, and intestine. This suggests that CD1-reactive T cells are involved in the immune responses of these tissues. Indeed, evidence suggests that these cells play important roles in diverse diseases, such as inflammation, autoimmune disease, and infection. Recent studies elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which CD1 presents lipid antigens suggest that defects in these mechanisms could contribute to the activities of CD1-reactive T cells. Thus, improving our understanding of these mechanisms could lead to new and effective therapeutic approaches to CD1-associated diseases. In this review, we discuss the CD1-mediated antigen presentation system and its roles in mucosal tissue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. CD1-Restricted T Cells During Persistent Virus Infections: "Sympathy for the Devil". Front Immunol 2018; 9:545. [PMID: 29616036 PMCID: PMC5868415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the clinically most important viruses persist in the human host after acute infection. In this situation, the host immune system and the viral pathogen attempt to establish an equilibrium. At best, overt disease is avoided. This attempt may fail, however, resulting in eventual loss of viral control or inadequate immune regulation. Consequently, direct virus-induced tissue damage or immunopathology may occur. The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) family of non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules are known to present hydrophobic, primarily lipid antigens. There is ample evidence that both CD1-dependent and CD1-independent mechanisms activate CD1-restricted T cells during persistent virus infections. Sophisticated viral mechanisms subvert these immune responses and help the pathogens to avoid clearance from the host organism. CD1-restricted T cells are not only crucial for the antiviral host defense but may also contribute to tissue damage. This review highlights the two edged role of CD1-restricted T cells in persistent virus infections and summarizes the viral immune evasion mechanisms that target these fascinating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Over the past 15 years, investigators have shown that T lymphocytes can recognize not only peptides in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules but also foreign and self-lipids in association with the nonclassical MHC class I-like molecules, CD1 proteins. In this review, we describe the most recent events in the field, with particular emphasis on (a) structural and functional aspects of lipid presentation by CD1 molecules, (b) the development of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and transcription factors required for their differentiation, (c) the ability of iNKT cells to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses through their cross talk with lymphoid and myeloid cells, and (d) MR1-restricted and group I (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom;
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Kunte A, Zhang W, Paduraru C, Veerapen N, Cox LR, Besra GS, Cresswell P. Endoplasmic reticulum glycoprotein quality control regulates CD1d assembly and CD1d-mediated antigen presentation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16391-16402. [PMID: 23615906 PMCID: PMC3675576 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.474221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) homologue CD1d presents lipid antigens to innate-like lymphocytes called natural-killer T (NKT) cells. These cells, by virtue of their broad cytokine repertoire, shape innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we have assessed the role of endoplasmic reticulum glycoprotein quality control in CD1d assembly and function, specifically the role of a key component of the quality control machinery, the enzyme UDP glucose glycoprotein glucosyltransferase (UGT1). We observe that in UGT1-deficient cells, CD1d associates prematurely with β2-microglobulin (β2m) and is able to rapidly exit the endoplasmic reticulum. At least some of these CD1d-β2m heterodimers are shorter-lived and can be rescued by provision of a defined exogenous antigen, α-galactosylceramide. Importantly, we show that in UGT1-deficient cells the CD1d-β2m heterodimers have altered antigenicity despite the fact that their cell surface levels are unchanged. We propose that UGT1 serves as a quality control checkpoint during CD1d assembly and further suggest that UGT1-mediated quality control can shape the lipid repertoire of newly synthesized CD1d. The quality control process may play a role in ensuring stability of exported CD1d-β2m complexes, in facilitating presentation of low abundance high affinity antigens, or in preventing deleterious responses to self lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kunte
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011
| | - Crina Paduraru
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Liam R Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Cresswell
- Department of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011.
