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Christoforidou E, Simoes FA, Gordon D, Talbot K, Hafezparast M. Aberrant dynein function promotes TDP-43 aggregation and upregulation of p62 in male mice harboring transgenic human TDP-43. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37498094 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2023.2239276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most TDP-43 mouse models of ALS do not display cytoplasmic mislocalisation or protein aggregation of TDP-43 in spinal motor neurons in vivo. Thus, we investigated whether a combination of defective dynein with a TDP-43 mutation could trigger TDP-43 pathology. METHODS Using immunohistochemical methods we examined the intracellular motor neuron pathology of the offspring of TDP-43WT and TDP-43M337V transgenic mice bred to heterozygous Loa mice, which carry an autosomal dominant mutation in dynein cytoplasmic 1 heavy chain 1 (Dync1h1). RESULTS These mice did not exhibit TDP-43 mislocalisation in spinal motor neurons, but the expression of mutant dynein in combination with wildtype human TDP-43 resulted in p62 upregulation and TDP-43 aggregation, thus partially recapitulating the human disease. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide new insights into the possible relationship between dynein and TDP-43 and could prove useful in future studies looking to elucidate the mechanism behind the TDP-43 pathology observed in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Christoforidou
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK and
| | - Fabio A Simoes
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK and
| | - David Gordon
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Majid Hafezparast
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK and
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Park Y, Park JG, Kang HM, Jung JH, Kim M, Lee KW. Toxic effects of the wastewater produced by underwater hull cleaning equipment on the copepod Tigriopus japonicus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 191:114991. [PMID: 37146552 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Unmanaged disposal of wastewater produced by underwater hull cleaning equipment (WHCE) is suspected to induce toxic effects to marine organisms because wastewater contains several anti-fouling compounds. To investigate the effects of WHCE on marine copepod, we examined the toxicity on life parameters (e.g. mortality, development, and fecundity) and gene expression changes of Tigriopus japonicus as model organism. Significant mortality and developmental time changes were observed in response to wastewater. No significant differences in fecundity were observed. Transcriptional profiling with differentially expressed genes from WHCE exposed T. japonicus showed WHCE may induce genotoxicity associated genes and pathways. In addition, potentially neurotoxic effects were evident following exposure to WHCE. The findings suggest that wastewater released during hull cleaning should be managed to reduce physiological and molecular deleterious effects in marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeun Park
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gon Park
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Min Kang
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Jung
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun-Woo Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Liao P, Yuan Y, Liu Z, Hou X, Li W, Wen J, Zhang K, Jiao B, Shen L, Jiang H, Guo J, Tang B, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Wang J. Association of variants in the KIF1A gene with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:46. [PMID: 36284339 PMCID: PMC9597953 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects neurons in the central nervous system and the spinal cord. As in many other neurodegenerative disorders, the genetic risk factors and pathogenesis of ALS involve dysregulation of cytoskeleton and neuronal transport. Notably, sensory and motor neuron diseases such as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 2 (HSAN2) and spastic paraplegia 30 (SPG30) share several causative genes with ALS, as well as having common clinical phenotypes. KIF1A encodes a kinesin 3 motor that transports presynaptic vesicle precursors (SVPs) and dense core vesicles and has been reported as a causative gene for HSAN2 and SPG30. METHODS Here, we analyzed whole-exome sequencing data from 941 patients with ALS to investigate the genetic association of KIF1A with ALS. RESULTS We identified rare damage variants (RDVs) in the KIF1A gene associated with ALS and delineated the clinical characteristics of ALS patients with KIF1A RDVs. Clinically, these patients tended to exhibit sensory disturbance. Interestingly, the majority of these variants are located at the C-terminal cargo-binding region of the KIF1A protein. Functional examination revealed that the ALS-associated KIF1A variants located in the C-terminal region preferentially enhanced the binding of SVPs containing RAB3A, VAMP2, and synaptophysin. Expression of several disease-related KIF1A mutants in cultured mouse cortical neurons led to enhanced colocalization of RAB3A or VAMP2 with the KIF1A motor. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlighted the importance of KIF1A motor-mediated transport in the pathogenesis of ALS, indicating KIF1A as an important player in the oligogenic scenario of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panlin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yanchun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xiaorong Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Wanzhen Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jin Wen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Kexuan Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Bin Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhonghua Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Neurogenic arthrogryposis and the power of phenotyping. Neuromuscul Disord 2021; 31:1062-1069. [PMID: 34736627 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.07.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this article we review the commonest cause of neurogenic arthrogryposis, termed Spinal Muscular Atrophy Lower Extremity Dominant (SMALED), due to variants in DYNC1H1 and BICD2. We discuss the characteristic clinical and radiological phenotype of this disorder and how this has facilitated the identification of the genetic cause of SMALED2. We also review the similarities and differences between the human SMALED phenotype and mouse models and how this has informed our understanding of the potential mechanisms governing motor neuron loss in these disorders.
