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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Liang X, Zhang L, Li K, Sun Z, Zhao YF. α-Lipoic acid upregulates gene expression but reduces protein levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 in HepG2 Cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 131:270-281. [PMID: 35838000 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a metabolism-regulating hepatokine, and its expression is finely controlled by the nutrients and cellular stressors. α-Lipoic acid (ALA) regulates fuel metabolism as a nutrient, but it also arouses mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as well as oxidative stress in hepatocytes. However, the role of cellular stress in ALA-regulated FGF21 expression has not been demonstrated as yet. The present study found that ALA upregulated FGF21 gene expression while it reduced FGF21 protein levels in HepG2 cells, which was accompanied by mitochondrial damage that was shown by ATP reduction and ROS elevation. ALA led to mitochondrial stress and ER stress as shown by the increased expression of HSP60, ATF6 and ATF4. Inhibition of ER stress by 4-PBA significantly attenuated ALA-stimulated FGF21 gene expression while it did not influence the reduction of FGF21 protein levels. H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress reduced FGF21 protein levels in HepG2 cells, and anti-oxidation by Tempol blocked ALA-induced reduction of FGF21 proteins. In conclusion, ALA upregulates FGF21 gene expression through the stimulation of mitochondrial and ER stress while it reduces FGF21 protein levels through the induction of oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the in vivo effect of ALA on hepatic FGF21 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangyan Liang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
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2
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Paul B, Henne WM. How cells flex their PEX to fine-tune lipolysis in NAFLD. Nat Metab 2021; 3:1591-1593. [PMID: 34903885 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blessy Paul
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - W Mike Henne
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Romauch M. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein as an inhibitor of amine oxidase copper-containing 3. Open Biol 2020; 10:190035. [PMID: 32315567 PMCID: PMC6685929 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is a major plasma protein whose levels increase in chronic energy-demanding diseases and thus serves as an important clinical biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis of the development of cachexia. Current knowledge suggests that ZAG mediates progressive weight loss through β-adrenergic signalling in adipocytes, resulting in the activation of lipolysis and fat mobilization. Here, through cross-linking experiments, amine oxidase copper-containing 3 (AOC3) is identified as a novel ZAG binding partner. AOC3-also known as vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1) and semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO)-deaminates primary amines, thereby generating the corresponding aldehyde, H2O2 and NH3. It is an ectoenzyme largely expressed by adipocytes and induced in endothelial cells during inflammation. Extravasation of immune cells depends on amine oxidase activity and AOC3-derived H2O2 has an insulinogenic effect. The observations described here suggest that ZAG acts as an allosteric inhibitor of AOC3 and interferes with the associated pro-inflammatory and anti-lipolytic functions. Thus, inhibition of the deamination of lipolytic hormone octopamine by AOC3 represents a novel mechanism by which ZAG might stimulate lipolysis. Furthermore, experiments involving overexpression of recombinant ZAG reveal that its glycosylation is co-regulated by oxygen availability and that the pattern of glycosylation affects its inhibitory potential. The newly identified protein interaction between AOC3 and ZAG highlights a previously unknown functional relationship, which may be relevant to inflammation, energy metabolism and the development of cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Romauch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria
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Kavyasudha C, Joel JP, Devi A. Differential expression of nucleostemin in the cytoplasm and nuclei of normal and cancerous cell lines. Turk J Biol 2018; 42:250-258. [PMID: 30814887 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1712-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies conducted in the past decade have reported nucleostemin (NS) as a nucleolar protein that has a role in self-renewal and cell cycle regulation in cancer/stem cells, but is absent in differentiated cells. The localization and expression patterns of NS have always been disputed, as reports indicate its varied levels among tissues and cells. This study evaluates the expression and localization pattern of NS in normal cells, cancer cell lines, and stem cells. Our findings revealed that the expression of NS was high in cancers originating from the skin and liver compared to the normal cell lines. NS knockdown effects the proliferation of normal cell lines, similar to cancerous cell lines. The localization pattern of NS was analyzed by immunofluorescence, which showed that NS was localized in the nuclei of normal cell lines but is present both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of cancerous/stem cell lines. Interestingly, we observed that siNS cancerous cell lines had lower NS in the cytoplasm, which did not salvage the reduction in proliferation caused by siNS. We postulate that the loss of NS in the nucleus inhibits the proliferative ability of both normal and cancerous cells at similar rates, although the role of NS in the cytoplasm apart from proliferation needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavali Kavyasudha
