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Zhu N, Wei J, Wang LM, Huang H, Xiao H. Overexpression of PTPN21 promotes proliferation of EGF-stimulated acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells via the MAPK signaling pathways. Hematology 2024; 29:2356292. [PMID: 38785187 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2024.2356292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the role of excessive Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 21 (PTPN21) in the proliferation of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) cells with EGF stimulation. METHODS PTPN21 was overexpressed in ALL cell lines by lentiviral transfection. Apoptosis was assayed by Annexin V/7-AAD staining. The proliferation and cell cycle of EGF-treated ALL cells were assessed by MTT and Ki-67/7-AAD staining respectively. The phosphorylation of Src tyrosine kinase and mediators of distinct MAPK pathways were assessed by Western blot. RESULTS Overexpression of PTPN21 had minimal effect on the apoptosis of ALL cells, but significantly promoted the proliferation and cell cycle progression of ALL cells stimulated with EGF. The activity of Src tyrosine kinase and the MAPK pathways was elevated. Inhibition of MAPK pathways by specific inhibitors mitigated this pro-proliferative effect of excessive PTPN21 on EGF-stimulated ALL cells. CONCLUSION PTPN21 may facilitate ALL progression by promoting cell proliferation via the Src/MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieping Wei
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Mengmeng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haowen Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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2
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Chen L, Qian Z, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Sun J, Zhou C, Xiao H. Structural analysis of PTPN21 reveals a dominant-negative effect of the FERM domain on its phosphatase activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi7404. [PMID: 38416831 PMCID: PMC10901363 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
PTPN21 belongs to the four-point-one, ezrin, radixin, moesin (FERM) domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) and plays important roles in cytoskeleton-associated cellular processes like cell adhesion, motility, and cargo transport. Because of the presence of a WPE loop instead of a WPD loop in the phosphatase domain, it is often considered to lack phosphatase activity. However, many of PTPN21's biological functions require its catalytic activity. To reconcile these findings, we have determined the structures of individual PTPN21 FERM, PTP domains, and a complex between FERM-PTP. Combined with biochemical analysis, we have found that PTPN21 PTP is weakly active and is autoinhibited by association with its FERM domain. Disruption of FERM-PTP interaction results in enhanced ERK activation. The oncogenic HPV18 E7 protein binds to PTP at the same location as PTPN21 FERM, indicating that it may act by displacing the FERM domain from PTP. Our results provide mechanistic insight into PTPN21 and benefit functional studies of PTPN21-mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zijun Qian
- Department of Hematology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Yuyuan Zheng
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Hematology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Haowen Xiao
- Department of Hematology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China
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3
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Hey S, Wiesner C, Barcelona B, Linder S. KIF16B drives MT1-MMP recycling in macrophages and promotes co-invasion of cancer cells. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302158. [PMID: 37696580 PMCID: PMC10494930 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase MT1-MMP is a central effector of cellular proteolysis. Accordingly, regulation of the surface-localized pool of MT1-MMP is crucial for cell migration and invasion. Here, we identify the superprocessive kinesin KIF16B as a major driver of fast recycling of MT1-MMP to the surface of primary human macrophages. KIF16B associates with MT1-MMP on Rab14-positive vesicles, and its depletion results in strongly reduced MT1-MMP surface levels, as shown by microscopical, biochemical, and cell-sorting approaches. As a consequence, KIF16B-depleted macrophages exhibit strongly reduced matrix degradation and invasion. We further identify the cargo-binding C-terminus of KIF16B as a critical element of MT1-MMP transport, as its overexpression uncouples MT1-MMP vesicles from the endogenous motor, thus leading to a reduction of surface-associated MT1-MMP and to reduced matrix degradation and invasion. Importantly, depletion of KIF16B in primary macrophages also reduces the co-invasion of cancer cells from tumor spheroids, pointing to the KIF16B-driven recycling pathway in macrophages as an important regulatory element of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Hey
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Wiesner
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bryan Barcelona
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Linder
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Qiao S, Wang T, Wang H. Dysregulated ceramides metabolism via PTPN11 exposes a metabolic vulnerability to breast cancer metastasis. Med Oncol 2023; 40:310. [PMID: 37773553 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a prevalent malignant tumor, posing a significant threat to women's health globally due to its increasing incidence and tendency to affect younger patients. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a class of enzymes that have emerged as potential targets for various tumors, including breast cancer, because they can modulate oncogenic tyrosine kinases, which are both tumor-suppressive and oncogenic. The regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation levels is crucial for cell proliferation and differentiation. Although the clinical biomarker potential of PTPs is not fully explored, there is evidence to suggest that they may serve as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets for breast cancer. We found that increased expression levels of PTPN11 and PTPN3 were associated with a higher risk of death in patients with breast cancer, while PTPN11 and PTPN18 are significantly associated with overall survival in patients with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Meanwhile, PTPN11 expression was found to be negatively associated with survival in patients with ER+ breast cancer. Furthermore, PTPN11 exposes a metabolic vulnerability to breast cancer metastasis via dysregulated ceramide metabolism. Therefore, we speculate that PTPN11 has the potential to serve as a therapeutic target for breast cancer by regulating lipid metabolism reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Qiao
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, No. 73 Houzaimen, North Street, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, No. 73 Houzaimen, North Street, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710003, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87, Dingjiaqiao, Gulou District, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Yang Y, Yang W, Su X, Cheng C. Prognostic value and immunological role of PTPN21 in pan-cancer analysis. Cent Eur J Immunol 2023; 48:111-125. [PMID: 37692032 PMCID: PMC10485688 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2023.129970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction At present, cancer remains a persistent public health challenge facing the whole world. Studies have found that PTPN21 is associated with the development of cancer. However, the prognostic potential of PTPN21 in pan-cancer remains unclear. In this work, we aimed to analyze the expression and prognostic value of PTPN21 in pan-cancer and to further study the relationship between PTPN21 and immune infiltration. Material and methods TCGA and GEO data were used for expression and survival analysis. Genetic alterations in PTPN21 from TCGA cancer were studied in cBioPortal. TIMER2 was used to evaluate the correlation between PTPN21 expression and immune infiltration. The R packages "ggplot2" and "clusterProfiler" were used for GO and KEGG analysis. Results PTPN21 was found to be a valuable diagnostic biomarker in multiple cancers, including bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA), kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP), and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). In addition, we observed that PTPN21 expression was associated with a variety of tumor mutations. Our results indicated a correlation between PTPN21 expression and immune infiltration. Enrichment analysis showed that PTPN21 was mainly involved in the regulation of neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Conclusions Our study showed that PTPN21 expression is associated with clinical prognosis, mutation, and immune infiltration of tumors. PTPN21 may be a potential biomarker for many cancers, especially in KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanE Yang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - WenChao Yang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - Xingxing Su