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Andrés-Benito P, Povedano M, Torres P, Portero-Otín M, Ferrer I. Altered Dynein Axonemal Assembly Factor 1 Expression in C-Boutons in Bulbar and Spinal Cord Motor-Neurons in Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 78:416-425. [PMID: 30939186 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyneins are major components of microtubules. Dynein assembly is modulated by a heterogeneous group of dynein axonemal assembly factors (DNAAFs). The present study analyzes dynein axonemal assembly factor 1 (DNAAF1) and leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 50 (LRRC50), the corresponding encoded protein, in lower motor neurons in spinal cord of sALS postmortem samples and hSOD1-G93A transgenic mice compared with controls. DNAAF1 mRNA is significantly reduced in the anterior horn in sALS, and LRRC50 immunoreactivity is significantly reduced in C-boutons of the remaining motor neurons of the anterior horn, dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve, and hypoglossal nuclei at terminal stages of ALS. LRRC50 immunoreactivity has a perinuclear distribution in motor neurons in sALS thus suggesting a disorder of transport. The number of LRRC50-/S1R-immunoreactive structures is also significantly decreased in hSOD1-G93A transgenic mice at the age of 90 days (preclinical stages), and the number of motor neurons with LRRC50-immunoreactive structures is significantly reduced in animals aged 150 days (clinical stages). These observations suggest cholinergic denervation of motor neurons as a pathogenic factor in motor neuron disease. LRRC50 protein levels were not detected in human CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Andrés-Benito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Institute Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Povedano
- Functional Unit of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UFELA), Service of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Pascual Torres
- Departament Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Departament Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Institute Carlos III, Biomedical Network Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Neuropathology, Pathologic Anatomy Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Yang S, Wu S, Fifita J, McCann E, Fat SCM, Galper J, Freckleton S, Zhang KY, Blair IP. Theme 3 In vitro experimental models. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2019; 20:135-159. [PMID: 31702460 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2019.1646991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Ongoing disease gene discoveries continue to drive our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying ALS. Causative genes from 60% of ALS families have been identified using modern genetic techniques, but the causal gene defect is yet to be identified in the remaining 40% of families. These remaining families often do not follow true Mendelian inheritance patterns and are challenging to solve using traditional genetic analysis alone. In vitro and in vivo studies have become critical in assessing and validating these ALS candidate genes.Objectives: In this study, we aim to develop and validate the utility of an in vitro functional pipeline for the discovery and validation of novel ALS candidate genes.Methods: A panel of cell based-assays were applied to candidate genes to examine the presence/absence of known ALS pathologies in cell lines as well as human autopsy tissues. These include immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and western blotting to study toxicity, neuronal inclusion formation, interaction with TDP-43, aberrant protein degradation and accumulation in detergent-insoluble cellular fractions. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were also used to examine if candidates were present in neuronal inclusions from ALS patient spinal cord tissues.Results: The in vitro pipeline was applied to five candidate genes from an ALS family that is negative for known ALS gene mutations. Two candidates were prioritized as top candidates based on their capacity to induce known ALS cellular pathologies. In transfected cells, the variants in these two genes caused a significantly higher toxicity than wild type, formed detergent insoluble inclusions and was able to co-aggregate with TDP-43 in neuronal cells. The variants have also led to protein degradation defects. One of the candidates also co-localised with TDP-43-positive neuronal inclusions in sporadic ALS patient post-mortem tissues, a signature pathology of ALS.Discussion and conclusions: We have demonstrated the utility of a functional prioritization pipeline and successfully prioritized two novel candidate ALS genes. These genes, and its associated pathways, will be further investigated through the development of animal models to establish if there is support for its role in ALS. New ALS genes offer fresh diagnostic and therapeutic targets and tools for the generation of novel animal models to better understand disease biology and offer preclinical testing of candidate treatments for ALS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sharlynn Wu
