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Wang Q, Zhong C, Xiao H. Genetic Engineering of Filamentous Fungi for Efficient Protein Expression and Secretion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:293. [PMID: 32322579 PMCID: PMC7156587 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are considered as unique cell factories for protein production due to the high efficiency of protein secretion and superior capability of post-translational modifications. In this review, we firstly introduce the secretory pathway in filamentous fungi. We next summarize the current state-of-the-art works regarding how various genetic engineering strategies are applied for enhancing protein expression and secretion in filamentous fungi. Finally, in a future perspective, we discuss the great potential of genome engineering for further improving protein expression and secretion in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- Materials and Physical Biology Division, School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Materials Synthetic Biology Center, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Demishtein A, Fraiberg M, Berko D, Tirosh B, Elazar Z, Navon A. SQSTM1/p62-mediated autophagy compensates for loss of proteasome polyubiquitin recruiting capacity. Autophagy 2017; 13:1697-1708. [PMID: 28792301 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1356549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis in eukaryotic cells is regulated by 2 highly conserved degradative pathways, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and macroautophagy/autophagy. Recent studies revealed a coordinated and complementary crosstalk between these systems that becomes critical under proteostatic stress. Under physiological conditions, however, the molecular crosstalk between these 2 pathways is still far from clear. Here we describe a cellular model of proteasomal substrate accumulation due to the combined knockdown of PSMD4/S5a and ADRM1, the 2 proteasomal ubiquitin receptors. This model reveals a compensatory autophagic pathway, mediated by a SQSTM1/p62-dependent clearance of accumulated polyubiquitinated proteins. In addition to mediating the sequestration of ubiquitinated cargos into phagophores, the precursors to autophagosomes, SQSTM1 is also important for polyubiquitinated aggregate formation upon proteasomal inhibition. Finally, we demonstrate that the concomitant stabilization of steady-state levels of ATF4, a rapidly degraded transcription factor, mediates SQSTM1 upregulation. These findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms by which selective autophagy is regulated in response to proteasomal overflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alik Demishtein
- a Department of Biomolecular Sciences , The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Milana Fraiberg
- a Department of Biomolecular Sciences , The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Dikla Berko
- b Department of Biological Regulation , The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Boaz Tirosh
- c Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy , Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- a Department of Biomolecular Sciences , The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Ami Navon
- b Department of Biological Regulation , The Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
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Dining in: intracellular bacterial pathogen interplay with autophagy. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 29:9-14. [PMID: 26462048 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens have evolved many ways to manipulate host cells for successful infection. Many of these pathogens use specialized secretion systems to inject bacterial proteins into the host cytosol that manipulate cellular processes to favor infection. Autophagy is a eukaryotic cellular remodeling process with a critical role in many diseases, including bacterial clearance. A growing field of research highlights mechanisms used by intracellular bacteria to manipulate autophagy as a pro-survival strategy. This review focuses on a select group of bacterial pathogens with diverse intracellular lifestyles that exploit autophagy-derived nutrients and membrane for survival. This group of pathogens uses secretion systems and specific effectors to subvert distinct components of autophagy. By understanding how intracellular pathogens manipulate autophagy, we gain insight not only into bacterial pathogenesis but also host cell signaling and autophagolysosome maturation.