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, China
| | - CaiXia Cheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, China
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Liu D, Zhang Y, Fang H, Yuan J, Ji L. The progress of research into pseudophosphatases. Front Public Health 2022; 10:965631. [PMID: 36106167 PMCID: PMC9464862 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.965631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudophosphatases are a class of phosphatases that mutate at the catalytically active site. They play important parts in many life processes and disorders, e.g., cell apoptosis, stress reaction, tumorigenesis, axon differentiation, Charcot-Marie-Tooth, and metabolic dysfunction. The present review considers the structures and action types of pseudophosphatases in four families, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), myotube protein phosphatases (MTMs), phosphatases and tensin homologues (PTENs) and dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs), as well as their mechanisms in signaling and disease. We aimed to provide reference material for the research and treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinxiang Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China,The Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, China,*Correspondence: Jinxiang Yuan
| | - Lizhen Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China,Lizhen Ji
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7
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Inhibition of PTPN21 has antitumor effects in glioma by restraining the EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 451:116180. [PMID: 35907586 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 21 (PTPN21) has been recognised as a new tumour-associated protein that is implicated in diverse tumours. However, the correlation between PTPN21 and glioma remains unaddressed. This investigation focused on the relevance of PTPN21 in glioma. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) analysis identified PTPN21 as being up-regulated in glioma tissue. The elevation of PTP21 in glioma was validated by evaluating clinical specimen. Kaplan-Meier plot analysis revealed that a high PTPN21 level predicted poor survival rate in glioma patient. Silencing of PTPN21 produced remarkable anticancer effects in glioma cells including proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, metastasis suppression and enhanced chemosensitivity. Mechanistic studies uncovered that PTPN21 contributes to mediation of the phosphatidyl-inositole-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway via the regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Restraint of EGFR diminished PTPN21 overexpression-induced promoting effect on PI3K/AKT pathway. Reactivation of AKT reversed PTPN21 silencing-evoked antitumor effect. The tumorigenic potential of PTPN21-silenced glioma cells in vivo was markedly compromised. In summary, this study demonstrates that silencing of PTPN21 produces remarkable anticancer effects in glioma by restraining the EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway.
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8
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Kumari D, Ray K. Phosphoregulation of Kinesins Involved in Long-Range Intracellular Transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873164. [PMID: 35721476 PMCID: PMC9203973 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins, the microtubule-dependent mechanochemical enzymes, power a variety of intracellular movements. Regulation of Kinesin activity and Kinesin-Cargo interactions determine the direction, timing and flux of various intracellular transports. This review examines how phosphorylation of Kinesin subunits and adaptors influence the traffic driven by Kinesin-1, -2, and -3 family motors. Each family of Kinesins are phosphorylated by a partially overlapping set of serine/threonine kinases, and each event produces a unique outcome. For example, phosphorylation of the motor domain inhibits motility, and that of the stalk and tail domains induces cargo loading and unloading effects according to the residue and context. Also, the association of accessory subunits with cargo and adaptor proteins with the motor, respectively, is disrupted by phosphorylation. In some instances, phosphorylation by the same kinase on different Kinesins elicited opposite outcomes. We discuss how this diverse range of effects could manage the logistics of Kinesin-dependent, long-range intracellular transport.
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9
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Comprehensive analysis of an immune infiltrate-related competitive endogenous RNA network reveals potential prognostic biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260720. [PMID: 34855841 PMCID: PMC8639052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common malignancy and its prognosis remains poor because of the lack of reliable early diagnostic biomarkers. The competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network plays an important role in the tumorigenesis and prognosis of NSCLC. Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is valuable for predicting the response to immunotherapy and determining the prognosis of NSCLC patients. To understand the TIME-related ceRNA network, the RNA profiling datasets from the Genotype-Tissue Expression and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases were analyzed to identify the mRNAs, microRNAs, and lncRNAs associated with the differentially expressed genes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that the brown module of mRNAs and the turquoise module of lncRNAs were the most important. Interactions among microRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs were prognosticated using miRcode, miRDB, TargetScan, miRTarBase, and starBase databases. A prognostic model consisting of 13 mRNAs was established using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses and validated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The 22 immune infiltrating cell types were analyzed using the CIBERSORT algorithm, and results showed that the high-risk score of this model was related to poor prognosis and an immunosuppressive TIME. A lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network that included 69 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) was constructed based on the five mRNAs obtained from the prognostic model. ROC survival analysis further showed that the seven DElncRNAs had a substantial prognostic value for the overall survival (OS) in NSCLC patients; the area under the curve was 0.65. In addition, the high-risk group showed drug resistance to several chemotherapeutic and targeted drugs including cisplatin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine, and gefitinib. The differential expression of five mRNAs and seven lncRNAs in the ceRNA network was supported by the results of the HPA database and RT-qPCR analyses. This comprehensive analysis of a ceRNA network identified a set of biomarkers for prognosis and TIME prediction in NSCLC.