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer Fifita
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily McCann
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sandrine Chan Moi Fat
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jasmin Galper
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah Freckleton
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathrine Y Zhang
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian P Blair
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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7
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Chen C, Peng Y, Yen Y, Bhan P, Muthaiyan Shanmugam M, Klopfenstein DR, Wagner OI. Insights on UNC‐104‐dynein/dynactin interactions and their implications on axonal transport in
Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:185-201. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Wei Chen
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Fei Peng
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Ying‐Cheng Yen
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Prerana Bhan
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Muniesh Muthaiyan Shanmugam
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | | | - Oliver I. Wagner
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
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8
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Trott L, Hafezparast M, Madzvamuse A. A mathematical understanding of how cytoplasmic dynein walks on microtubules. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171568. [PMID: 30224978 PMCID: PMC6124060 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein 1 (hereafter referred to simply as dynein) is a dimeric motor protein that walks and transports intracellular cargos towards the minus end of microtubules. In this article, we formulate, based on physical principles, a mechanical model to describe the stepping behaviour of cytoplasmic dynein walking on microtubules from the cell membrane towards the nucleus. Unlike previous studies on physical models of this nature, we base our formulation on the whole structure of dynein to include the temporal dynamics of the individual subunits such as the cargo (for example, an endosome, vesicle or bead), two rings of six ATPase domains associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA+ rings) and the microtubule-binding domains which allow dynein to bind to microtubules. This mathematical framework allows us to examine experimental observations on dynein across a wide range of different species, as well as being able to make predictions on the temporal behaviour of the individual components of dynein not currently experimentally measured. Furthermore, we extend the model framework to include backward stepping, variable step size and dwelling. The power of our model is in its predictive nature; first it reflects recent experimental observations that dynein walks on microtubules using a weakly coordinated stepping pattern with predominantly not passing steps. Second, the model predicts that interhead coordination in the ATP cycle of cytoplasmic dynein is important in order to obtain the alternating stepping patterns and long run lengths seen in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Trott
- Department of Mathematics, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | - M. Hafezparast
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - A. Madzvamuse
- Department of Mathematics, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
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9
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Firdaus F, Zafeer MF, Anis E, Ahmad M, Afzal M. Ellagic acid attenuates arsenic induced neuro-inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction associated apoptosis. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:411-417. [PMID: 29854611 PMCID: PMC5978009 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellagic acid mitigates arsenic mediated genotoxicity in rat brain hippocampi. Ellagic acid ameliorates arsenic induced exacerbation in levels of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines in rat brain hippocampi. Ellagic acid has the propensity to modulate mRNA expression of BAX, Bcl2 and caspase3, suggestive of its neuroprotective efficacy.