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University , Kattankulathur , India
| | - Joseph P Joel
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University , Kattankulathur , India
| | - Arikketh Devi
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM University , Kattankulathur , India
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Huang M, Garcia JS, Thomas D, Zhu L, Nguyen LXT, Chan SM, Majeti R, Medeiros BC, Mitchell BS. Autophagy mediates proteolysis of NPM1 and HEXIM1 and sensitivity to BET inhibition in AML cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:74917-74930. [PMID: 27732946 PMCID: PMC5342712 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying activation of the BET pathway in AML cells remain poorly understood. We have discovered that autophagy is activated in acute leukemia cells expressing mutant nucleophosmin 1 (NPMc+) or MLL-fusion proteins. Autophagy activation results in the degradation of NPM1 and HEXIM1, two negative regulators of BET pathway activation. Inhibition of autophagy with pharmacologic inhibitors or through knocking down autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5) expression increases the expression of both NPM1 and HEXIM1. The Brd4 inhibitors JQ1 and I-BET-151 also inhibit autophagy and increase NPM1 and HEXIM1 expression. We conclude that the degradation of NPM1 and HEXIM1 through autophagy in certain AML subsets contributes to the activation of the BET pathway in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline S Garcia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Steven M Chan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bruno C Medeiros
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Beverly S Mitchell
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Tancioni I, Miller NLG, Uryu S, Lawson C, Jean C, Chen XL, Kleinschmidt EG, Schlaepfer DD. FAK activity protects nucleostemin in facilitating breast cancer spheroid and tumor growth. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:47. [PMID: 25880415 PMCID: PMC4407832 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0551-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) controls cell growth and survival downstream of integrin-matrix receptors. Upon adhesion loss or FAK inhibition, FAK can translocate to the nucleus. The nucleolus is a non-membrane nuclear structure that regulates ribosome biogenesis and cell proliferation. Nucleostemin (NS), a nucleolar-localized protein, modulates cell cycle progression, stemness, and three-dimensional tumor spheroid formation. The signaling pathways that regulate NS levels in tumors remain undefined. Methods Human breast carcinoma cells were evaluated for growth in culture (adherent and anchorage-independent spheroid) and as orthotopic tumors. FAK signaling was evaluated by pharmacological FAK inhibitor addition (PF-271, IC50 ~ 0.1 μM) and by small hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown followed by re-expression of FAK wildtype (WT) or a kinase-dead (KD, K454R) FAK point mutant. Immunoblotting was used to evaluate FAK, NS, nucleolar phosphoprotein B23, and nucleolin levels. Total and phosphospecific antibody imunoblotting were used to detect changes in FAK, Akt kinase (Akt also known as protein kinase B), and 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) phosphorylation, a translation repressor protein and target of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex. Immunohistochemical, co-immunoprecipitation, and cellular fractionation analyses were used to evaluate FAK association with nucleoli. Results Pharmacological (0.1 μM PF-271) or genetic inhibition of FAK activity prevents MDA-MB-231 and 4T1L breast carcinoma growth as spheroids and as orthotopic tumors. FAK inhibition triggers proteasome-mediated decreased NS levels but no changes in other nucleolar proteins such as B23 (nucleophosmin) or nucleolin. Active FAK was associated with purified nucleoli of anchorage-independent cells and present within nucleoli of human invasive ductal carcinoma tumor samples. FAK co-immunoprecipitated with B23 that binds NS and a complex between FAK, NS, Akt, and mTOR was detected. Constitutively-active Akt kinase promoted tumor spheroid growth, stabilized NS levels, and promoted pS65 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in the presence of inhibited FAK. Rapamycin lowered NS levels and inhibited pS65 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in cells with activated Akt-mTOR signaling. Conclusions FAK signaling occurs in the nucleolus, active FAK protects NS, and Akt-mTOR pathway regulates NS protein stability needed for breast carcinoma spheroid and tumor growth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0551-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Tancioni
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Nichol L G Miller
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Current address: Pfizer, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Sean Uryu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Christine Lawson
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Christine Jean
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Current address: INSERM U1037 - Cancer Research Center, Toulouse, France.