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10
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Lee HS, Kim MW, Jin KS, Shin HC, Kim WK, Lee SC, Kim SJ, Lee EW, Ku B. Molecular Analysis of the Interaction between Human PTPN21 and the Oncoprotein E7 from Human Papillomavirus Genotype 18. Mol Cells 2021; 44:26-37. [PMID: 33431714 PMCID: PMC7854179 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2020.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause cellular hyperproliferation-associated abnormalities including cervical cancer. The HPV genome encodes two major viral oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which recruit various host proteins by direct interaction for proteasomal degradation. Recently, we reported the structure of HPV18 E7 conserved region 3 (CR3) bound to the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain of PTPN14, a well-defined tumor suppressor, and found that this intermolecular interaction plays a key role in E7-driven transformation and tumorigenesis. In this study, we carried out a molecular analysis of the interaction between CR3 of HPV18 E7 and the PTP domain of PTPN21, a PTP protein that shares high sequence homology with PTPN14 but is putatively oncogenic rather than tumor-suppressive. Through the combined use of biochemical tools, we verified that HPV18 E7 and PTPN21 form a 2:2 complex, with a dissociation constant of 5 nM and a nearly identical binding manner with the HPV18 E7 and PTPN14 complex. Nevertheless, despite the structural similarities, the biological consequences of the E7 interaction were found to differ between the two PTP proteins. Unlike PTPN14, PTPN21 did not appear to be subjected to proteasomal degradation in HPV18-positive HeLa cervical cancer cells. Moreover, knockdown of PTPN21 led to retardation of the migration/invasion of HeLa cells and HPV18 E7-expressing HaCaT keratinocytes, which reflects its protumor activity. In conclusion, the associations of the viral oncoprotein E7 with PTPN14 and PTPN21 are similar at the molecular level but play different physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Seon Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Min Wook Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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11
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Crook OM, Geladaki A, Nightingale DJH, Vennard OL, Lilley KS, Gatto L, Kirk PDW. A semi-supervised Bayesian approach for simultaneous protein sub-cellular localisation assignment and novelty detection. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008288. [PMID: 33166281 PMCID: PMC7707549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell is compartmentalised into complex micro-environments allowing an array of specialised biological processes to be carried out in synchrony. Determining a protein's sub-cellular localisation to one or more of these compartments can therefore be a first step in determining its function. High-throughput and high-accuracy mass spectrometry-based sub-cellular proteomic methods can now shed light on the localisation of thousands of proteins at once. Machine learning algorithms are then typically employed to make protein-organelle assignments. However, these algorithms are limited by insufficient and incomplete annotation. We propose a semi-supervised Bayesian approach to novelty detection, allowing the discovery of additional, previously unannotated sub-cellular niches. Inference in our model is performed in a Bayesian framework, allowing us to quantify uncertainty in the allocation of proteins to new sub-cellular niches, as well as in the number of newly discovered compartments. We apply our approach across 10 mass spectrometry based spatial proteomic datasets, representing a diverse range of experimental protocols. Application of our approach to hyperLOPIT datasets validates its utility by recovering enrichment with chromatin-associated proteins without annotation and uncovers sub-nuclear compartmentalisation which was not identified in the original analysis. Moreover, using sub-cellular proteomics data from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we uncover a novel group of proteins trafficking from the ER to the early Golgi apparatus. Overall, we demonstrate the potential for novelty detection to yield biologically relevant niches that are missed by current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M. Crook
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aikaterini Geladaki
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, Universtiy of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel J. H. Nightingale
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Owen L. Vennard
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kathryn S. Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laurent Gatto
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul D. W. Kirk
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, UK
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12
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Wei P, Ru D, Li X, Shi D, Zhang M, Xu Q, Zhou H, Wen S. Exposure to environmental bisphenol A inhibits HTR-8/SVneo cell migration and invasion. J Biomed Res 2020; 34:369-378. [PMID: 32981897 PMCID: PMC7540237 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.34.20200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants, such as bisphenol A (BPA) have recently been implicated in the development of adverse birth outcomes. However, the underlying teratogenic mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the effects of BPA on the migration and invasion of human primary extravillous trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells. Our results indicated that BPA reduced cell migration and invasion. Moreover, it altered the ratio of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) by downregulating MMP-2 and MMP-9, and upregulating TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Furthermore, BPA suppressed integrin β1, integrin α5, and vimentin. Interestingly, BPA-induced invasion was partially restored by G15, a membrane G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 30 antagonist. We further revealed that 42 proteins were differentially expressed by mass spectrometry analysis, which could be divided into three categories based on gene ontology including biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. These results suggest that BPA reduces HTR-8/SVneo cell migration and invasion by downregulating MMP-2 and MMP-9, up-regulating TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, and suppressing adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wei
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Department of Obstetrics, the Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Dongqing Ru
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Dongyan Shi
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Mingshun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Department of Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Shuang Wen
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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13
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Reiterer V, Pawłowski K, Desrochers G, Pause A, Sharpe HJ, Farhan H. The dead phosphatases society: a review of the emerging roles of pseudophosphatases. FEBS J 2020; 287:4198-4220. [PMID: 32484316 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatases are a diverse family of enzymes, comprising at least 10 distinct protein folds. Like most other enzyme families, many have sequence variations that predict an impairment or loss of catalytic activity classifying them as pseudophosphatases. Research on pseudoenzymes is an emerging area of interest, with new biological functions repurposed from catalytically active relatives. Here, we provide an overview of the pseudophosphatases identified to date in all major phosphatase families. We will highlight the degeneration of the various catalytic sequence motifs and discuss the challenges associated with the experimental determination of catalytic inactivity. We will also summarize the role of pseudophosphatases in various diseases and discuss the major challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guillaume Desrochers
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Arnim Pause
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Hesso Farhan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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14
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PX Domain-Containing Kinesin KIF16B and Microtubule-Dependent Intracellular Movements. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:101-108. [PMID: 32140737 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the kinesin-3 family, kinesin family member 16B (KIF16B) has a characteristic PhoX homology (PX) domain that binds to membranes containing phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P) and moves along microtubule filaments to the plus end via a process regulated by coiled coils in the stalk region in various cell types. The physiological function of KIF16B supports the transport of intracellular cargo and the formation of endosomal tubules. Ras-related protein (Rab) coordinates many steps of membrane transport and are involved in the regulation of KIF16B-mediated vesicle trafficking. Data obtained from clinical research suggest that KIF16B has a potential effect on the disease processes in intellectual disability, abnormal lipid metabolism, and tumor brain metastasis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the structural and physiological characteristics of KIF16B as well as diseases associated with KIF16B disorders, and speculating its role as a potential adaptor for intracellular cholesterol trafficking.