Arsenic, being a global pollutant needs a potential remedy which could fight against its associated toxicities. Ellagic acid (EA) is a known agent for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects, and it is commonly found in fruits. The present study is designed to determine protective efficacy of EA against arsenic induced toxicity with special mention to inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampi of wistar rats. Rats were pre-treated with EA (20 and 40 mg/kg b.wt; p.o. for 11 days) along with arsenic (10 mg/kg; p.o. for 8 days). Total reactive oxygen species level and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed using flow cytometry. Protein and mRNA expression of apoptotic and inflammatory markers were also evaluated in rat hippocampus. Our results show that arsenic exposure increased total ROS generation and DNA fragmentation, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential alongwith an increase in expression of pro-apoptotic and inflammatory markers. suggesting that EA complementation downregulated total ROS generation dose dependently. Apoptotic markers, BAX and Bcl2 as well as inflammatory markers, IL-1β, TNFα, INFγ got altered significantly on its administration. Moreover, it also attenuated effects on mitochondrial membrane potential. Based on our findings, EA might substantiate to be a budding therapeutic candidate against arsenic induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakiha Firdaus
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd Faraz Zafeer
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ehraz Anis
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Masood Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Afzal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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10
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De Vos KJ, Hafezparast M. Neurobiology of axonal transport defects in motor neuron diseases: Opportunities for translational research? Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:283-299. [PMID: 28235672 PMCID: PMC5536153 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of cargoes is an essential process to maintain the structure and function of all mammalian cell types, but especially of neurons because of their extreme axon/dendrite polarisation. Axonal transport mediates the movement of cargoes such as proteins, mRNA, lipids, membrane-bound vesicles and organelles that are mostly synthesised in the cell body and in doing so is responsible for their correct spatiotemporal distribution in the axon, for example at specialised sites such as nodes of Ranvier and synaptic terminals. In addition, axonal transport maintains the essential long-distance communication between the cell body and synaptic terminals that allows neurons to react to their surroundings via trafficking of for example signalling endosomes. Axonal transport defects are a common observation in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, and mutations in components of the axonal transport machinery have unequivocally shown that impaired axonal transport can cause neurodegeneration (reviewed in El-Kadi et al., 2007, De Vos et al., 2008; Millecamps and Julien, 2013). Here we review our current understanding of axonal transport defects and the role they play in motor neuron diseases (MNDs) with a specific focus on the most common form of MND, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt J De Vos
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK.
| | - Majid Hafezparast
- Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
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DYNC1H1 mutations associated with neurological diseases compromise processivity of dynein-dynactin-cargo adaptor complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1597-E1606. [PMID: 28196890 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620141114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human DYNC1H1 gene are associated with neurological diseases. DYNC1H1 encodes the heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein-1, a 1.4-MDa motor complex that traffics organelles, vesicles, and macromolecules toward microtubule minus ends. The effects of the DYNC1H1 mutations on dynein motility, and consequently their links to neuropathology, are not understood. Here, we address this issue using a recombinant expression system for human dynein coupled to single-molecule resolution in vitro motility assays. We functionally characterize 14 DYNC1H1 mutations identified in humans diagnosed with malformations in cortical development (MCD) or spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED), as well as three mutations that cause motor and sensory defects in mice. Two of the human mutations, R1962C and H3822P, strongly interfere with dynein's core mechanochemical properties. The remaining mutations selectively compromise the processive mode of dynein movement that is activated by binding to the accessory complex dynactin and the cargo adaptor Bicaudal-D2 (BICD2). Mutations with the strongest effects on dynein motility in vitro are associated with MCD. The vast majority of mutations do not affect binding of dynein to dynactin and BICD2 and are therefore expected to result in linkage of cargos to dynein-dynactin complexes that have defective long-range motility. This observation offers an explanation for the dominant effects of DYNC1H1 mutations in vivo. Collectively, our results suggest that compromised processivity of cargo-motor assemblies contributes to human neurological disease and provide insight into the influence of different regions of the heavy chain on dynein motility.