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Hirayama H, Hosomi A, Suzuki T. Physiological and molecular functions of the cytosolic peptide:N-glycanase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 41:110-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Suzuki T. The cytoplasmic peptide:N-glycanase (Ngly1)--basic science encounters a human genetic disorder. J Biochem 2014; 157:23-34. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvu068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Continuous synthesis of all cellular components requires their constant turnover in order for a cell to achieve homeostasis. To this end, eukaryotic cells are endowed with two degradation pathways - the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the lysosomal pathway. The latter pathway is partly fed by autophagy, which targets intracellular material in distinct vesicles, termed autophagosomes, to the lysosome. Central to this pathway is a set of key autophagy proteins, including the ubiquitin-like modifier Atg8, that orchestrate autophagosome initiation and biogenesis. In higher eukaryotes, the Atg8 family comprises six members known as the light chain 3 (LC3) or γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) proteins. Considerable effort during the last 15 years to decipher the molecular mechanisms that govern autophagy has significantly advanced our understanding of the functioning of this protein family. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we present the current LC3 protein interaction network, which has been and continues to be vital for gaining insight into the regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wild
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Yoon J, Kikuma T, Maruyama JI, Kitamoto K. Enhanced production of bovine chymosin by autophagy deficiency in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62512. [PMID: 23658635 PMCID: PMC3639164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae has been utilized as a host for heterologous protein production because of its high protein secretory capacity and food-safety properties. However, A. oryzae often produces lower-than-expected yields of target heterologous proteins due to various underlying mechanisms, including degradation processes such as autophagy, which may be a significant bottleneck for protein production. In the present study, we examined the production of heterologous protein in several autophagy (Aoatg) gene disruptants of A. oryzae. We transformed A. oryzae gene disruptants of Aoatg1, Aoatg13, Aoatg4, Aoatg8, or Aoatg15, with a bovine chymosin (CHY) expression construct and found that the production levels of CHY increased up to three fold compared to the control strain. Notably, however, conidia formation by the Aoatg gene disruptants was significantly reduced. As large amounts of conidia are necessary for inoculating large-scale cultures, we also constructed Aoatg gene-conditional expression strains in which the promoter region of the Aoatg gene was replaced with the thiamine-controllable thiA promoter. Conidiation by the resultant transformants was clearly enhanced in the absence of thiamine, while autophagy remained repressed in the presence of thiamine. Moreover, these transformants displayed increased CHY productivity, which was comparable to that of the Aoatg gene disruptants. Consequently, we succeeded in the construction of A. oryzae strains capable of producing high levels of CHY due to defects in autophagy. Our finding suggests that the conditional regulation of autophagy is an effective method for increasing heterologous protein production in A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Yoon
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuma
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Ghavami S, Yeganeh B, Stelmack GL, Kashani HH, Sharma P, Cunnington R, Rattan S, Bathe K, Klonisch T, Dixon IMC, Freed DH, Halayko AJ. Apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in mevalonate cascade inhibition-induced cell death of human atrial fibroblasts. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e330. [PMID: 22717585 PMCID: PMC3388233 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are cholesterol-lowering drugs that exert other cellular effects and underlie their beneficial health effects, including those associated with myocardial remodeling. We recently demonstrated that statins induces apoptosis and autophagy in human lung mesenchymal cells. Here, we extend our knowledge showing that statins simultaneously induces activation of the apoptosis, autophagy and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in primary human atrial fibroblasts (hATF). Thus we tested the degree to which coordination exists between signaling from mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes during response to simvastatin exposure. Pharmacologic blockade of the activation of ER-dependent cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed protease (caspase)-4 and lysosomal cathepsin-B and -L significantly decreased simvastatin-induced cell death. Simvastatin altered total abundance and the mitochondrial fraction of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins, while c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase mediated effects on B-cell lymphoma 2 expression. Chemical inhibition of autophagy flux with bafilomycin-A1 augmented simvastatin-induced caspase activation, UPR and cell death. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts that are deficient in autophagy protein 5 and refractory to autophagy induction, caspase-7 and UPR were hyper-induced upon treatment with simvastatin. These data demonstrate that mevalonate cascade inhibition-induced death of hATF manifests from a complex mechanism involving co-regulation of apoptosis, autophagy and UPR. Furthermore, autophagy has a crucial role in determining the extent of ER stress, UPR and permissiveness of hATF to cell death induced by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghavami
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - B Yeganeh
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - G L Stelmack
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - H H Kashani
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - P Sharma
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - R Cunnington
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - S Rattan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - K Bathe
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - T Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - I M C Dixon
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - D H Freed
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - A J Halayko
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Reticulophagy and ribophagy: regulated degradation of protein production factories. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:182834. [PMID: 22481944 PMCID: PMC3299282 DOI: 10.1155/2012/182834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During autophagy, cytosol, protein aggregates, and organelles are sequestered into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes and delivered to the lysosome/vacuole for breakdown and recycling of their basic components. In all eukaryotes this pathway is important for adaptation to stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation, as well as to regulate intracellular homeostasis by adjusting organelle number and clearing damaged structures. For a long time, starvation-induced autophagy has been viewed as a nonselective transport pathway; however, recent studies have revealed that autophagy is able to selectively engulf specific structures, ranging from proteins to entire organelles. In this paper, we discuss recent findings on the mechanisms and physiological implications of two selective types of autophagy: ribophagy, the specific degradation of ribosomes, and reticulophagy, the selective elimination of portions of the ER.
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The KDEL receptor induces autophagy to promote the clearance of neurodegenerative disease-related proteins. Neuroscience 2011; 190:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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