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15
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Hu L, Ni F, Wang X, Fay ME, Young KM, Lam WA, Sulchek TA, Qu CK. Decreased cell stiffness enhances leukemia development and progression. Leukemia 2020; 34:2493-2497. [PMID: 32094464 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linping Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Fang Ni
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Meredith E Fay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Katherine M Young
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Wilbur A Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Todd A Sulchek
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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16
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Wang H, Zhu N, Ye X, Wang L, Wang B, Shan W, Lai X, Tan Y, Fu S, Xiao H, Huang H. PTPN21-CDS long isoform inhibits the response of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells to NK-mediated lysis via the KIR/HLA-I axis. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3298-3312. [PMID: 31898344 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 21 (PTPN21) is a member of the non-receptor tyrosine phosphatase family. We have found that PTPN21 is mutated in relapsed Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. PTPN21 consists of three types of isoforms according to the length of the protein encoded. However, the roles of different isoforms in leukemic cells have not been elucidated. In the study, PTPN21 isoform constitution in five ALL cell lines were identified by transcriptome polymerase chain reaction combined with Sanger sequencing, and the relationship between PTPN21 isoforms and sensitivity to natural killer (NK) cells mediated killing in ALL cell lines were further assessed by knock-out of different isoforms of PTPN21 using CRISPR-Cas9 technique. Subsequently, we explored the functional mechanisms through RNA sequencing and confirmatory testing. The results showed that there was no significant change when all PTPN21 isoforms were knocked out in ALL cells, but the sensitivity of NALM6 cells with PTPN21-CDSlong knock-out (NALM6-PTPN21lk ) to NK-mediated killing was significantly increased. Whole transcriptome sequencing and further validation testing showed that human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules were significantly decreased, accompanied by a significantly downregulated expression of antigen presenting-related chaperones in NALM6-PTPN21lk cells. Our results uncovered a previously unknown mechanism that PTPN21-CDSlong and CDSshort isoforms may play opposite roles in NK-mediated killing in ALL cells, and showed that the endogenous PTPN21-CDSlong isoform inhibited ALL cells to NK cell-mediated lysis by regulating the KIR-HLA-I axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafang Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ni Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohang Ye
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Limengmeng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binsheng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Shan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yamin Tan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan Fu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haowen Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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17
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Ruckert MT, de Andrade PV, Santos VS, Silveira VS. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: promising targets in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2571-2592. [PMID: 30982078 PMCID: PMC11105579 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer. It is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death and is associated with a very poor prognosis. KRAS driver mutations occur in approximately 95% of PDAC cases and cause the activation of several signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Regulation of these signaling pathways is orchestrated by feedback loops mediated by the balance between protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), leading to activation or inhibition of its downstream targets. The human PTPome comprises 125 members, and these proteins are classified into three distinct families according to their structure. Since PTP activity description, it has become clear that they have both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on cancer-associated signaling processes and that deregulation of PTP function is closely associated with tumorigenesis. Several PTPs have displayed either tumor suppressor or oncogenic characteristics during the development and progression of PDAC. In this sense, PTPs have been presented as promising candidates for the treatment of human pancreatic cancer, and many PTP inhibitors have been developed since these proteins were first associated with cancer. Nevertheless, some challenges persist regarding the development of effective and safe methods to target these molecules and deliver these drugs. In this review, we discuss the role of PTPs in tumorigenesis as tumor suppressor and oncogenic proteins. We have focused on the differential expression of these proteins in PDAC, as well as their clinical implications and possible targeting for pharmacological inhibition in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Tannús Ruckert
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pamela Viani de Andrade
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verena Silva Santos
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Silva Silveira
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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18
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Siddiqui N, Zwetsloot AJ, Bachmann A, Roth D, Hussain H, Brandt J, Kaverina I, Straube A. PTPN21 and Hook3 relieve KIF1C autoinhibition and activate intracellular transport. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2693. [PMID: 31217419 PMCID: PMC6584639 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinesin-3 KIF1C is a fast organelle transporter implicated in the transport of dense core vesicles in neurons and the delivery of integrins to cell adhesions. Here we report the mechanisms of autoinhibition and release that control the activity of KIF1C. We show that the microtubule binding surface of KIF1C motor domain interacts with its stalk and that these autoinhibitory interactions are released upon binding of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN21. The FERM domain of PTPN21 stimulates dense core vesicle transport in primary hippocampal neurons and rescues integrin trafficking in KIF1C-depleted cells. In vitro, human full-length KIF1C is a processive, plus-end directed motor. Its landing rate onto microtubules increases in the presence of either PTPN21 FERM domain or the cargo adapter Hook3 that binds the same region of KIF1C tail. This autoinhibition release mechanism allows cargo-activated transport and might enable motors to participate in bidirectional cargo transport without undertaking a tug-of-war.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Siddiqui
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alexander James Zwetsloot
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- MRC-DTP in Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alice Bachmann
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Daniel Roth
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Hamdi Hussain
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jonathan Brandt
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Irina Kaverina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, 37232, TN, USA
| | - Anne Straube
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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19
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Ni F, Yu WM, Wang X, Fay ME, Young KM, Qiu Y, Lam WA, Sulchek TA, Cheng T, Scadden DT, Qu CK. Ptpn21 Controls Hematopoietic Stem Cell Homeostasis and Biomechanics. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:608-620.e6. [PMID: 30880025 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence is a tightly regulated process crucial for hematopoietic regeneration, which requires a healthy and supportive microenvironmental niche within the bone marrow (BM). Here, we show that deletion of Ptpn21, a protein tyrosine phosphatase highly expressed in HSCs, induces stem cell egress from the niche due to impaired retention within the BM. Ptpn21-/- HSCs exhibit enhanced mobility, decreased quiescence, increased apoptosis, and defective reconstitution capacity. Ptpn21 deletion also decreased HSC stiffness and increased physical deformability, in part by dephosphorylating Spetin1 (Tyr246), a poorly described component of the cytoskeleton. Elevated phosphorylation of Spetin1 in Ptpn21-/- cells impaired cytoskeletal remodeling, contributed to cortical instability, and decreased cell rigidity. Collectively, these findings show that Ptpn21 maintains cellular mechanics, which is correlated with its important functions in HSC niche retention and preservation of hematopoietic regeneration capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ni
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wen-Mei Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Meredith E Fay
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Katherine M Young
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yongzhi Qiu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Wilbur A Lam
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Todd A Sulchek
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - David T Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cheng-Kui Qu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Winship Cancer Institute, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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20
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Narla G, Sangodkar J, Ryder CB. The impact of phosphatases on proliferative and survival signaling in cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2695-2718. [PMID: 29725697 PMCID: PMC6023766 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic and stringent coordination of kinase and phosphatase activity controls a myriad of physiologic processes. Aberrations that disrupt the balance of this interplay represent the basis of numerous diseases. For a variety of reasons, early work in this area portrayed kinases as the dominant actors in these signaling events with phosphatases playing a secondary role. In oncology, these efforts led to breakthroughs that have dramatically altered the course of certain diseases and directed vast resources toward the development of additional kinase-targeted therapies. Yet, more recent scientific efforts have demonstrated a prominent and sometimes driving role for phosphatases across numerous malignancies. This maturation of the phosphatase field has brought with it the promise of further therapeutic advances in the field of oncology. In this review, we discuss the role of phosphatases in the regulation of cellular proliferation and survival signaling using the examples of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, c-Myc and the apoptosis machinery. Emphasis is placed on instances where these signaling networks are perturbed by dysregulation of specific phosphatases to favor growth and persistence of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaya Sangodkar
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Caldieri G, Malabarba MG, Di Fiore PP, Sigismund S. EGFR Trafficking in Physiology and Cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 57:235-272. [PMID: 30097778 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signaling from the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) elicits multiple biological responses, including cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Receptor endocytosis and trafficking are critical physiological processes that control the strength, duration, diversification, and spatial restriction of EGFR signaling through multiple mechanisms, which we review in this chapter. These mechanisms include: (i) regulation of receptor density and activation at the cell surface; (ii) concentration of receptors into distinct nascent endocytic structures; (iii) commitment of the receptor to different endocytic routes; (iv) endosomal sorting and postendocytic trafficking of the receptor through distinct pathways, and (v) recycling to restricted regions of the cell surface. We also highlight how communication between organelles controls EGFR activity along the endocytic route. Finally, we illustrate how abnormal trafficking of EGFR oncogenic mutants, as well as alterations of the endocytic machinery, contributes to aberrant EGFR signaling in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Caldieri
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Malabarba
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sigismund
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy.