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12
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Zhao J, Wang Y, Xu H, Fu Y, Qian T, Bo D, Lu YX, Xiong Y, Wan J, Zhang X, Dong Q, Chen XJ. Dync1h1 Mutation Causes Proprioceptive Sensory Neuron Loss and Impaired Retrograde Axonal Transport of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:593-601. [PMID: 27080913 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sprawling (Swl) is a radiation-induced mutation which has been identified to have a nine base pair deletion in dynein heavy chain 1 (DYNC1H1: encoded by a single gene Dync1h1). This study is to investigate the phenotype and the underlying mechanism of the Dync1h1 mutant. METHODS AND RESULTS To display the phenotype of Swl mutant mice, we examined the embryos of homozygous (Swl/Swl) and heterozygous (Swl/+) mice and their postnatal dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of surviving Swl/+ mice. The Swl/+ mice could survive for a normal life span, while Swl/Swl could only survive till embryonic (E) 8.5 days. Excessive apoptosis of Swl/+ DRG neurons was revealed during E11.5-E15.5 days, and the peak rate was at E13.5 days. In vitro study of mutated DRG neurons showed impaired retrograde transport of dynein-driven nerve growth factor (NGF). Mitochondria, another dynein-driven cargo, demonstrated much slower retrograde transport velocity in Swl/+ neurons than in wild-type (WT) neurons. Nevertheless, the Swl, Loa, and Cra mutations did not affect homodimerization of DYNC1H1. CONCLUSION The Swl/Swl mutation of Dync1h1 gene led to embryonic mal-development and lethality, whereas the Swl/+ DRG neurons demonstrated deficient retrograde transport in dynein-driven cargos and excessive apoptosis during mid- to late-developmental stages. The underlying mechanism of the mutation may not be due to impaired homodimerization of DYNC1H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ting Qian
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deng Bo
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Xin Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Neurology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Mutation screen reveals novel variants and expands the phenotypes associated with DYNC1H1. J Neurol 2015; 262:2124-34. [PMID: 26100331 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynein, cytoplasmic 1, heavy chain 1 (DYNC1H1) encodes a necessary subunit of the cytoplasmic dynein complex, which traffics cargo along microtubules. Dominant DYNC1H1 mutations are implicated in neural diseases, including spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity dominance (SMA-LED), intellectual disability with neuronal migration defects, malformations of cortical development, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 2O. We hypothesized that additional variants could be found in these and novel motoneuron and related diseases. Therefore, we analyzed our database of 1024 whole exome sequencing samples of motoneuron and related diseases for novel single nucleotide variations. We filtered these results for significant variants, which were further screened using segregation analysis in available family members. Analysis revealed six novel, rare, and highly conserved variants. Three of these are likely pathogenic and encompass a broad phenotypic spectrum with distinct disease clusters. Our findings suggest that DYNC1H1 variants can cause not only lower, but also upper motor neuron disease. It thus adds DYNC1H1 to the growing list of spastic paraplegia related genes in microtubule-dependent motor protein pathways.
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14
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Analysis of dynein intermediate chains, light intermediate chains and light chains in a cohort of hereditary peripheral neuropathies. Neurogenetics 2014; 15:229-35. [PMID: 25028179 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-014-0414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain (DYNC1H1) gene has been increasingly associated with neurodegenerative disorders including axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT2), intellectual disability and malformations of cortical development. In addition, evidence from mouse models (Loa, catabolite repressor-activator (Cra) and Sprawling (Swl)) has shown that mutations in Dync1h1 cause a range of neurodegenerative phenotypes with motor and sensory neuron involvement. In this current study, we examined the possible contribution of other cytoplasmic dynein subunits that bind to DYNC1H1 as a cause of inherited peripheral neuropathy. We focused on screening the cytoplasmic dynein intermediate, light intermediate and light chain genes in a cohort of families with inherited peripheral neuropathies. Nine genes were screened and ten variants were detected, but none was identified as pathogenic, indicating that cytoplasmic dynein intermediate, light intermediate and light chains are not a cause of neuropathy in our cohort.