| | - Xiao Lei Chen
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Elizabeth G Kleinschmidt
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Bai X, Song Z, Zhou Y, Pan S, Wang F, Guo Z, Jiang M, Wang G, Kong R, Sun B. The apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes promoted by hyperbaric oxygen treatment contributes to attenuate the severity of early stage acute pancreatitis in rats. Apoptosis 2014; 19:58-75. [PMID: 24101212 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0911-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the immunoregulatory effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) via promoting the apoptosis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) to attenuate the severity of early stage acute pancreatitis (AP) in rats. Additionally, the persistence of the HBO treatment effects was evaluated. One hundred and twenty male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: sham, AP, AP + normobaric oxygen (NBO), and AP + HBO. Each group consisted of 30 rats. Four hours after the induction of AP, the 30 rats in the AP + NBO group were given normobaric oxygen treatment with 100 % oxygen at 1 atm for 90 min. The 30 rats in the AP + HBO group received 100 % oxygen at 2.5 atm for 90 min, with a compression/decompression time of 15 min. The 30 rats in the AP group remained untreated. At 6, 12, and 24 h after the induction of AP, surviving rats from each group were sacrificed, and the blood and tissue samples were collected for the following measurements: the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and oxygen saturation (SaO2) of the arterial blood, the levels of serum amylase, lipase, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) of the PBLs. The expression levels of procaspase-3, caspase-3, procaspase-9, and caspase-9 were also evaluated in the PBLs. Additionally, the apoptosis of PBLs was assessed, and the pancreatic tissues were subjected to a histopathological analysis by pathological grading and scoring. The histopathology of the lung, liver, kidney, duodenum, and heart was also analyzed at 12 h after the induction of AP. Significant differences were found at 6 and 12 h after AP induction. The HBO treatment significantly elevated the PaO2 and SaO2 levels, and the ROS levels in the PBLs. Additionally, HBO downregulated the levels of amylase and lipase. The HBO treatment also reduced the ∆Ψm levels, upregulated the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and increased the apoptosis rate of the PBLs. Moreover, the HBO treatment decreased the serum concentrations of IL-2, IFN-γ and HGF, and reduced the pathological scores of the pancreatic tissue. The histopathological changes of the lung, liver, kidney, duodenum, and heart were also improved. A significant elevation of IL-10 occurred only at the 12-h time point. However, no obvious differences were found at the 24-h time point. This study demonstrated that the HBO treatment can promote the apoptosis of PBLs via a mitochondrial-dependent pathway and inhibit the inflammatory response. These immunoregulatory effects may play an important therapeutic role in attenuating the severity of early stage AP. The repeated administration of HBO or the use of HBO in combination with other approaches may further improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Bai
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Borodianskiy-Shteinberg T, Kalt I, Kipper S, Nachum N, Katz S, Pauker MH, Barda-Saad M, Gerber D, Sarid R. The Nucleolar PICT-1/GLTSCR2 Protein Forms Homo-Oligomers. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:2363-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Uema N, Ooshio T, Harada K, Naito M, Naka K, Hoshii T, Tadokoro Y, Ohta K, Ali MAE, Katano M, Soga T, Nakanuma Y, Okuda A, Hirao A. Abundant nucleostemin expression supports the undifferentiated properties of germ cell tumors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:592-603. [PMID: 23885716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleostemin (NS) is a nucleolar GTP-binding protein that is involved in ribosomal biogenesis and protection of telomeres. We investigated the expression of NS in human germ cell tumors and its function in a mouse germ cell tumor model. NS was abundantly expressed in undifferentiated, but not differentiated, types of human testicular germ cell tumors. NS was expressed concomitantly with OCT3/4, a critical regulator of the undifferentiated status of pluripotent stem cells in primordial germ cells and embryonal carcinomas. To investigate the roles of NS in tumor growth in vivo, we used a mouse teratoma model. Analysis of teratomas derived from embryonic stem cells in which the NS promoter drives GFP expression showed that cells highly expressing NS were actively proliferating and exhibited the characteristics of tumor-initiating cells, including the ability to initiate and propagate tumor cells in vivo. NS-expressing cells exhibited higher levels of GTP than non-NS-expressing cells. Because NS protein is stabilized by intracellular GTP, metabolic changes may contribute to abundant NS expression in the undifferentiated cells. OCT3/4 deficiency in teratomas led to loss of NS expression, resulting in growth retardation. Finally, we found that teratomas deficient in NS lost their undifferentiated characteristics, resulting in defective tumor proliferation. These data indicate that abundant expression of NS supports the undifferentiated properties of germ cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Uema
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer and Stem Cell Program, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Role of cysteine 288 in nucleophosmin cytoplasmic mutations: sensitization to toxicity induced by arsenic trioxide and bortezomib. Leukemia 2013; 27:1970-80. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Shugo H, Ooshio T, Naito M, Naka K, Hoshii T, Tadokoro Y, Muraguchi T, Tamase A, Uema N, Yamashita T, Nakamoto Y, Suda T, Kaneko S, Hirao A. Nucleostemin in Injury-Induced Liver Regeneration. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:3044-54. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Shugo
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takako Ooshio
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masako Naito
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Naka
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hoshii
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Tadokoro
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Muraguchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akira Tamase
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Uema
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Taro Yamashita
- Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasunari Nakamoto
- Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Suda
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirao
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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