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.
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22
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Cui N, Lu H, Li M, Yan Q. PTPN21 protects PC12 cell against oxygen-glucose deprivation by activating cdk5 through ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:226-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Elson A. Stepping out of the shadows: Oncogenic and tumor-promoting protein tyrosine phosphatases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 96:135-147. [PMID: 28941747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is critical for proper function of cells and organisms. Phosphorylation is regulated by the concerted but generically opposing activities of tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), which ensure its proper regulation, reversibility, and ability to respond to changing physiological situations. Historically, PTKs have been associated mainly with oncogenic and pro-tumorigenic activities, leading to the generalization that protein dephosphorylation is anti-oncogenic and hence that PTPs are tumor-suppressors. In many cases PTPs do suppress tumorigenesis. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that PTPs act as dominant oncogenes and drive cell transformation in a number of contexts, while in others PTPs support transformation that is driven by other oncogenes. This review summarizes the known transforming and tumor-promoting activities of the classical, tyrosine specific PTPs and highlights their potential as drug targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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24
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Xiao H, Wang LM, Luo Y, Lai X, Li C, Shi J, Tan Y, Fu S, Wang Y, Zhu N, He J, Zheng W, Yu X, Cai Z, Huang H. Mutations in epigenetic regulators are involved in acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2696-708. [PMID: 26527318 PMCID: PMC4823065 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although steady improvements to chemotherapeutic treatments has helped cure 80% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases, chemotherapy has proven to be less effective in treating the majority of adult patients, leaving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) as the primary adult treatment option. Nevertheless relapse are the leading cause of death following allo-HSCT. The genetic pathogenesis of relapse following allo-HSCT in Philadelphia chromosome- negative ALL (Ph− ALL) remains unexplored. We performed longitudinal whole-exome sequencing analysis in three adult patients with Ph− B-cell ALL (Ph− B-ALL) on samples collected from diagnosis to relapse after allo-HSCT. Based on these data, we performed target gene sequencing on 23 selected genes in 58 adult patients undergoing allo-HSCT with Ph− B-ALL. Our results revealed a significant enrichment of mutations in epigenetic regulators from relapsed samples, with recurrent somatic mutations in SETD2, CREBBP, KDM6A and NR3C1. The relapsed samples were also enriched in signaling factor mutations, including KRAS, PTPN21, MYC and USP54. Furthermore, we are the first to reveal the clonal evolution patterns during leukemia relapse after allo-HSCT. Cells present in relapsed specimens were genetically related to the diagnosed tumor, these cells therefore arose from either an existing subclone that was not eradicated by allo-HSCT therapy, or from the same progenitor that acquired new mutations. In some cases, however, it is possible that leukemia recurrence following allo-HSCT could result from a secondary malignancy with a distinct set of mutations. We identified novel genetic causes of leukemia relapse after allo-HSCT using the largest generated data set to date from adult patients with Ph− B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Xiao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China.,Department of Hematology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command (Guangzhou Liuhuaqiao Hospital), Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li-Mengmeng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Luo
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Lai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Caihua Li
- Center for Genetic and Genomic Analysis, Genesky Biotechnologies Inc., Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jimin Shi
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yamin Tan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shan Fu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yebo Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ni Zhu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jingsong He
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Weiyan Zheng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, PR China
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Igawa T. Role of protein phosphatases in genitourinary cancers. Int J Urol 2016; 24:16-24. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Igawa
- Department of Urology; Kurume University School of Medicine; Kurume Fukuoka Japan
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High expression of PTPN21 in B-cell non-Hodgkin's gastric lymphoma, a positive mediator of STAT5 activity. Blood Cancer J 2016; 6:e388. [PMID: 26771814 PMCID: PMC4742624 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2015.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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27
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Plani-Lam JHC, Chow TC, Siu KL, Chau WH, Ng MHJ, Bao S, Ng CT, Sham P, Shum DKY, Ingley E, Jin DY, Song YQ. PTPN21 exerts pro-neuronal survival and neuritic elongation via ErbB4/NRG3 signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 61:53-62. [PMID: 25681686 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although expression quantitative trait locus, eQTL, serves as an explicit indicator of gene-gene associations, challenges remain to disentangle the mechanisms by which genetic variations alter gene expression. Here we combined eQTL and molecular analyses to identify an association between two seemingly non-associated genes in brain expression data from BXD inbred mice, namely Ptpn21 and Nrg3. Using biotinylated receptor tracking and immunoprecipitation analyses, we determined that PTPN21 de-phosphorylates the upstream receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB4 leading to the up-regulation of its downstream signaling. Conversely, kinase-dead ErbB4 (K751R) or phosphatase-dead PTPN21 (C1108S) mutants impede PTPN21-dependent signaling. Furthermore, PTPN21 also induced Elk-1 activation in embryonic cortical neurons and a novel Elk-1 binding motif was identified in a region located 1919bp upstream of the NRG3 initiation codon. This enables PTPN21 to promote NRG3 expression through Elk-1, which provides a biochemical mechanism for the PTPN21-NRG3 association identified by eQTL. Biologically, PTPN21 positively influences cortical neuronal survival and, similar to Elk-1, it also enhances neuritic length. Our combined approaches show for the first time, a link between NRG3 and PTPN21 within a signaling cascade. This may explain why these two seemingly unrelated genes have previously been identified as risk genes for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tai-Cheong Chow
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Leung Siu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Hin Chau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Him James Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China; Poison Treatment Centre, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suying Bao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheung Toa Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pak Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Genomic Sciences, University of Hong Kong, 5 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daisy Kwok-Yan Shum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Evan Ingley
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
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28