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Quinlan RA, Ellis RJ. Chaperones: needed for both the good times and the bad times. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20130091. [PMID: 23530265 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue, we explore the assembly roles of protein chaperones, mainly through the portal of their associated human diseases (e.g. cardiomyopathy, cataract, neurodegeneration, cancer and neuropathy). There is a diversity to chaperone function that goes beyond the current emphasis in the scientific literature on their undoubted roles in protein folding and refolding. The focus on chaperone-mediated protein folding needs to be broadened by the original Laskey discovery that a chaperone assists the assembly of an oligomeric structure, the nucleosome, and the subsequent suggestion by Ellis that other chaperones may function in assembly processes, as well as in folding. There have been a number of recent discoveries that extend this relatively neglected aspect of chaperone biology to include proteostasis, maintenance of the cellular redox potential, genome stability, transcriptional regulation and cytoskeletal dynamics. So central are these processes that we propose that chaperones stand at the crossroads of life and death because they mediate essential functions, not only during the bad times, but also in the good times. We suggest that chaperones facilitate the success of a species, and hence the evolution of individuals within populations, because of their contributions to so many key cellular processes, of which protein folding is only one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A Quinlan
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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Mantegazza AR, Magalhaes JG, Amigorena S, Marks MS. Presentation of phagocytosed antigens by MHC class I and II. Traffic 2012; 14:135-52. [PMID: 23127154 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis provides innate immune cells with a mechanism to take up and destroy pathogenic bacteria, apoptotic cells and other large particles. In some cases, however, peptide antigens from these particles are preserved for presentation in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II molecules in order to stimulate antigen-specific T cells. Processing and presentation of antigens from phagosomes presents a number of distinct challenges relative to antigens internalized by other means; while bacterial antigens were among the first discovered to be presented to T cells, analyses of the cellular mechanisms by which peptides from phagocytosed antigens assemble with MHC molecules and by which these complexes are then expressed at the plasma membrane have lagged behind those of conventional model soluble antigens. In this review, we cover recent advances in our understanding of these processes, including the unique cross-presentation of phagocytosed antigens by MHC class I molecules, and in their control by signaling modalities in phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana R Mantegazza
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Horst D, Geerdink RJ, Gram AM, Stoppelenburg AJ, Ressing ME. Hiding lipid presentation: viral interference with CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell activation. Viruses 2012. [PMID: 23202469 PMCID: PMC3497057 DOI: 10.3390/v4102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a major role in protecting the host against viral infection. Rapid initial protection is conveyed by innate immune cells, while adaptive immunity (including T lymphocytes) requires several days to develop, yet provides high specificity and long-lasting memory. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are an unusual subset of T lymphocytes, expressing a semi-invariant T cell receptor together with markers of the innate NK cell lineage. Activated iNKT cells can exert direct cytolysis and can rapidly release a variety of immune-polarizing cytokines, thereby regulating the ensuing adaptive immune response. iNKT cells recognize lipids in the context of the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Intriguingly, CD1d-restricted iNKT cells appear to play a critical role in anti-viral defense: increased susceptibility to disseminated viral infections is observed both in patients with iNKT cell deficiency as well as in CD1d- and iNKT cell-deficient mice. Moreover, viruses have recently been found to use sophisticated strategies to withstand iNKT cell-mediated elimination. This review focuses on CD1d-restricted lipid presentation and the strategies viruses deploy to subvert this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Horst
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.); (R.J.G.);
| | - Ruben J. Geerdink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.); (R.J.G.);
| | - Anna M. Gram
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.); (R.J.G.);
| | - Arie J. Stoppelenburg
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.J.S.)
| | - Maaike E. Ressing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.); (R.J.G.);
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +31 88-7550603
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Wang G, Yang J, Liu C. A Mouse Monoclonal Antibody Specific for Calreticulin. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 31:382-5. [DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2012.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gongze Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical College of Three Gorges University, YiChang, HuBei, China
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Ryan SO, Cobb BA. Roles for major histocompatibility complex glycosylation in immune function. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:425-41. [PMID: 22461020 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoprotein family, also referred to as human leukocyte antigens, present endogenous and exogenous antigens to T lymphocytes for recognition and response. These molecules play a central role in enabling the immune system to distinguish self from non-self, which is the basis for protective immunity against pathogenic infections and disease while at the same time representing a serious obstacle for tissue transplantation. All known MHC family members, like the majority of secreted, cell surface, and other immune-related molecules, carry asparagine (N)-linked glycans. The immune system has evolved increasing complexity in higher-order organisms along with a more complex pattern of protein glycosylation, a relationship that may contribute to immune function beyond the early protein quality control events in the endoplasmic reticulum that are commonly known. The broad MHC family maintains peptide sequence motifs for glycosylation at sites that are highly conserved across evolution, suggesting importance, yet functional roles for these glycans remain largely elusive. In this review, we will summarize what is known about MHC glycosylation and provide new insight for additional functional roles for this glycoprotein modification in mediating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean O Ryan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Leonhardt RM, Vigneron N, Rahner C, Cresswell P. Proprotein convertases process Pmel17 during secretion. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9321-37. [PMID: 21247888 PMCID: PMC3059051 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.168088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pmel17 is a melanocyte/melanoma-specific protein that traffics to melanosomes where it forms a fibrillar matrix on which melanin gets deposited. Before being cleaved into smaller fibrillogenic fragments the protein undergoes processing by proprotein convertases, a class of serine proteases that typically recognize the canonical motif RX(R/K)R↓. The current model of Pmel17 maturation states that this processing step occurs in melanosomes, but in light of recent reports this issue has become controversial. We therefore addressed this question by thoroughly assessing the processing kinetics of either wild-type Pmel17 or a secreted soluble Pmel17 derivative. Our results demonstrate clearly that processing of Pmel17 occurs during secretion and that it does not require entry of the protein into the endocytic system. Strikingly, processing proceeds even in the presence of the secretion inhibitor monensin, suggesting that Pmel17 is an exceptionally good substrate. In line with this, we find that newly synthesized surface Pmel17 is already quantitatively cleaved. Moreover, we demonstrate that Pmel17 function is independent of the sequence identity of its unconventional proprotein convertase-cleavage motif that lacks arginine in P4 position. The data alter the current view of Pmel17 maturation and suggest that the multistep processing of Pmel17 begins with an early cleavage during secretion that primes the protein for later functional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf M Leonhardt
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA.
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