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15
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Garrett CA, Barri M, Kuta A, Soura V, Deng W, Fisher EMC, Schiavo G, Hafezparast M. DYNC1H1 mutation alters transport kinetics and ERK1/2-cFos signalling in a mouse model of distal spinal muscular atrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1883-93. [PMID: 24755273 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the heavy chain subunit (DYNC1H1) of cytoplasmic dynein cause spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and intellectual disability. We used the legs at odd angles (Loa) (DYNC1H1(F580Y)) mouse model for spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance and a combination of live-cell imaging and biochemical assays to show that the velocity of dynein-dependent microtubule minus-end (towards the nucleus) movement of EGF and BDNF induced signalling endosomes is significantly reduced in Loa embryonic fibroblasts and motor neurons. At the same time, the number of the plus-end (towards the cell periphery) moving endosomes is increased in the mutant cells. As a result, the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 activation and c-Fos expression are altered in both mutant cell types, but the motor neurons exhibit a strikingly abnormal ERK1/2 and c-Fos response to serum-starvation induced stress. These data highlight the cell-type specific ERK1/2 response as a possible contributory factor in the neuropathological nature of Dync1h1 mutations, despite generic aberrant kinetics in both cell types, providing an explanation for how mutations in the ubiquitously expressed DYNC1H1 cause neuron-specific disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Garrett
- 1 School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Muruj Barri
- 1 School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Anna Kuta
- 2 Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Violetta Soura
- 1 School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Wenhan Deng
- 1 School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Elizabeth M C Fisher
- 2 Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- 3 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Majid Hafezparast
- 1 School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
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16
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Wang WJ, Murray JW, Wolkoff AW. Oatp1a1 requires PDZK1 to traffic to the plasma membrane by selective recruitment of microtubule-based motor proteins. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 42:62-9. [PMID: 24115750 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies identified a family of organic anion transport proteins (OATPs), many of which have C-terminal PDZ binding consensus sequences. In particular, the C-terminal four amino acids of Oatp1a1, a transporter on rat and mouse hepatocytes, comprise a consensus binding site for PDZK1. In PDZK1 knockout mice and in transfected cells where PDZK1 expression was knocked down, Oatp1a1 accumulates in intracellular vesicles. The present study tests the hypothesis that Oatp1a1 traffics to and from the cell surface in vesicles along microtubules, and that PDZK1 guides recruitment of specific motors to these vesicles. Oatp1a1-containing vesicles were prepared from wild-type and PDZK1 knockout mice. As seen by immunofluorescence, kinesin-1, a microtubule plus-end directed motor, was largely associated with vesicles from wild-type mouse liver, whereas dynein, a minus-end directed motor, was largely associated with vesicles from PDZK1 knockout mouse liver. Quantification of motility on directionally marked microtubules following addition of 50 µM ATP showed that wild-type vesicles moved equally toward the plus and minus ends whereas PDZK1 knockout vesicles moved predominantly toward the minus end, consistent with net movement toward the cell interior. These studies provide a novel mechanism by which PDZK1 regulates intracellular trafficking of Oatp1a1 by recruiting specific motors to Oatp1a1-containing vesicles. In the absence of PDZK1, Oatp1a1-containing vesicles cannot recruit kinesin-1 and associate with dynein as a predominant minus-end directed motor. Whether this is a result of direct interaction of the Oatp1a1 cytoplasmic domain with dynein or with a dynein-containing protein complex remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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17
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Schiavo G, Greensmith L, Hafezparast M, Fisher EMC. Cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain: the servant of many masters. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:641-51. [PMID: 24035135 PMCID: PMC3824068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein complex is the main retrograde motor in all eukaryotic cells. This complex is built around a dimer of cytoplasmic dynein heavy chains (DYNC1H1). Mouse DYNC1H1 mutants have sensory defects, but motor defects have been controversial. Now human DYNC1H1 mutations with sensory, motor, and cognitive deficits are being found. The study of these mutations will give us new insight into DYNC1H1 function in the nervous system.
Cytoplasmic dynein is the main retrograde motor in all eukaryotic cells. This complex comprises different subunits assembled on a cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain 1 (DYNC1H1) dimer. Cytoplasmic dynein is particularly important for neurons because it carries essential signals and organelles from distal sites to the cell body. In the past decade, several mouse models have helped to dissect the numerous functions of DYNC1H1. Additionally, several DYNC1H1 mutations have recently been found in human patients that give rise to a broad spectrum of developmental and midlife-onset disorders. Here, we discuss the effects of mutations of mouse and human DYNC1H1 and how these studies are giving us new insight into the many critical roles DYNC1H1 plays in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampietro Schiavo