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Roda-Navarro P, Bastiaens PI. Dynamic recruitment of protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPD1 to EGF stimulation sites potentiates EGFR activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103203. [PMID: 25062045 PMCID: PMC4111557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Balanced activity of protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases (PTPs) controls tyrosine phosphorylation levels and, consequently, is needed to prevent pathologies like cancer. Phosphatase activity is tightly regulated in space and time. Thus, in order to understand how phospho-tyrosine signalling is regulated, the intracellular dynamics of PTPs should be investigated. Here, we have studied the intracellular dynamics of PTPD1, a FERM (four-point-one, ezrin, radixin, moesin) domain-containing PTP that is over expressed in cancer cells and potentiates EGFR signalling. Whereas PTPD1 was excluded from E-cadherin rich cell-cell adhesions in epithelial cell monolayers, it diffused from the cytoplasm to those membranes in contact with the extracellular medium. Localisation of PTPD1 at the plasma membrane was mediated by its FERM domain and enabled the formation of EGFR/PTPD1-containing signalling complexes that pre-existed at the plasma membrane before EGF stimulation. PTPD1 and EGFR transiently co-localised at EGF stimulation sites until the formation of macropinosomes containing active species of EGFR. Interference of PTPD1 expression caused a decrease in EGFR phosphorylated species at the periphery of the cell. Presented data suggest that the transient formation of dynamic PTPD1/EGFR signalling complexes strengthens EGF signalling by promoting the spatial propagation of EGFR phosphorylated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University and ‘12 de Octubre’ Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (PR-N); (PIB)
| | - Philippe I. Bastiaens
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
- * E-mail: (PR-N); (PIB)
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29
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Schiefermeier N, Scheffler JM, de Araujo MEG, Stasyk T, Yordanov T, Ebner HL, Offterdinger M, Munck S, Hess MW, Wickström SA, Lange A, Wunderlich W, Fässler R, Teis D, Huber LA. The late endosomal p14-MP1 (LAMTOR2/3) complex regulates focal adhesion dynamics during cell migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:525-40. [PMID: 24841562 PMCID: PMC4033770 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201310043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Late endosomes locally regulate cell migration by transporting the p14–MP1 scaffold complex to the vicinity of focal adhesions. Cell migration is mediated by the dynamic remodeling of focal adhesions (FAs). Recently, an important role of endosomal signaling in regulation of cell migration was recognized. Here, we show an essential function for late endosomes carrying the p14–MP1 (LAMTOR2/3) complex in FA dynamics. p14–MP1-positive endosomes move to the cell periphery along microtubules (MTs) in a kinesin1- and Arl8b-dependent manner. There they specifically target FAs to regulate FA turnover, which is required for cell migration. Using genetically modified fibroblasts from p14-deficient mice and Arl8b-depleted cells, we demonstrate that MT plus end–directed traffic of p14–MP1-positive endosomes triggered IQGAP1 disassociation from FAs. The release of IQGAP was required for FA dynamics. Taken together, our results suggest that late endosomes contribute to the regulation of cell migration by transporting the p14–MP1 scaffold complex to the vicinity of FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Schiefermeier
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, AustriaDivision of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia M Scheffler
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mariana E G de Araujo
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Taras Stasyk
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teodor Yordanov
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes L Ebner
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, AustriaDivision of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Offterdinger
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Munck
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael W Hess
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Paul Gerson Unna group "Skin Homeostasis and Ageing", Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anika Lange
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Winfried Wunderlich
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - David Teis
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Division of Cell Biology and Division of Neurobiochemistry/Biooptics, Biocenter, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Division of Physiology, Department of Traumatology, Center of Operative Medicine, and Division of Histology and Embryology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Reiterer V, Eyers PA, Farhan H. Day of the dead: pseudokinases and pseudophosphatases in physiology and disease. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:489-505. [PMID: 24818526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pseudophosphatases and pseudokinases are increasingly viewed as integral elements of signaling pathways, and there is mounting evidence that they have frequently retained the ability to interact with cellular 'substrates', and can exert important roles in different diseases. However, these pseudoenzymes have traditionally received scant attention compared to classical kinases and phosphatases. In this review we explore new findings in the emerging pseudokinase and pseudophosphatase fields, and discuss their different modes of action which include exciting new roles as scaffolds, anchors, spatial modulators, traps, and ligand-driven regulators of canonical kinases and phosphatases. Thus, it is now apparent that pseudokinases and pseudophosphatases both support and drive a panoply of signaling networks. Finally, we highlight recent evidence on their involvement in human pathologies, marking them as potential novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Reiterer
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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31
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Sacco F, Boldt K, Calderone A, Panni S, Paoluzi S, Castagnoli L, Ueffing M, Cesareni G. Combining affinity proteomics and network context to identify new phosphatase substrates and adapters in growth pathways. Front Genet 2014; 5:115. [PMID: 24847354 PMCID: PMC4019850 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation homoeostasis is tightly controlled and pathological conditions are caused by subtle alterations of the cell phosphorylation profile. Altered levels of kinase activities have already been associated to specific diseases. Less is known about the impact of phosphatases, the enzymes that down-regulate phosphorylation by removing the phosphate groups. This is partly due to our poor understanding of the phosphatase-substrate network. Much of phosphatase substrate specificity is not based on intrinsic enzyme specificity with the catalytic pocket recognizing the sequence/structure context of the phosphorylated residue. In addition many phosphatase catalytic subunits do not form a stable complex with their substrates. This makes the inference and validation of phosphatase substrates a non-trivial task. Here, we present a novel approach that builds on the observation that much of phosphatase substrate selection is based on the network of physical interactions linking the phosphatase to the substrate. We first used affinity proteomics coupled to quantitative mass spectrometry to saturate the interactome of eight phosphatases whose down regulations was shown to affect the activation of the RAS-PI3K pathway. By integrating information from functional siRNA with protein interaction information, we develop a strategy that aims at inferring phosphatase physiological substrates. Graph analysis is used to identify protein scaffolds that may link the catalytic subunits to their substrates. By this approach we rediscover several previously described phosphatase substrate interactions and characterize two new protein scaffolds that promote the dephosphorylation of PTPN11 and ERK by DUSP18 and DUSP26, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sacco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Simona Panni
- Department DiBEST, University of Calabria Rende, Italy
| | - Serena Paoluzi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Castagnoli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany ; Research Unit for Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gianni Cesareni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata Rome, Italy ; Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Santa Lucia Rome, Italy
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32
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Stebbing J, Lit LC, Zhang H, Darrington RS, Melaiu O, Rudraraju B, Giamas G. The regulatory roles of phosphatases in cancer. Oncogene 2014; 33:939-53. [PMID: 23503460 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of potentially reversible post-translational modifications required for controlling cellular processes in cancer is one of the most thriving arenas of cellular and molecular biology. Any alteration in the balanced equilibrium between kinases and phosphatases may result in development and progression of various diseases, including different types of cancer, though phosphatases are relatively under-studied. Loss of phosphatases such as PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10), a known tumour suppressor, across tumour types lends credence to the development of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors alongside the use of phosphatase expression as a biomarker, though phase 3 trial data are lacking. In this review, we give an updated report on phosphatase dysregulation linked to organ-specific malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stebbing
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L C Lit
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H Zhang
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R S Darrington
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - O Melaiu
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - B Rudraraju
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - G Giamas
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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33
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Kanojia D, Garg M, Saini S, Agarwal S, Parashar D, Jagadish N, Seth A, Bhatnagar A, Gupta A, Kumar R, Lohiya NK, Suri A. Sperm associated antigen 9 plays an important role in bladder transitional cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81348. [PMID: 24349057 PMCID: PMC3857194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Majority of bladder cancer deaths are caused due to transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) which is the most prevalent and chemoresistant malignancy of urinary bladder. Therefore, we analyzed the role of Sperm associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) in bladder TCC. Methodology and Findings We examined SPAG9 expression and humoral response in 125 bladder TCC patients. Four bladder cancer cell lines were assessed for SPAG9 expression. In addition, we investigated the effect of SPAG9 ablation on cellular proliferation, cell cycle, migration and invasion in UM-UC-3 bladder cancer cells by employing gene silencing approach. Our SPAG9 gene and protein expression analysis revealed SPAG9 expression in 81% of bladder TCC tissue specimens. High SPAG9 expression (>60% SPAG9 positive cells) was found to be significantly associated with superficial non-muscle invasive stage (P = 0.042) and low grade tumors (P = 0.002) suggesting SPAG9 putative role in early spread and tumorigenesis. Humoral response against SPAG9 was observed in 95% of patients found positive for SPAG9 expression. All four bladder cancer cell lines revealed SPAG9 expression. In addition, SPAG9 gene silencing in UM-UC-3 cells resulted in induction of G0–G1 arrest characterized by up-regulation of p16 and p21 and consequent down-regulation of cyclin E, cyclin D and cyclin B, CDK4 and CDK1. Further, SPAG9 gene silencing also resulted in reduction in cellular growth, and migration and invasion ability of cancer cells in vitro. Conclusions Collectively, our data in clinical specimens indicated that SPAG9 is potential biomarker and therapeutic target for bladder TCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kanojia
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Garg
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Shikha Saini
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Agarwal
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Parashar
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirmala Jagadish
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Amlesh Seth
- Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Amar Bhatnagar
- Department of Cancer Surgery, Safdarjung Hospital and Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Anju Gupta
- NMC Imaging and Diagnostic Centre, Vidyasagar Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajive Kumar
- Institute of Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirmal Kumar Lohiya
- Reproductive Physiology Section, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Anil Suri
- Cancer Microarray, Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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34
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Huang X, Taeb S, Jahangiri S, Emmenegger U, Tran E, Bruce J, Mesci A, Korpela E, Vesprini D, Wong CS, Bristow RG, Liu FF, Liu SK. miRNA-95 Mediates Radioresistance in Tumors by Targeting the Sphingolipid Phosphatase SGPP1. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6972-86. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Kharitidi D, Manteghi S, Pause A. Pseudophosphatases: methods of analysis and physiological functions. Methods 2013; 65:207-18. [PMID: 24064037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are key enzymes in the regulation of cellular homeostasis and signaling pathways. Strikingly, not all PTPs bear enzymatic activity. A considerable fraction of PTPs are enzymatically inactive and are known as pseudophosphatases. Despite the lack of activity they execute pivotal roles in development, cell biology and human disease. The present review is focused on the methods used to identify pseudophosphatases, their targets, and physiological roles. We present a strategy for detailed enzymatic analysis of inactive PTPs, regulation of inactive PTP domains and identification of binding partners. Furthermore, we provide a detailed overview of human pseudophosphatases and discuss their regulation of cellular processes and functions in human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Kharitidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 3655, Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Sanaz Manteghi
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 3655, Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Arnim Pause
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 3655, Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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Sacco F, Gherardini PF, Paoluzi S, Saez-Rodriguez J, Helmer-Citterich M, Ragnini-Wilson A, Castagnoli L, Cesareni G. Mapping the human phosphatome on growth pathways. Mol Syst Biol 2013; 8:603. [PMID: 22893001 PMCID: PMC3435503 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2012.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatases control cell growth by a variety of mechanisms. A novel strategy is presented that combines multiparametric analysis of cell perturbations with logic modeling to achieve a detailed mapping of human phosphatase function on growth pathways. ![]()
siRNA-mediated downregulation of 298 phosphatase and phosphatase-related genes coupled to automated microscopy was used to characterize their impact on key growth pathways. In parallel, a literature-derived signed directed network was derived and optimized by training with experimental data. The resulting logic-based growth model was used to infer the cell state upon perturbation of each signaling node and compare it with the profiles obtained upon phosphatase perturbation. Mapping of 67% of the protein phosphatase onto the growth model shows that phosphatases are key modulators of growth pathways and affect cell-cycle progression. This novel approach is general and enables to efficiently map proteins onto complex pathways.