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Molecular NeuroPathobiology, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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18
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Rao L, Romes EM, Nicholas MP, Brenner S, Tripathy A, Gennerich A, Slep KC. The yeast dynein Dyn2-Pac11 complex is a dynein dimerization/processivity factor: structural and single-molecule characterization. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2362-77. [PMID: 23761070 PMCID: PMC3727929 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-03-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the role of accessory chains in dynein single-molecule motility shows that the dynein light chain (LC) and intermediate chain (IC) promote motor dimerization, increase velocity, and potentiate processivity. The crystal structure of the yeast LC–IC complex is determined, and the interaction is biochemically characterized. Cytoplasmic dynein is the major microtubule minus end–directed motor. Although studies have probed the mechanism of the C-terminal motor domain, if and how dynein's N-terminal tail and the accessory chains it binds regulate motor activity remain to be determined. Here, we investigate the structure and function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae dynein light (Dyn2) and intermediate (Pac11) chains in dynein heavy chain (Dyn1) movement. We present the crystal structure of a Dyn2-Pac11 complex, showing Dyn2-mediated Pac11 dimerization. To determine the molecular effects of Dyn2 and Pac11 on Dyn1 function, we generated dyn2Δ and dyn2Δpac11Δ strains and analyzed Dyn1 single-molecule motor activity. We find that the Dyn2-Pac11 complex promotes Dyn1 homodimerization and potentiates processivity. The absence of Dyn2 and Pac11 yields motors with decreased velocity, dramatically reduced processivity, increased monomerization, aggregation, and immobility as determined by single-molecule measurements. Deleting dyn2 significantly reduces Pac11-Dyn1 complex formation, yielding Dyn1 motors with activity similar to Dyn1 from the dyn2Δpac11Δ strain. Of interest, motor phenotypes resulting from Dyn2-Pac11 complex depletion bear similarity to a point mutation in the mammalian dynein N-terminal tail (Loa), highlighting this region as a conserved, regulatory motor element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Rao
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
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19
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Wiggins LM, Kuta A, Stevens JC, Fisher EMC, von Bartheld CS. A novel phenotype for the dynein heavy chain mutation Loa: altered dendritic morphology, organelle density, and reduced numbers of trigeminal motoneurons. J Comp Neurol 2013; 520:2757-73. [PMID: 22684941 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynein, the retrograde motor protein, is essential for the transport of cargo along axons and proximal dendrites in neurons. The dynein heavy chain mutation Loa has been reported to cause degeneration of spinal motor neurons, as well as defects of spinal sensory proprioceptive neurons, but cranial nerve nuclei have received little attention. Here, we examined the number and morphology of neurons in cranial nerve nuclei of young, adult, and aged heterozygous Loa mice, with a focus on the trigeminal, facial, and trochlear motor nuclei, as well as the proprioceptive mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. By using stereological counting techniques, we report a slowly progressive and significant reduction, to 75% of wild-type controls, in the number of large trigeminal motoneurons, whereas normal numbers were found for sensory mesencephalic trigeminal, facial, and trochlear motoneurons. The morphology of many surviving large trigeminal motoneurons was substantially altered, in particular the size and length of perpendicularly extending primary dendrites, but not those of facial or trochlear motoneurons. At the ultrastructural level, proximal dendrites of large trigeminal motoneurons, but not other neurons, were significantly depleted in organelle content such as polyribosomes and showed abnormal (vesiculated) mitochondria. These data indicate primary defects in trigeminal α-motoneurons more than γ-motoneurons. Our findings expand the Loa heterozygote phenotype in two important ways: we reveal dendritic in addition to axonal defects or abnormalities, and we identify the Loa mutation as a mouse model for mixed motor-sensory loss when the entire neuraxis is considered, rather than a model primarily for sensory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa M Wiggins
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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20
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Qiu R, Zhang J, Xiang X. Identification of a novel site in the tail of dynein heavy chain important for dynein function in vivo. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:2271-80. [PMID: 23212922 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.412403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The minus end-directed microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein is responsible for the intracellular movements of many organelles, including nuclei and endosomes. The dynein heavy chain contains a C-terminal motor domain and an N-terminal tail domain. The tail binds other dynein subunits and the cargo-interacting dynactin complex but is dispensable for movement of single dynein molecules in vitro. Here, we identified a mutation in the Aspergillus nidulans heavy chain tail domain, nudA(F208V), which causes obvious defects in dynein-mediated nuclear positioning and early endosome movement. Astonishingly, the nudA(F208I) mutation in the same position does not cause the same defects, suggesting that a subtle difference in the size of the amino acid side chain at this position has a significant consequence. Importantly, our biochemical analyses indicate that the nudA(F208V) mutation does not affect dynein subunit interactions and the mutant dynein is also able to bind dynactin and another dynein regulator, NUDF/LIS1. The mutant dynein is able to physically interact with the early endosome cargo, but dynein-mediated early endosome movement away from the hyphal tip occurs at a significantly reduced frequency. Within the small group of early endosomes that move away from the hyphal tip in the mutant, the average speed of movement is lower than that in the wild type. Given the dispensability of the dynein tail in dynein motility in vitro, our results support the notion that the structural integrity of the dynein tail is critical in vivo for the coordination of dynein force production and movement when the motor is heavily loaded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongde Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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Sivagurunathan S, Schnittker RR, Nandini S, Plamann MD, King SJ. A mouse neurodegenerative dynein heavy chain mutation alters dynein motility and localization in Neurospora crassa. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:613-24. [PMID: 22991199 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is responsible for the transport and delivery of cargoes in organisms ranging from humans to fungi. Dysfunction of dynein motor machinery due to mutations in dynein or its activating complex dynactin can result in one of several neurological diseases in mammals. The mouse Legs at odd angles (Loa) mutation in the tail domain of the dynein heavy chain has been shown to lead to progressive neurodegeneration in mice. The mechanism by which the Loa mutation affects dynein function is just beginning to be understood. In this work, we generated the dynein tail mutation observed in Loa mice into the Neurospora crassa genome and utilized cell biological and complementing biochemical approaches to characterize how that tail mutation affected dynein function. We determined that the Loa mutation exhibits several subtle defects upon dynein function in N. crassa that were not seen in mice, including alterations in dynein localization, impaired velocity of vesicle transport, and in the biochemical properties of purified motors. Our work provides new information on the role of the tail domain on dynein function and points out areas of future research that will be of interest to pursue in mammalian systems.
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From the cell membrane to the nucleus: unearthing transport mechanisms for dynein. Bull Math Biol 2012; 74:2032-61. [PMID: 22791512 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-012-9745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the motor protein cytoplasmic dynein have been found to cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, spinal muscular atrophy, and severe intellectual disabilities in humans. In mouse models, neurodegeneration is observed. We sought to develop a novel model which could incorporate the effects of mutations on distance travelled and velocity. A mechanical model for the dynein mediated transport of endosomes is derived from first principles and solved numerically. The effects of variations in model parameter values are analysed to find those that have a significant impact on velocity and distance travelled. The model successfully describes the processivity of dynein and matches qualitatively the velocity profiles observed in experiments.
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Fergani A, Eschbach J, Oudart H, Larmet Y, Schwalenstocker B, Ludolph AC, Loeffler JP, Dupuis L. A mutation in the dynein heavy chain gene compensates for energy deficit of mutant SOD1 mice and increases potentially neuroprotective IGF-1. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:26. [PMID: 21521523 PMCID: PMC3111394 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of motor neurons. ALS patients, as well as animal models such as mice overexpressing mutant SOD1s, are characterized by increased energy expenditure. In mice, this hypermetabolism leads to energy deficit and precipitates motor neuron degeneration. Recent studies have shown that mutations in the gene encoding the dynein heavy chain protein are able to extend lifespan of mutant SOD1 mice. It remains unknown whether the protection offered by these dynein mutations relies on a compensation of energy metabolism defects. RESULTS SOD1(G93A) mice were crossbred with mice harboring the dynein mutant Cramping allele (Cra/+ mice). Dynein mutation increased adipose stores in compound transgenic mice through increasing carbohydrate oxidation and sparing lipids. Metabolic changes that occurred in double transgenic mice were accompanied by the normalization of the expression of key mRNAs in the white adipose tissue and liver. Furthermore, Dynein Cra mutation rescued decreased post-prandial plasma triglycerides and decreased non esterified fatty acids upon fasting. In SOD1(G93A) mice, the dynein Cra mutation led to increased expression of IGF-1 in the liver, increased systemic IGF-1 and, most importantly, to increased spinal IGF-1 levels that are potentially neuroprotective. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the protection against SOD1(G93A) offered by the Cramping mutation in the dynein gene is, at least partially, mediated by a reversal in energy deficit and increased IGF-1 availability to motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Fergani
- Inserm U692, Laboratoire de Signalisations Moléculaires et Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, F-67085 France.
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