Large-scale siRNA screenings allow linking the function of poorly characterized genes to phenotypic readouts. According to this strategy, genes are associated with a function of interest if the alteration of their expression perturbs the phenotypic readouts. However, given the intricacy of the cell regulatory network, the mapping procedure is low resolution and the resulting models provide little mechanistic insights. We have developed a new strategy that combines multiparametric analysis of cell perturbation with logic modeling to achieve a more detailed functional mapping of human genes onto complex pathways. A literature-derived optimized model is used to infer the cell activation state following upregulation or downregulation of the model entities. By matching this signature with the experimental profile obtained in the high-throughput siRNA screening it is possible to infer the target of each protein, thus defining its ‘entry point' in the network. By this novel approach, 41 phosphatases that affect key growth pathways were identified and mapped onto a human epithelial cell-specific growth model, thus providing insights into the mechanisms underlying their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sacco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Identification of common molecular mechanisms is needed to facilitate the development of new treatment options for patients with ileal carcinoids. PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent profiling studies on ileal carcinoids were examined to obtain a comprehensive view of risk factors, genetic aberrations, and transcriptional alterations. Special attention was paid to mechanisms that could provide novel targets for therapy. RESULTS Genome-wide association studies have shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at IL12A and DAD1 are associated with an increased risk of ileal carcinoids. Genomic profiling revealed distinct patterns of copy-number alterations in ileal carcinoids. Two groups of carcinoids could be identified by hierarchical clustering. A major group of tumors was characterized by loss on chromosome 18 followed by additional losses on chromosomes 3p, 11q, and 13. Three minimal common regions of deletions were identified at 18q21.1-q21.31, 18q22.1-q22.2, and 18q22.3-q23. A minor group of tumors was characterized by clustered gains on chromosomes 4, 5, 7, 14, and 20. Expression profiling identified three groups of ileal carcinoids by principal component analysis. Tumor progression was associated with changes in gene expression including downregulation of MIR133A. Candidate genes for targeted therapy included ERBB2/HER2, DAD1, PRKCA, RYBP, CASP1, CASP4, CASP5, VMAT1, RET, APLP1, OR51E1, GPR112, SPOCK1, RUNX1, and MIR133A. CONCLUSION Profiling of ileal carcinoids has revealed recurrent genetic alterations and distinct patterns of gene expression. Frequent alterations in cellular pathways and genes were identified, suggesting novel targets for therapy. Translational studies are needed to validate suggested molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Labbé DP, Hardy S, Tremblay ML. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in cancer: friends and foes! PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 106:253-306. [PMID: 22340721 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396456-4.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins serves as an exquisite switch in controlling several key oncogenic signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Since protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) counteract protein kinases by removing phosphate moieties on target proteins, one may intuitively think that PTPs would act as tumor suppressors. Indeed, one of the most described PTPs, namely, the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), is a tumor suppressor. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that PTPs can also function as potent oncoproteins. In this chapter, we provide a broad historical overview of the PTPs, their mechanism of action, and posttranslational modifications. Then, we focus on the dual properties of classical PTPs (receptor and nonreceptor) and dual-specificity phosphatases in cancer and summarize the current knowledge of the signaling pathways regulated by key PTPs in human cancer. In conclusion, we present our perspective on the potential of these PTPs to serve as therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Labbé
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Huang JM, Nagatomo I, Suzuki E, Mizuno T, Kumagai T, Berezov A, Zhang H, Karlan B, Greene MI, Wang Q. YAP modifies cancer cell sensitivity to EGFR and survivin inhibitors and is negatively regulated by the non-receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase 14. Oncogene 2012; 32:2220-9. [PMID: 22689061 PMCID: PMC3443515 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a transcriptional factor involved in tissue development and tumorigenesis. Although YAP has been recognized as a key element of the Hippo signaling pathway, the mechanisms that regulate YAP activities remain to be fully characterized. In this study, we demonstrate that the non-receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase 14 (PTPN14) functions as a negative regulator of YAP. We show that YAP forms a protein complex with PTPN14 through the WW domains of YAP and the PPXY motifs of PTPN14. In addition, PTPN14 inhibits YAP-mediated transcriptional activities. Knockdown of YAP sensitizes cancer cells to various anti-cancer agents, such as cisplatin, the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib, and the small-molecule antagonist of survivin, S12. YAP-targeted modalities may be used in combination with other cancer drugs to achieve maximal therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Huang
- Cedars-Sinai Women's Cancer Program at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Steketee MB, Goldberg JL. Signaling endosomes and growth cone motility in axon regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2012; 106:35-73. [PMID: 23211459 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407178-0.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During development and regeneration, growth cones guide neurites to their targets by altering their motility in response to extracellular guidance cues. One class of cues critical to nervous system development is the neurotrophins. Neurotrophin binding to their cognate receptors stimulates their endocytosis into signaling endosomes. Current data indicate that the spatiotemporal localization of signaling endosomes can direct diverse processes regulating cell motility, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal remodeling, adhesion dynamics, and local translation. Recent experiments manipulating signaling endosome localization in neuronal growth cones support these views and place the neurotrophin signaling endosome in a central role regulating growth cone motility during axon growth and regeneration.
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Abstract
Cell migration is a complex biological process that is under the tight control of diverse signaling events. While many of the involved signaling molecules diffuse rapidly within cells, it now seems that certain key regulators of cell migration prefer to travel on endosomes. In this review we will discuss the multiple roles of signaling endosomes in regulation of local migration stimuli, dynamics of focal adhesions, cell contractility and locomotion.
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42
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Avraham R, Yarden Y. Feedback regulation of EGFR signalling: decision making by early and delayed loops. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2011; 12:104-17. [PMID: 21252999 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human-made information relay systems invariably incorporate central regulatory components, which are mirrored in biological systems by dense feedback and feedforward loops. This type of system control is exemplified by positive and negative feedback loops (for example, receptor endocytosis and dephosphorylation) that enable growth factors and receptor Tyr kinases of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ERBB family to regulate cellular function. Recent studies show that the collection of feedback regulatory loops can perform computational tasks - such as decoding ligand specificity, transforming graded input signals into a digital output and regulating response kinetics. Aberrant signal processing and feedback regulation can lead to defects associated with pathologies such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Avraham
- Department of Biological Regulation, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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